The Chemistry of Life
Dec 26, 2015
The Chemistry of Life
Organic ChemistryOrganic Chemistry
ORGANIC means comes from and found in living things All organic compounds contain both All organic compounds contain both CarbonCarbon and and HydrogenHydrogen
togethertogether Inorganic – Inorganic – Doesn’t contain Doesn’t contain bothboth C and H C and H
Practice: Organic or Inorganic???Practice: Organic or Inorganic??? H2O = ___________ (water)H2O = ___________ (water) NaCl = ___________ (salt)NaCl = ___________ (salt) C6H12O6 = ___________ (sugar/glucose)C6H12O6 = ___________ (sugar/glucose) CH4 = ______________ (methane)CH4 = ______________ (methane) CO2 = _____________ (carbon dioxide)CO2 = _____________ (carbon dioxide) O2 = ______________ (oxygen)O2 = ______________ (oxygen)
MacromoleculesMacromolecules Means “Means “Giant moleculesGiant molecules”” Formed by Formed by polymerizationpolymerization::
Small things (Small things (MONOMERSMONOMERS) join together to ) join together to make large things (make large things (POLYMERSPOLYMERS))
EXEX. monomer + monomer + monomer = polymer. monomer + monomer + monomer = polymer
Four (4) types of Four (4) types of OrganicOrganic Macromolecules: Macromolecules:CarbohydratesCarbohydratesLipidsLipidsProteinsProteinsNucleic AcidsNucleic Acids
VIDEO: (3:10) http://www.brainpop.com/science/matterandchemistry/bodychemistry/
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates Elements present:Elements present: Carbon, Hydrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen,
OxygenOxygen Building Blocks Building Blocks (and Digestive End (and Digestive End
products)products):: Monosaccharides or Simple Sugars Example: glucose (Formula C6H12O6 )
Are found in both simple (sugars) and complex forms (starches)
Function:Function: Main Energy source
Molecular Structure of CarbsMolecular Structure of Carbs 11 Ring = Ring = MONOMONOsaccharidesaccharide
BUILDING BLOCKSBUILDING BLOCKS of complex sugarsof complex sugars Ex. Ex. Glucose Glucose AND fructoseAND fructose
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22 Rings = Rings = DIDIsaccharidesaccharide Ex. Ex. lactose, maltose, and sucrose
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33 or more Rings = or more Rings = POLYPOLYsaccharidesaccharide Ex. Ex. Starch, cellulose, Starch, cellulose, glycogenglycogen, chitin, chitin
Polysaccharide Glucose
Making or Breaking Polymers DEHYDRATION
SYNTHESIS Synthesis =
building/joining Monosaccharides
ARE HOOKED TOGETHER BY LOSING A WATER MOLECULE TO FORM DI AND POLYSACCS.
HYDROLYSIS Hydrolysis =
digestion/breaking up Polysaccharides AND
Disacchararides BREAK APART BY ADDING WATER MOLECULES.
LipidsLipids Elements present:Elements present: Carbon, Carbon,
Hydrogen, OxygenHydrogen, Oxygen
Building Blocks Building Blocks (and Digestive End (and Digestive End products)products) 3 Fatty acids 1 glycerol molecule
ExamplesExamples Fats, oils,Fats, oils, waxes waxes
Functions:Functions: protection and insulation Parts of Parts of CELL membranesCELL membranes Chemical messengersChemical messengers (hormones) (hormones)
Types of LipidsTypes of Lipids Saturated Saturated Fat:Fat:
SOLID SOLID at room temp (ex. at room temp (ex. Butter)Butter)
may lead to heart disease or hardening of the arteries
Unsaturated Unsaturated FatFat LIQUIDLIQUID at room temp (ex. at room temp (ex.
Olive oil) Olive oil) may lower cholesterol may lower cholesterol
levelslevels
Bad for you Good for you
ProteinsProteins Elements present:Elements present:
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and NitrogenNitrogen
Building blocks (and Digestive End products) Amino Acids Amino acids are linked in any
order and in any number to make endless numbers of proteins!
Proteins are formed at the ribosomes of a cell and held together by peptide bonds.
The shape determines the function
Amino acid
Function and (examples) of proteins:Function and (examples) of proteins: growth growth and and repairrepair transport (hemoglobin)transport (hemoglobin) form form bonebone and and musclemuscle (collagen) (collagen) sends signals (sends signals (hormoneshormones-insulin)-insulin) DefenseDefense (makes (makes antibodiesantibodies)) Control rates of reactions (Control rates of reactions (enzymesenzymes))
Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids Elements present:Elements present:
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, PhosphorusCarbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus
Basic Building Blocks:Basic Building Blocks: NUCLEOTIDESNUCLEOTIDES
Let’s look closer at Let’s look closer at oneone nucleotide nucleotide Nucleotides have Nucleotides have 33 parts parts
PPhosphatehosphate Ribose Ribose sugarsugar Nitrogen Base (1 of 4)Nitrogen Base (1 of 4)
• Each nucleotide is connected across to another nucleotide
• Each nucleotide is also connected to another above and below.
• This forms the Double-helix molecule
Types of Nucleic Acids:Types of Nucleic Acids:
1.1. DNA DNA (Deoxy-ribo-Nucleic-Acid)(Deoxy-ribo-Nucleic-Acid)
2.2. RNARNA (Ribo-Nucleic-Acid(Ribo-Nucleic-Acid
Functions: StoreStore and and transmit GENETICtransmit GENETIC information information
Group activityGroup activity Create a graphic
organizer, using the template below as a starting point, in order to organize important information regarding the four major organic molecules.
Include (minimally): What is the molecule
made of? What is its function(s)? Examples (general or
specific)?
Nucleic acids
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
Organic molecules
Acids and Bases:
used for different functions in body (such as digestion).
pH is different in different parts of body, like acid (pH 3) in stomach and basic (pH 8) in small intestines
VIDEO: (3:49)
http://www.brainpop.com/science/matterandchemistry/phscale/
Characteristics of Acids Any compound that GIVES OFF H+ ions in solution
Ex. HCl H+ and Cl-
Traits: Sour taste pH value less than 6.9 Strong acids 1-3
Common acids: Juices, vinegar, HCl
Add water
Characteristics of Bases Any compound that GIVES OFF OH- ions in
solution Ex. NaOH Na+ and OH-
Traits: Slippery PH greater than 7.1 Strong base pH 11 - 14
Common Bases: Soaps, detergents, ammonia
Add water
measures the strengths of acids and bases.
pH 0-6.9 = acid pH 7.1-14 = base pH 7 = neutral (water).
pH scale:
Chemical Indicators - Are used to test for certain substances
1. Lugol’s solution (iodine) Tests for starch
Yellow = no starch Blue/Black = starch
2. Benedict’s solution Tests for monosacchardies (ie. Glucose)
Blue = no glucose A diff. color = glucose
Positive Test
Negative Test
3. Litmus paper Tests for Acids or bases
Red change = acidic Blue change = basic
4. Bromothymol blue Test for carbon dioxide
Blue = basic (>7.6 pH ) Green = neutral (~7 pH) Yellow = acidic (< 6.0 pH )
Enzymes
The biological catalyst of life
Click for Discovery channel video
Enzymes…. are protein substances that are necessary for:
The chemical reactions that occur in your bodyEx. Pepsin (enzyme) breaks protein down in
the stomach.
Help to release energy in the form of ATP (adenine tri-phosphate) to the cells
Enzyme Vocabulary Enzymes end in –ase
Maltase binds to maltose Lactase binds to lactose Lipase breaks down fat Amylase is found in saliva
Catalyst: Substance that affects the rate of a
chemical reaction WITHOUT BEING ALTERED
Because it is not altered, can do same thing over, and, over, and, over, and over…….
Enzymes are ORGANIC CATALYSTS
Enzyme Vocabulary Substrate:
The substance upon which the enzyme reacts
Active site: Site where enzyme binds to
substrate Denature:
When enzyme’s shape is altered due to: high temp strong acids or bases
How Do Enzymes Work?
DEMO
The enzyme has an active site which has a on its surface which has a very specific shape.
The enzyme and the substrate (what enzymes acts upon) temporarily join together forming the enzyme substrate
complex.
Importance of Enzyme Shape
Enzymes have specific shapes This means enzymes are specific to
their substrate They will only attach to a substrate
that “fits” their shape If shape of enzyme is denatured, will
it be able to bind to its substrate? NO!
Two things can cause denaturing: Temperature pH
Enzyme-Substrate Complex
Formed when enzyme binds to substrate Very specific
Lock and Key Model:• Enzyme-substrate complex often compared to a lock and key.• Active site on enzyme can only “FIT” or bind to a specific substrate
Example: Amylase will bind to starch, but not cellulose
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PILzvT3spCQ&feature=fvwrel
What factors influence Enzyme Action?
Remember, enzymes speed up reactions
What can affect the rate at which enzymes perform?It’s shape!
Denaturing affects rateThe amount of enzyme and
substrate!
Temperature - Enzyme shape and reaction rate: Enzymes have a specific temperature
range at which they work best EX. Human enzymes work best at 37°C
Temps not in the optimal range will cause enzymes to denature
Shape is altered, so reaction rates are SLOWED or stopped altogether
Reaction rates will DROP dramatically depending on how much denaturing of enzyme
Temperature vs. Reaction Rate
pH - Enzyme shape and reaction rate: Enzymes have a specific pH range at which
they work best EX. Most enzymes work best at pH 7 Where in the body would enzymes be optimal at a
low (acidic) pH? Why? In stomach, this is because stomach acid has a
low pH pH not in the optimal range will cause
enzymes to denature Shape is altered, so reaction rates are
SLOWED or stopped altogether Reaction rates will DROP dramatically
depending on how much denaturing of enzyme.
pH vs. Reaction Rate
3 9
Concentration - Enzyme amount and reaction rate:
Enzyme rate also depends on the amount of enzyme and substrateLittle enzyme, lots of substrate:
Slower ratesHow can we speed up the rate?
Add more enzyme until max. rate achieved.
Substrate Concentration vs. Reaction Rate