The Child The Adolescent The Adult. Social Development in Infancy and Childhood.

The Child

The Adolescent

The Adult

Social Development in Infancy and

Childhood

Stranger Anxiety• The fear of strangers an infant displays around 8 months of age

• Lasts until approx. 2 1/2

Attachment• An emotional tie with another person

resulting in seeking closeness

• Children develop strong attachments to their parents and caregivers.

• Body contact, familiarity, and responsiveness all contribute to attachment.

NeglectAbuseTemperamentSeparation from the familyChronic stressCultural expectations

Daycare does not affect attachment !!!!

Factors affecting attachment:

Harry Harlow

• Body Contact Relates to attachment!

• The monkeys had to chose between a cloth mother or a wire mother that provided food.

• The monkeys spent most of their time by the cloth mother…even if the other “mother” gave food!

Strange Situation!

• Secure AttachmentSecure Attachment – • Mother Present:Mother Present: Child explores and interacts with

stranger.• Mother Leaves:Mother Leaves: Child visibly upset; does not interact with

stranger.• Mother Returns:Mother Returns: Child happy to see Mom.

• Insecure AttachmentInsecure Attachment – • Mother Present:Mother Present: Child is anxious of exploration and of

strangers.• Mother Leaves:Mother Leaves: Sometimes upset but sometimes

ambivalent. Anxious of stranger.• Mother Returns:Mother Returns: Child may be ambivalent or angry

(hitting or pushing Mother). Often shows little emotion when mother leaves or returns. Mother and stranger often treated the same.

• Secure attachmentSecure attachment comes from Mother who is available and able to meet the needs of the child in a responsive and appropriate manner

• Insecure attachmentInsecure attachment comes from Mother who ignores child’s needs (until Mother is ready to give it completed. Attention given when Mother wants to give it not when the child asks for it.

• Also occurs when the child's needs are frequently not met and the child comes to believe that communication of needs has no influence on the caregiver.

Parenting Styles

•No one type fits all

•Different results for different children

Authoritarian Parenting• Low in warmth,

discipline is strict and sometimes physical.

• Communication high from parent to child and low from child to parent

•Maturity expectations are high.

• Results- withdrawn & distrustful child

Permissive Parenting• High in warmth but

rarely discipline

• Communication is low from parent to child but high from child to parent.

•Expectations of maturity are low.

• Results- Child with little self-control, dependent on others

Authoritative Parenting• High in warmth with

moderate discipline• High in

communication and negotiating

• Parents set and explain rules.

•Maturity expectations are moderate.

• Results- Self- reliant & socially responsible child

Language

Language• From cooing to

communication– Babies respond to

pitch , intensity, and sound of language

– People talk to babies w/ varied pitch and intonation CLICK PHOTO TO HEAR

“MOTHERESE”

Language– By 4-6 months, babies

have learned basic language sounds of their language, and over time lose ability to perceive speech sounds in another language

– Between 6 months to 1 year, babies enter the babbling phase; infants become more familiar with the sound structure of their native language

Around 11

months, babies begin a “one-word” stage

(Juice!Juice!)) –Between 18 months and 2 years, 2 and 3 word

combinations are produced; Combinations “telegraph” meaning (Want Juice!Want Juice!))

Is Language due to Nurture?Is Language due to Nurture?

• Children learn to speak because they

are rewarded for making certain sounds

• BF Skinner – Operant Conditioning

– – Is Language Is Language Nurture? Nurture?

Noam Noam Chomsky Chomsky

• Chomsky argued the brain must contain a language acquisition devicelanguage acquisition device that enables children to develop a language if they are exposed to it.

Language (Chomsky –Innate?)

– Children all over the world go through similar stages of linguistics development

– Children combine words in ways that adults never would, so they could not be simply imitating adults

•Moral Development

• Heinz Dilemma

• After listening to Heinz’s story, write down what you think he should have done and WHY

Lawrence Kohlberg

• The 3 Levels of Moral

Development

• Moral level is determined by

answers people give to

hypothetical moral dilemmas

Level One – Preconventional morality (self interest up to 10)

• This level is characterized by the desire to avoid punishment or gain

reward

–Stage 1 – fear punishment for disobedience

–Stage 2 – fairness/what’s in it for me?

Possible answers

• Heinz shouldn’t steal the drug because he might go to jail

• He should steal the drug or his wife will yell at him

• It is right for Heinz to steal the drug because it can cure his wife and then she can cook for him.

• The doctor scientist had spent lots of money and many years of his life to develop the cure so it's not fair to him if Heinz stole the drug.

Level 2 – Conventional morality (10 through Adult)

• This Level is characterized by the Primary concern of fitting in and playing the role of a good citizen• People have a strong desire to

follow the rules and laws.• Typical of most adults

– Stage 3 – based on conformity and loyalty

– Stage 4 – a “law-and-order” orientation

Possible Answers

Yes, Heinz should steal the drug. He probably will go to jail for a short time for stealing but everyone will think he is a good husband.

• As her husband, Heinz has a duty to save his wife's life so he should steal the drug. But it's wrong to steal, so Heinz should be prepared to accept the penalty for breaking the law.

Level 3 – Postconventional (“principled”) morality

(Adolescence- through Adulthood)• This level characterized by an appreciation of

Universal ethical principles that represent the rights or obligations of all people

• Most adults do not reach this level.

– Stage 5 – values and laws are relative and change; recognition that people hold differing standards

– Stage 6 – standard based on universal human rights

Possible answers• Heinz should steal the drug because everyone has the right to

life regardless of the law against stealing. Should Heinz be caught and prosecuted for stealing then the law (against stealing) needs to be reinterpreted because a person's life is at stake.

• The doctor scientist's decision is despicable but his right to fair compensation (for his discovery) must be maintained. Therefore, Heinz should not steal the drug.

• Heinz should steal the drug to save his wife because preserving human life is a higher moral obligation than preserving property.

• Limitations to theory

1.Stage theory tends to over look cultural and educational influences on reasoning

2.People’s moral reasoning is often inconsistent across situations (your morality changes all the time…)

3.Moral reasoning and behavior are often unrelated

Lets try another one…

What is Adolescence?

Adolescence• The period between

childhood and adulthood

• From puberty (the start of sexual maturation) to independence from parents

Physical Development in Adolescence

Puberty• The period of sexual maturation

where the person becomes capable of reproducing

• Starts at approximately age 11 in females and age 13 in males

• Major growth spurt

Physical Development

Primary Sex Characteristics

• The body structures that make sexual reproduction possible

• Ovaries in females

• Testes in males

Secondary Sex Characteristics

• Non-reproductive sexual characteristics

• Breasts and hips in females

• Facial hair and voice changes in males

Sexual Characteristics

Social Development in Adolescence

Erik Erikson• 8-stage theory of

social development• Each stage has its own

psychosocial, developmental task: a “crisis”.

Trust v. mistrust

• Infancy to 1 year

• If needs met, develop a sense of basic trust, otherwise will develop mistrust

Autonomy v. Shame/Doubt

• 1 to 2 years

• Learn to exercise and do things for self or they will doubt their abilities

Initiative v. guilt

• 3 to 5

• Learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent

Competence v. Inferiority

• 6 years to puberty• Positive experiences

develop pride & competence • Negative experiences may

lead to feelings of inferiority

Identity v. Role Confusion

• Teens into 20s (Adolescence)

• Refining sense of self by testing roles – challenging authority

• Find SELF or become confused about who they are

Intimacy v. Isolation

• 20s to 40s (Young Adulthood)

• Forming close relationships

• Deeper love or socially isolated

Generativity v. Stagnation

• 40s to 60s (Middle Adulthood)

• Discover sense of contributing to the world or they may feel lack of purpose

Ego integrity v. Despair

• 60 and up

• Reflecting on life either feel satisfied or failure

Social Development in Adolescence:

Developing Identity

Identity• A strong, consistent sense of

who and what a person is, search through:

–Experimentation

–Rebellion

–“Self”-ishness

–Optimism and energy

Intimacy• A close, sharing, emotional,

and honest relationship with other people (primary task of early adulthood)

• Not necessarily one’s spouse or a sexual relationship

Adulthood–How easily one passes between stages depends on cultural and economic factors

–Erickson showed that development is an ongoing process that is never finished

Are Adults Prisoners of Childhood?

• Traumatized children are more likely to have emotional and behavioral problems

• Partnerships formed

• Parenthood

• Work (double shift)

• Midlife crisis/transition

• Menopause• Retirement• Change in relationships- empty nest, death of family & friends

Death Denying culture

• Stages of Dying

• (D-A-B-D-A)

• Kubler-Ross

5 Stages of Dying

• Denial

• Anger

• Bargaining

• Depression

• Acceptance