The Changes of the 19 th Century. Romanticism Artistic and intellectual movement of the late 18 th and early 19 th century. Reaction to strict focus.

The Changes of the The Changes of the 1919thth Century Century

RomanticismRomanticism

Artistic and intellectual movement of the late Artistic and intellectual movement of the late 1818thth and early 19 and early 19thth century. century.

Reaction to strict focus on reason of the Reaction to strict focus on reason of the Enlightenment with a strong focus on Enlightenment with a strong focus on emotion and intuition.emotion and intuition.

Romanticism also strongly connected to Romanticism also strongly connected to ideas of nationalism, individualism, and the ideas of nationalism, individualism, and the natural world.natural world.

RomanticismRomanticism

LiteratureLiterature GermanyGermany

– Johann Wolfgang von GoetheJohann Wolfgang von Goethe– Friedrich von SchillerFriedrich von Schiller– Jakob and Wilhelm GrimmJakob and Wilhelm Grimm

FranceFrance– Honore de BalzacHonore de Balzac– Alexander DumasAlexander Dumas– Victor HugoVictor Hugo

Victor Hugo

RomanticismRomanticism LiteratureLiterature BritainBritain

– William WordsworthWilliam Wordsworth– Samuel Taylor ColeridgeSamuel Taylor Coleridge– Lord ByronLord Byron– Percy Bysshe ShelleyPercy Bysshe Shelley– John KeatsJohn Keats– William BlakeWilliam Blake– Alfred Lord TennysonAlfred Lord Tennyson– Robert BrowningRobert Browning– Sir Walter ScottSir Walter Scott

Lord ByronLord Byron

RomanticismRomanticism

PaintingPainting– Eugene DelacroixEugene Delacroix

– Francisco GoyaFrancisco Goya

– J.M.W. TurnerJ.M.W. Turner

– John ConstableJohn Constable

– Camille CorotCamille Corot

Goya

Eugene Delacroix- Eugene Delacroix- Liberty Leading the PeopleLiberty Leading the People

Goya - Goya - Third of May, 1808Third of May, 1808

Turner – Turner – Burning of the Houses of ParliamentBurning of the Houses of Parliament

RomanticismRomanticism ArchitectureArchitecture

– Exotic influences from Middle East and ChinaExotic influences from Middle East and China– Neoclassicism of 18Neoclassicism of 18thth century remained popular century remained popular – Neo-Gothic style became popular.Neo-Gothic style became popular.

RomanticismRomanticism MusicMusic

– Ludwig von BeethovenLudwig von Beethoven Led transition from classical to Led transition from classical to

romanticromantic

– Richard WagnerRichard Wagner German nationalist operasGerman nationalist operas

– Giuseppe VerdiGiuseppe Verdi– Giacomo PucciniGiacomo Puccini– Franz LisztFranz Liszt

Piano works based on Hungarian Piano works based on Hungarian folk musicfolk music

– Frederic ChopinFrederic Chopin Richard WagnerRichard Wagner

RomanticismRomanticism PhilosophyPhilosophy

– Immanuel KantImmanuel Kant Led revolt against extreme Led revolt against extreme

rationalism.rationalism. Critique of Pure ReasonCritique of Pure Reason (1781) (1781) Metaphysics – understanding of Metaphysics – understanding of

the supernatural.the supernatural.

– G.W.F. HegelG.W.F. Hegel History represented God’s plan History represented God’s plan

for the world.for the world. Based on dialectical conflict Based on dialectical conflict

(thesis, antithesis, synthesis)(thesis, antithesis, synthesis)Immanuel KantImmanuel Kant

ConservatismConservatism Political ideology that Political ideology that

developed in the late 18developed in the late 18thth century.century.

Defended established Defended established social and political order of social and political order of Europe as natural.Europe as natural.

Conservatism questioned Conservatism questioned the possibilities of radical the possibilities of radical change.change.

British MP Edmund Burke British MP Edmund Burke was its most vocal was its most vocal advocate.advocate.Edmund BurkeEdmund Burke

Classical LiberalismClassical Liberalism

Associated with ideas of social progress, Associated with ideas of social progress, economic development, and individualism economic development, and individualism that emerged in the Enlightenment.that emerged in the Enlightenment.

Closely associated with middle class values Closely associated with middle class values and concerns.and concerns.

Generally advocated political reforms, but Generally advocated political reforms, but also promoted an orderly society.also promoted an orderly society.

In this way, it was often limited in scope and In this way, it was often limited in scope and not concerned for the needs of the masses.not concerned for the needs of the masses.

Political LiberalismPolitical Liberalism

Political liberalism was based on the ideas Political liberalism was based on the ideas of John Locke, Voltaire and other of John Locke, Voltaire and other philosophes of the 18philosophes of the 18thth century . century .

Political liberalism called for greater Political liberalism called for greater individual rights, religious freedom, freedom individual rights, religious freedom, freedom of the press, property rights, representative of the press, property rights, representative government (at least for the middle class, government (at least for the middle class, not “democracy”)not “democracy”)

Economic LiberalismEconomic Liberalism Based mostly on laissez-faire ideas of Adam Based mostly on laissez-faire ideas of Adam

Smith and other economists.Smith and other economists. Markets should be as free from government Markets should be as free from government

intervention as possible.intervention as possible. Thomas MalthusThomas Malthus

– An Essay on the Principle of PopulationAn Essay on the Principle of Population (1798) (1798)– Population growth would outstrip food.Population growth would outstrip food.

David RicardoDavid Ricardo– ““Iron Law of Wages” Iron Law of Wages” – labor based on supply and demandlabor based on supply and demand

Utilitarianism and SocialismUtilitarianism and Socialism

As the 19As the 19thth century progressed, more and century progressed, more and more politicians, economists and more politicians, economists and philosophers began to see that philosophers began to see that conservatism and liberalism were not conservatism and liberalism were not serving the needs of the developing serving the needs of the developing industrial society.industrial society.

They began to theorize about alternative They began to theorize about alternative systems that would bring about a better systems that would bring about a better society.society.

UtilitarianismUtilitarianism

Jeremy BenthamJeremy Bentham– Argued that gov’t Argued that gov’t

sometimes needed to sometimes needed to intervene on behave of the intervene on behave of the oppressed.oppressed.

– Every human practice Every human practice should be valued in terms should be valued in terms of its utility (happiness).of its utility (happiness).

– Individual freedom with the Individual freedom with the benefits for the most benefits for the most (welfare state)(welfare state)

UtilitarianismUtilitarianism

John Stuart MillJohn Stuart Mill– Further evolution of Further evolution of

liberal doctrine away liberal doctrine away from laissez-faire.from laissez-faire.

– Strong advocate of Strong advocate of women’s rights.women’s rights.

– Supported formation of Supported formation of labor unions, labor unions, progressive taxes, progressive taxes, universal suffrage, and universal suffrage, and child labor restrictions.child labor restrictions.

SocialismSocialism

Utopian SocialismUtopian Socialism– Socialists of the early 19Socialists of the early 19 thth century did not have century did not have

a coherent ideology, but different ideas put a coherent ideology, but different ideas put forth.forth.

– Common to most were the ideas of the abolition Common to most were the ideas of the abolition of private property (either owned by the state of of private property (either owned by the state of by groups of workers.by groups of workers.

– And the need to educate workers to cooperate And the need to educate workers to cooperate as apposed to compete.as apposed to compete.

SocialismSocialism

Robert OwenRobert Owen– Textile entrepreneur who Textile entrepreneur who

advocated socialist ideas.advocated socialist ideas.– Put workers rights and wages Put workers rights and wages

into action at New Lanark, into action at New Lanark, Scotland.Scotland.

– Began socialist New Harmony Began socialist New Harmony community in Indiana in 1826.community in Indiana in 1826.

– New Harmony failed and he New Harmony failed and he returned to England returned to England

SocialismSocialism

Count of Saint-SimonCount of Saint-Simon– French socialist who French socialist who

believed that government believed that government should focus on should focus on improving economic improving economic conditions.conditions.

– Society should be Society should be directed by an educated directed by an educated elite, providing for the elite, providing for the equal benefit of all.equal benefit of all.

SocialismSocialism

Charles FourierCharles Fourier– Advocated the Advocated the

establishment of establishment of socialist communities socialist communities known as phalanxes known as phalanxes (small workers (small workers communities)communities)

– Each person would Each person would share in each other's share in each other's work to avoid boredom.work to avoid boredom.

SocialismSocialism

Louis BlancLouis Blanc– Published Published The Organization The Organization

of Workof Work (1840) calling for (1840) calling for universal manhood suffrage universal manhood suffrage and the creation of a workers and the creation of a workers party.party.

– The worker’s would The worker’s would eventually control the eventually control the government and establish government and establish socialist workshops, pushing socialist workshops, pushing private industries out of private industries out of business. business.

The Socialist CritiqueThe Socialist Critique Utilitarian and especially socialist writers and thinkers Utilitarian and especially socialist writers and thinkers

began to criticize the assertions of liberal capitalist began to criticize the assertions of liberal capitalist society, especially in dealing with the condition of society, especially in dealing with the condition of workers.workers.

More and more of these ideas would filter into the More and more of these ideas would filter into the mainstream political discourse.mainstream political discourse.

At the same time, conservatives were also critical, but At the same time, conservatives were also critical, but from a more traditional and paternalistic perspective.from a more traditional and paternalistic perspective.

As the century progressed, conservatism became As the century progressed, conservatism became more associated with the aristocracy, liberalism with more associated with the aristocracy, liberalism with the bourgeoisie, and socialism with the working class.the bourgeoisie, and socialism with the working class.

The Modern Political ContinuumThe Modern Political Continuum

Classical Liberalism

Conservatism

Utilitarianism/ Progressivism

Royalist

Socialism

Marxist Communism

Fascism

Totalitarianism

Stalinism

LEFT RIGHT

MORE FREEDOM

LESS FREEDOM

CENTER

EXTREME

MORE EQUAL

LESS EQUAL

Civil Unrest in Great BritainCivil Unrest in Great Britain Postwar economic Postwar economic

depression led to civil unrest depression led to civil unrest in Britain.in Britain.

Lord Liverpool, a Tory, Lord Liverpool, a Tory, served as prime minister of served as prime minister of a reactionary government.a reactionary government.

Aug, 1819 – Protesters Aug, 1819 – Protesters gathered in St. Peter’s Field, gathered in St. Peter’s Field, Manchester were attacked Manchester were attacked by Government troops. by Government troops. Eleven people were killed in Eleven people were killed in what became know as the what became know as the Peterloo Massacre. Peterloo Massacre. Peterloo Massacre, 1819Peterloo Massacre, 1819

Conservative ReactionConservative Reaction The Six ActsThe Six Acts

– Reaction to the Peterloo Massacre, passed by Reaction to the Peterloo Massacre, passed by Parliament in Dec. 1819.Parliament in Dec. 1819.

– Restricted freedom of speech press, and Restricted freedom of speech press, and assembly, allowed for searches of homes.assembly, allowed for searches of homes.

Cato Street ConspiracyCato Street Conspiracy– January 1820, George IV (r. 1820-1830) January 1820, George IV (r. 1820-1830)

succeeded to the throne.succeeded to the throne.– Government uncovered a plot to kill the entire Government uncovered a plot to kill the entire

cabinet and the king.cabinet and the king.– Conspirators were arrested and executed.Conspirators were arrested and executed.

Tory ReformsTory Reforms Younger Tory leaders began to Younger Tory leaders began to

push for reforms in the 1820s.push for reforms in the 1820s. Robert Peel, the home Robert Peel, the home

secretary, reformed criminal secretary, reformed criminal codes and reorganized the codes and reorganized the police (bobbies)police (bobbies)

Free trade policies put in place Free trade policies put in place by reducing tariffs on imports.by reducing tariffs on imports.

Religious restrictions removed.Religious restrictions removed.– Test Act Repealed in 1828Test Act Repealed in 1828– Catholic Emancipation passed in Catholic Emancipation passed in

1829.1829.

Robert Peel

Reform Bill of 1832Reform Bill of 1832 Whigs won the election of 1830, replacing Whigs won the election of 1830, replacing

the Tory government of the Duke of the Tory government of the Duke of Wellington.Wellington.

PM Earl Grey introduced electoral reform.PM Earl Grey introduced electoral reform. It was blocked two times by the House of It was blocked two times by the House of

Lords.Lords. Passed with threat of adding Whig peers to Passed with threat of adding Whig peers to

the House of Lords by king William IV (r. the House of Lords by king William IV (r. 1830 – 1837).1830 – 1837).

Reform Bill of 1832Reform Bill of 1832

Eliminated 56 “rotten Eliminated 56 “rotten boroughs” and “pocket boroughs” and “pocket boroughs” and redistributed boroughs” and redistributed their 111 seats, 32 smaller their 111 seats, 32 smaller ones lost one of two seats in ones lost one of two seats in the House of Commons.the House of Commons.

The bill lowered property The bill lowered property qualifications to include most qualifications to include most middle class men, expanding middle class men, expanding the electorate by 800,000 the electorate by 800,000 men.men.

Earl Grey

Reforms ExpandReforms Expand

In 1833, slavery was abolished throughout In 1833, slavery was abolished throughout the British Empire.the British Empire.

Factory Act of 1833 placed restrictions of Factory Act of 1833 placed restrictions of child labor.child labor.– Those under age 9 could not work in mills.Those under age 9 could not work in mills.– 9 to 13 work 9 hours, 13 to 18 could work 12 hrs9 to 13 work 9 hours, 13 to 18 could work 12 hrs

Municipal Corporations Act of 1835 created Municipal Corporations Act of 1835 created town councils.town councils.

Repeal of the Corn LawsRepeal of the Corn Laws Anti-Corn Law League (est. 1839) campaigned Anti-Corn Law League (est. 1839) campaigned

for repeal of Corn Laws (tariffs on grains)for repeal of Corn Laws (tariffs on grains) Adopted in 1815, the laws provided protection Adopted in 1815, the laws provided protection

for landowners by inflating prices.for landowners by inflating prices. Middle class reformers argued that elimination Middle class reformers argued that elimination

of tariffs would lower grain prices, helping the of tariffs would lower grain prices, helping the workers and industrialists.workers and industrialists.

Under pressure of the Peelites (splitting the Under pressure of the Peelites (splitting the Tories) and the effects of the Irish Famine, the Tories) and the effects of the Irish Famine, the Corn Laws were repealed in 1846. Corn Laws were repealed in 1846.

The Chartist MovementThe Chartist Movement Agitation continued for further reform and the Agitation continued for further reform and the

creation of the People’s Charter in 1838 by a creation of the People’s Charter in 1838 by a group of working class leaders.group of working class leaders.

Demands centered on:Demands centered on:1.1. Universal Manhood SuffrageUniversal Manhood Suffrage

2.2. Secret Ballot in VotingSecret Ballot in Voting

3.3. End of Property requirements to officeEnd of Property requirements to office

4.4. Salaries for MPs.Salaries for MPs.

5.5. Creation of Equal Electoral DistrictsCreation of Equal Electoral Districts

6.6. Annual Elections for the House of Commons.Annual Elections for the House of Commons.

Presented demands to Parliament in 1839. They Presented demands to Parliament in 1839. They were ignored. Agitation continued through 1848.were ignored. Agitation continued through 1848.

France – The Bourbon RestorationFrance – The Bourbon Restoration

Under Louis XVIII (r. 1814-1824) the Charter Under Louis XVIII (r. 1814-1824) the Charter of 1814 created a constitutional monarchy.of 1814 created a constitutional monarchy.– Two house parliament created (on British model)Two house parliament created (on British model)– Guarantees of civil libertiesGuarantees of civil liberties– Napoleonic Code remained in effectNapoleonic Code remained in effect

Ultra-Royalists, under the leadership of the Ultra-Royalists, under the leadership of the king’s brother, the Count of Artois, won king’s brother, the Count of Artois, won elections in 1820 and reduced civil liberties.elections in 1820 and reduced civil liberties.

France – The Bourbon RestorationFrance – The Bourbon Restoration

In 1824, the Count of Artois In 1824, the Count of Artois succeeded his brother as King succeeded his brother as King Charles X.Charles X.

He angered the bourgeoisie by He angered the bourgeoisie by lowering the interest on government lowering the interest on government bonds to compensate the nobility for bonds to compensate the nobility for the lands they had lost.the lands they had lost.

Liberals and moderate royalists Liberals and moderate royalists gained control in elections in 1827. gained control in elections in 1827.

In response, Charles X made the In response, Charles X made the reactionary Prince of Polignac reactionary Prince of Polignac premier premier

Charles X

Revolutions of 1830 - FranceRevolutions of 1830 - France

The July RevolutionThe July Revolution– Liberals won elections in May 1830.Liberals won elections in May 1830.– In response, Charles and Polignac enacted the In response, Charles and Polignac enacted the

Four Ordinances which imposed limitations on Four Ordinances which imposed limitations on freedom of the press, dissolved the Parliament freedom of the press, dissolved the Parliament and scheduled new elections.and scheduled new elections.

– On July 27-29, the people of Paris rose in revolt On July 27-29, the people of Paris rose in revolt against the king.against the king.

– Charles X fled to Great Britain.Charles X fled to Great Britain.

Revolutions of 1830 - FranceRevolutions of 1830 - France The July MonarchyThe July Monarchy

– Some revolutionaries favored Some revolutionaries favored creating a republic, but liberals in creating a republic, but liberals in the Chamber of Deputies supported the Chamber of Deputies supported a constitutional monarchy.a constitutional monarchy.

– They proclaimed Louis Philippe, They proclaimed Louis Philippe, Duke of Orleans, as kingDuke of Orleans, as king

– King Louis Philippe (r. 1830-1848) King Louis Philippe (r. 1830-1848) cultivated a bourgeois image as cultivated a bourgeois image as “citizen king.”“citizen king.”

– His economic and political policies His economic and political policies favored the interests of the middle favored the interests of the middle class.class.

King Louis PhilippeKing Louis Philippe

Revolutions of 1830 - EuropeRevolutions of 1830 - Europe

BelgiumBelgium– Catholics and liberals take opportunity to gain Catholics and liberals take opportunity to gain

independence from Dutch.independence from Dutch.– Constitutional monarchy created.Constitutional monarchy created.

SwitzerlandSwitzerland– Swiss cantons more toward more liberal representative Swiss cantons more toward more liberal representative

governments.governments. Spain Spain

– Conflicts between the Carlists and the monarchy led to Conflicts between the Carlists and the monarchy led to expansion of liberal ideas, though reform was difficult to expansion of liberal ideas, though reform was difficult to maintainmaintain

The AristocracyThe Aristocracy Consisted of traditional Consisted of traditional

landholders as well and the landholders as well and the upper gentry.upper gentry.

Challenged by the new industrial Challenged by the new industrial wealth of the middle classes wealth of the middle classes (only some aristocrats become (only some aristocrats become capitalists.)capitalists.)

They still controlled most of the They still controlled most of the important positions of power in important positions of power in government and most of the government and most of the wealth in the nation.wealth in the nation.

The Middle Class The Middle Class Confident and assertive Confident and assertive

group of the 19group of the 19thth century. century. Bankers, industrialists, Bankers, industrialists,

professionals, and “white professionals, and “white collar” workers.collar” workers.

Strongly opposed aristocratic Strongly opposed aristocratic privilege. privilege.

Middle class values of hard Middle class values of hard work, self reliance, work, self reliance, temperance, and the temperance, and the patriarchal family permeate patriarchal family permeate all levels of society.all levels of society.

Artisans and Skilled LaborArtisans and Skilled Labor

Most independent of any of the classes in Most independent of any of the classes in their work and position.their work and position.

Elimination of the guild system opened new Elimination of the guild system opened new free market possibilities.free market possibilities.

Skill laborers faced competition from Skill laborers faced competition from machines, but often learned to work with machines, but often learned to work with them.them.

Led labor movements with successful Led labor movements with successful strikes despite labor unions being illegal.strikes despite labor unions being illegal.

The Working ClassThe Working Class Consisted of mostly unskilled Consisted of mostly unskilled

wage laborers in the masses who wage laborers in the masses who move to the cities.move to the cities.

More than half the workers in More than half the workers in factories are women and a factories are women and a quarter are children do to lower quarter are children do to lower wages and their ability to be wages and their ability to be intimidated.intimidated.

Faced dangerous working Faced dangerous working conditions.conditions.

Harsh discipline used by factory Harsh discipline used by factory managers.managers.

Often lived in slum conditions.Often lived in slum conditions.

Women miners in Wales

The PeasantsThe Peasants

Still the largest class in most of Europe in Still the largest class in most of Europe in the early 19the early 19thth century (Britain one century (Britain one exception).exception).

Position changes dramatically with the end Position changes dramatically with the end of feudal obligations after the French of feudal obligations after the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars. Revolution and Napoleonic Wars.

Entering the free marked ended many Entering the free marked ended many protections brought by feudal obligations protections brought by feudal obligations (some succeed as farmers, others forced (some succeed as farmers, others forced into wage labor on large farms or in cities.)into wage labor on large farms or in cities.)