The Challenge ofEmployment in IndiaAn Informal Economy
PerspectiveN AT I O N AL C O M M I S S I O N F O R E N T E R P R I
S E S N AT I O N AL C O M M I S S I O N F O R E N T E R P R I S E S
N AT I O N AL C O M M I S S I O N F O R E N T E R P R I S E S N AT
I O N AL C O M M I S S I O N F O R E N T E R P R I S E S N AT I O N
AL C O M M I S S I O N F O R E N T E R P R I S E SI N T H E U N O R
G AN I S E D S E C T O R I N T H E U N O R G AN I S E D S E C T O R
I N T H E U N O R G AN I S E D S E C T O R I N T H E U N O R G AN I
S E D S E C T O R I N T H E U N O R G AN I S E D S E C T O R19t hFl
oor ,Jawahar Vyapar Bhawan, 19t hFl oor ,Jawahar Vyapar Bhawan, 19t
hFl oor ,Jawahar Vyapar Bhawan, 19t hFl oor ,Jawahar Vyapar Bhawan,
19t hFl oor ,Jawahar Vyapar Bhawan,1,Tol stoyMar g,NewDel hi-
110001 1,Tol stoyMar g,NewDel hi- 110001 1,Tol stoyMar g,NewDel hi-
110001 1,Tol stoyMar g,NewDel hi- 110001 1,Tol stoyMar g,NewDel hi-
110001www.nceus.gov.i n www.nceus.gov.i n www.nceus.gov.i n
www.nceus.gov.i n www.nceus.gov.i nApr il ,2009 Apr il ,2009 Apr il
,2009 Apr il ,2009 Apr il ,2009Volume II - AnnexuresNat i onal
Commi ssi onfor Ent er pr i sesi nt heUnor gani sedSect or Nat i
onal Commi ssi onfor Ent er pr i sesi nt heUnor gani sedSect or Nat
i onal Commi ssi onfor Ent er pr i sesi nt heUnor gani sedSect or
Nat i onal Commi ssi onfor Ent er pr i sesi nt heUnor gani sedSect
or Nat i onal Commi ssi onfor Ent er pr i sesi nt heUnor gani
sedSect or19th Floor, Jawahar Vyapar Bhawan, 1 Tolstoy Marg,New
Delhi - 110001Website: www.nceus.gov.inPr eviousr epor t sofNat
ional Commissionfor Ent er pr isesint he Pr eviousr epor t sofNat
ional Commissionfor Ent er pr isesint he Pr eviousr epor t sofNat
ional Commissionfor Ent er pr isesint he Pr eviousr epor t sofNat
ional Commissionfor Ent er pr isesint he Pr eviousr epor t sofNat
ional Commissionfor Ent er pr isesint heUnor gani sedSect or Unor
gani sedSect or Unor gani sedSect or Unor gani sedSect or Unor gani
sedSect or1. Social Security for Unorganised Workers, May 20062.
Comprehensive Legislation for Minimum Conditions of Work and
SocialSecurity for Unorganised Workers, July 20073. Conditions of
Work and Promotion of Livelihood in the Unorganised Sector,August
20074. Financing of Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector &
Creation of a NationalFund for the Unorganised Sector (NAFUS),
November 20075. Report on Definitional and Statistical Issues
relating to Informal Economy,November 20086. A Special Programme
for Marginal and Small Farmers, December 20087. Growth Pole
programme for Unorganised Sector Enterprise Development,April
20098. Skill Formation and Employment Assurance in the Unorganised
Sector,April 20099. A Report on Technology Upgradation for
Enterprises in the UnorganisedSector, April 2009Pr eviousWor
kingPaper soft heNat ional Commissionfor Pr eviousWor kingPaper
soft heNat ional Commissionfor Pr eviousWor kingPaper soft heNat
ional Commissionfor Pr eviousWor kingPaper soft heNat ional
Commissionfor Pr eviousWor kingPaper soft heNat ional
CommissionforEnt er pr isesint heUnor ganisedSect or Ent er pr
isesint heUnor ganisedSect or Ent er pr isesint heUnor ganisedSect
or Ent er pr isesint heUnor ganisedSect or Ent er pr isesint heUnor
ganisedSect or1. Measure of Labour Force Participation and
Utilization, January 20082. Contr ibutionoftheUnor ganisedSector
toGDPRepor toftheSubCommittee of a NCEUS Task Force, March 20083.
Definitional andStatistical IssuesRel atingtoWor ker sinInfor
malEmployment, January 2009.C o n te n tsP a g e N o . P a g e N o
. P a g e N o . P a g e N o . P a g e N o .(As in Volume - I)P r e
f a c e P r e f a c e P r e f a c e P r e f a c e P r e f a c e i
ii iiA c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t
s A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s A
c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s v i i v i i v i i v i i v i iVolume I
- Main Report1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . I n t r o d u c t i o n I n t r o
d u c t i o n I n t r o d u c t i o n I n t r o d u c t i o n I n t
r o d u c t i o n 1 - 6 1 - 6 1 - 6 1 - 6 1 - 6Wi d era n g i n gco
n su lta ti o n s 2P a st R e p o rts 2T h is R e p o rt 5O rg a n
i sa ti o no f C h a p te rs 52 . 2 . 2 . 2 . 2 . E x p a n d i n g
e m p l o y m e n t i n t h e I n d i a n e c o n o m y E x p a n d
i n g e m p l o y m e n t i n t h e I n d i a n e c o n o m y E x p
a n d i n g e m p l o y m e n t i n t h e I n d i a n e c o n o m y
E x p a n d i n g e m p l o y m e n t i n t h e I n d i a n e c o n
o m y E x p a n d i n g e m p l o y m e n t i n t h e I n d i a n e
c o n o m y 7 -2 9 7 -2 9 7 -2 9 7 -2 9 7 -2 9I n tro d u cti o n
7F o rm a l S e cto r E m p lo ym e n t 1 0F o rm a l a n dI n fo
rm a l E m p lo ym e n t i nth eF o rm a l S e cto r:C o m m i ssi
o n s e sti m a te s 1 2Wh a t e xp la i n s la cko f g ro wthi nF
o rm a l S e cto r e m p lo ym e n t? 1 4G ro wtha n dE m p lo ym e
n t 1 6S o m eI m p li ca ti o n s o f th eG ro wthP a tte rnfo r I
n co m e s 1 9T h eI n fo rm a l Wo rk e rs 2 0T h eAp p ro a cho f
N C E U S 22C o m m i ssi o n s Ap p ro a chi nth i s R e p o rt 2
6C o n clu d i n gN o te 2 83 . 3 . 3 . 3 . 3 . E m p l o y m e n t
& U n e m p l o y m e n t i n I n d i a : E m p l o y m e n t
& U n e m p l o y m e n t i n I n d i a : E m p l o y m e n t
& U n e m p l o y m e n t i n I n d i a : E m p l o y m e n t
& U n e m p l o y m e n t i n I n d i a : E m p l o y m e n t
& U n e m p l o y m e n t i n I n d i a :A l t e rn a t i v e M
e a s u re s & t h e i rM e a n i n g A l t e rn a t i v e M e
a s u re s & t h e i rM e a n i n g A l t e rn a t i v e M e a
s u re s & t h e i rM e a n i n g A l t e rn a t i v e M e a s
u re s & t h e i rM e a n i n g A l t e rn a t i v e M e a s u
re s & t h e i rM e a n i n g 3 0 -4 0 3 0 -4 0 3 0 -4 0 3 0 -4
0 3 0 -4 0I n tro d u cti o n 3 0M e a su re s o f E m p lo ym e n
t/U n e m p lo ym e n t :S e n si ti vi ty toC o n ce p ts &D e
fi n i ti o n s U se d 3 1L a b o u r F o rceM e a su re s U se di
nR e ce n t P la n s 33R e q u i re m e n ts o f aG o o dM e a su
re 34M o d i fi e dC u rre n t We e k ly S ta tu s (M C WS ) 34Ad
va n ta g e s o f th eM C WSAp p ro a chi nL a b o u r F o rceM e a
su re m e n t 3 5M e a su re s o f E m p lo ym e n t &U n e m p
lo ym e n t 3 5M e a su re s o f N o n -u ti li za ti o no f L a b
o u r T i m e 3 7T h eM e a su re m e n t U se di nth i s R e p o
rt 4 0P o li cy I m p li ca ti o n s 4 04 . 4 . 4 . 4 . 4 . L a b o
u rS u p p l y & D e m a n d : L a b o u rS u p p l y & D e
m a n d : L a b o u rS u p p l y & D e m a n d : L a b o u rS u
p p l y & D e m a n d : L a b o u rS u p p l y & D e m a n
d : 4 1 - 1 0 1 4 1 - 1 0 1 4 1 - 1 0 1 4 1 - 1 0 1 4 1 - 1 0 1I n
tro d u cti o n 4 1P o p u la ti o nG ro wth&C o m p o si ti o
n 42T re n d s i nS i ze&C o m p o si ti o no f L a b o u r F o
rce 42O ve ra ll S i ze ,G ro wth&C o m p o si ti o n 43i i i
iR u ra l-U rb a nD i stri b u ti o n 44L a b o u r F o rceP a rti
ci p a ti o nR a te s (L F P R ) 4 5L a b o u r F o rceP a rti ci p
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-wi seL a b o u r F o rceP a rti ci p a ti o nR a te s b y S o ci a
l G ro u p s 5 4S ta te -wi seL a b o u r F o rceb y E d u ca ti o
n 5 4S ta te -wi seR u ra l/U rb a nD i ffe re n cei nL a b o u r F
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stri e s b y G ro wthi nE m p lo ym e n t 6 1P o li cy I m p li ca
ti o n s 635 . 5 . 5 . 5 . 5 . D e m o g ra p h i c D i v i d e n d
o rD e m o g ra p h i c B u rd e n ? D e m o g ra p h i c D i v i d
e n d o rD e m o g ra p h i c B u rd e n ? D e m o g ra p h i c D i
v i d e n d o rD e m o g ra p h i c B u rd e n ? D e m o g ra p h i
c D i v i d e n d o rD e m o g ra p h i c B u rd e n ? D e m o g ra
p h i c D i v i d e n d o rD e m o g ra p h i c B u rd e n ?N a t i
o n a l a n d S t a t e L e v e l P ro j e c t i o n s o f L a b o
u rF o rc e N a t i o n a l a n d S t a t e L e v e l P ro j e c t
i o n s o f L a b o u rF o rc e N a t i o n a l a n d S t a t e L e
v e l P ro j e c t i o n s o f L a b o u rF o rc e N a t i o n a l
a n d S t a t e L e v e l P ro j e c t i o n s o f L a b o u rF o
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l o y m e n t G e n e ra t i o n & i t s Q u a l i t y : E m p
l o y m e n t G e n e ra t i o n & i t s Q u a l i t y : E m p
l o y m e n t G e n e ra t i o n & i t s Q u a l i t y : E m p
l o y m e n t G e n e ra t i o n & i t s Q u a l i t y : E m p
l o y m e n t G e n e ra t i o n & i t s Q u a l i t y :L o o k
i n g t h ro u g h t h e L e n s o fF o rm a l i t y & I n fo
rm a l i t y L o o k i n g t h ro u g h t h e L e n s o fF o rm a l
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rm a l&I n fo rm a lS e cto r S h a re s 1 3 5S h a re s o f F
o rm a l&I n fo rm a lWo rk e rs 1 3 8U n e m p lo ym e n t 1 3
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ci o -e co n o m i c P ro fi leo f U n o rg a n i ze dWo rk e rs 1
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s o f Wo rko f Ag ri cu ltu ra l Wa g eWo rk e rs 1 4 2C o n d i ti
o n s o f Wo rko f Wa g eWo rk e rs i nN o n -a g ri cu ltu ra l S
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-a g ri cu ltu re 1 4 8C o n d i ti o n s o f Wo rko f S e lf-e m p
lo ye dWo rk e rs 1 4 9C o n stra i n ts o nS e lf-e m p lo ye dWo
rk e rs &I n fo rm a l E n te rp ri se s 1 5 0T h eC o m m i
ssi o n s S tra te g y o f L e ve lli n gU p 1 5 27 . 7 . 7 . 7 . 7
. L a b o u rL a w R e f o rm s : B e y o n d a N a rro w A g e n d
a L a b o u rL a w R e f o rm s : B e y o n d a N a rro w A g e n d
a L a b o u rL a w R e f o rm s : B e y o n d a N a rro w A g e n d
a L a b o u rL a w R e f o rm s : B e y o n d a N a rro w A g e n d
a L a b o u rL a w R e f o rm s : B e y o n d a N a rro w A g e n d
a 1 6 8 - 1 8 7 1 6 8 - 1 8 7 1 6 8 - 1 8 7 1 6 8 - 1 8 7 1 6 8 - 1
8 7I n tro d u cti o n 1 6 8E vo lu ti o no f L a b o u r L a ws i
nI n d i a 1 6 8I m p o rta n t L a b o u r R e g u la ti o n s
&T h e i r C o ve ra g e 1 6 9R e la ti o nb e twe e nL a b o u
r L a ws &E m p lo ym e n t G e n e ra ti o n 1 7 0M a jo r I
ssu e s i nL a b o u r L a w R e fo rm s 1 7 3L a b o u r L a ws
&th eU n o rg a n i se dS e cto r 1 8 0R e co m m e n d a ti o
n s fo r L a b o u r L a w R e fo rm s 1 8 2C o n clu sio n 1 8 58
. 8 . 8 . 8 . 8 . T h e C h a l l e n g e o f S k i l l F o rm a t
i o n & D e v e l o p m e n t T h e C h a l l e n g e o f S k i
l l F o rm a t i o n & D e v e l o p m e n t T h e C h a l l e
n g e o f S k i l l F o rm a t i o n & D e v e l o p m e n t T
h e C h a l l e n g e o f S k i l l F o rm a t i o n & D e v e
l o p m e n t T h e C h a l l e n g e o f S k i l l F o rm a t i o
n & D e v e l o p m e n t 1 8 8 - 2 1 3 1 8 8 - 2 1 3 1 8 8 - 2
1 3 1 8 8 - 2 1 3 1 8 8 - 2 1 3I n tro d u cti o n 1 8 8S k i ll F
o rm a ti o n ,P ro d u cti vi ty &G ro wth 1 8 9T h eS k i
lls-P ro d u cti vi ty-G ro wthL i n k 1 8 9T h eC a seo f th eI n
fo rm a lS e cto r 1 8 9S k i ll P ro fi leo f th eI n d i a nWo rk
fo rce 1 9 1S e le cte dI n te rn a ti o n a l E xp e ri e n ce 2 0
1S yste mo f S k i ll D e ve lo p m e n t i nI n d i a 2 0 2R e co
m m e n d a tio n s 2 0 8C o n clu sio n 2 1 39 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . P
u b l i c E m p l o y m e n t P ro g ra m m e f o rt h e P u b l i
c E m p l o y m e n t P ro g ra m m e f o rt h e P u b l i c E m p
l o y m e n t P ro g ra m m e f o rt h e P u b l i c E m p l o y m
e n t P ro g ra m m e f o rt h e P u b l i c E m p l o y m e n t P
ro g ra m m e f o rt h eU n o rg a n i s e d Wo rk e rs : T h e C a
s e o f N R E G A U n o rg a n i s e d Wo rk e rs : T h e C a s e o
f N R E G A U n o rg a n i s e d Wo rk e rs : T h e C a s e o f N R
E G A U n o rg a n i s e d Wo rk e rs : T h e C a s e o f N R E G A
U n o rg a n i s e d Wo rk e rs : T h e C a s e o f N R E G A 2 1 4
-2 3 0 2 1 4 -2 3 0 2 1 4 -2 3 0 2 1 4 -2 3 0 2 1 4 -2 3 0I n tro d
u cti o n 2 1 4N a ti o n a l R u ra l E m p lo ym e n t G u a ra n
te eAct 2 1 5T h eC o n te xt &C o n to u rs o f N R E G A A R
e vi e w 2 1 5A S n a p sh o t o f N R E G A O ve r T h re eYe a rs
2 1 7S o m eP o si ti veB e n e fi ts 2 1 9L e sso n s fro mVa ri a
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m a in in gG a p s 2 2 3N e e dfo r S a fe g u a rd i n gE sse n ti
a l E n ti tle m e n ts 2 2 4S o m eO p e ra ti o n a l D e fi ci e
n ci e s 2 2 5R e co m m e n d a tio n s 2 2 6C o n clu sio n 2 3
0v iii v iii1 0 . 1 0 . 1 0 . 1 0 . 1 0 . A n E m p l o y m e n t S
t ra t e g y f o rA g ri c u l t u re C e n t re d o n A n E m p l
o y m e n t S t ra t e g y f o rA g ri c u l t u re C e n t re d o
n A n E m p l o y m e n t S t ra t e g y f o rA g ri c u l t u re C
e n t re d o n A n E m p l o y m e n t S t ra t e g y f o rA g ri c
u l t u re C e n t re d o n A n E m p l o y m e n t S t ra t e g y
f o rA g ri c u l t u re C e n t re d o nM a rg i n a l & S m a
l l F a rm e rs M a rg i n a l & S m a l l F a rm e rs M a rg i
n a l & S m a l l F a rm e rs M a rg i n a l & S m a l l F
a rm e rs M a rg i n a l & S m a l l F a rm e rs 2 3 1 -2 5 3 2
3 1 -2 5 3 2 3 1 -2 5 3 2 3 1 -2 5 3 2 3 1 -2 5 3I n tro d u cti o
n 2 3 1E m p lo ym e n t P o te n ti a l o f I n d i a nAg ri cu
ltu re 2 3 2G ro wthP o te n ti a l o f I n d i a nAg ri cu ltu re
2 3 5R e ce n t I n i ti a ti ve s i nAg ri cu ltu re 2 3 7D i m e
n si o n s o f M a rg i n a l/S m a ll F a rm i n gi nI n d i a 2 3
9K e y I ssu e s &P ro b le m s o f M a rg i n a l &S m a
ll F a rm e rs 2 4 2I n te g ra ti o ni n toM a rk e ts a n dR i sk
2 4 6Ap p ro a cho f th eC o m m i ssi o n&R e co m m e n d a
ti o n s 2 4 7C o n clu sio n 2 5 31 1 . 1 1 . 1 1 . 1 1 . 1 1 . T
h e Wo rl d o fM i c ro E n t e rp ri s e s : C h a ra c t e ri s t
i c s a n d C o n s t ra i n t s T h e Wo rl d o fM i c ro E n t e
rp ri s e s : C h a ra c t e ri s t i c s a n d C o n s t ra i n t
s T h e Wo rl d o fM i c ro E n t e rp ri s e s : C h a ra c t e ri
s t i c s a n d C o n s t ra i n t s T h e Wo rl d o fM i c ro E n
t e rp ri s e s : C h a ra c t e ri s t i c s a n d C o n s t ra i
n t s T h e Wo rl d o fM i c ro E n t e rp ri s e s : C h a ra c t
e ri s t i c s a n d C o n s t ra i n t s 2 5 4 -2 8 0 2 5 4 -2 8 0
2 5 4 -2 8 0 2 5 4 -2 8 0 2 5 4 -2 8 0I n tro d u cti o n 2 5 4M i
croE n te rp ri se s i nR u ra l a n dU rb a nAre a s 2 5 6U n ra
ve lli n gth eH e te ro g e n e i ty 2 5 7I n d u stri a l D i stri
b u ti o no f th eM i croE n te rp ri seS e cto r 2 5 9C o n tri b
u ti o ntoN a ti o n a l I n co m e 2 5 9I n fo rm a l M a n u fa
ctu ri n ga n dP ro d u cti vi ty:A D i sa g g re g a te dP i ctu
re 2 5 9T h eAll-I n d i aP i ctu re 2 6 1A R e g i o n a l P i ctu
re 2 6 2M a jo r I n d u stri a l G ro u p s (E n te rp ri se s) b
y S ta te s 2 6 6C o n stra i n ts fa ce db y M i croE n te rp ri
se s 2 6 7C o n stra i n ts o nM i croE n te rp ri se s:A S u m m i
n gU p 2 7 4S u b -C o n tra cti n g:AnAsp e ct o f L i n k a g e s
b e twe e nM i croa n dL a rg eE n te rp ri se s 2 7 4P o li cy I m
p li ca ti o n s 2 7 41 2 . 1 2 . 1 2 . 1 2 . 1 2 . A c c e s s t o
C re d i t A c c e s s t o C re d i t A c c e s s t o C re d i t A
c c e s s t o C re d i t A c c e s s t o C re d i t 2 8 1 -2 9 7 2
8 1 -2 9 7 2 8 1 -2 9 7 2 8 1 -2 9 7 2 8 1 -2 9 7I n tro d u cti o
n 2 8 1S i zea n dC h a ra cte ri sti cs o f U n o rg a n i se dE n
te rp ri se s 2 8 2Acce ss toC re d i t toM i croa n dS m a ll E n
te rp ri se s:T h eP re se n t S ce n a ri o 2 8 2M i croC re d i t
a s aP a lli a ti ve 2 8 4I n sti tu ti o n a l a n dP o li cy S u
p p o rt fo r C re d i t 2 8 6I n fo rm a l C re d i t:R o leo f M
o n e y L e n d e rs 2 8 8P o li cy M e a su re s toP ro m o teC re
d i t toM i croa n dS m a ll E n te rp ri se s 2 8 8C re d i t P o
li cy i nth eC u rre n t C o n te xt:A M i croE n te rp ri seP e
rsp e cti ve 2 8 9S o m eL a rg e r I ssu e s 2 9 0C o n clu si o
na n dP o li cy R e co m m e n d a ti o n s 2 9 11 3 . 1 3 . 1 3 .
1 3 . 1 3 . A c c e s s t o T e c h n o l o g y , M a rk e t i n g
a n d R a w M a t e ri a l s A c c e s s t o T e c h n o l o g y ,
M a rk e t i n g a n d R a w M a t e ri a l s A c c e s s t o T e c
h n o l o g y , M a rk e t i n g a n d R a w M a t e ri a l s A c c
e s s t o T e c h n o l o g y , M a rk e t i n g a n d R a w M a t
e ri a l s A c c e s s t o T e c h n o l o g y , M a rk e t i n g a
n d R a w M a t e ri a l s 2 9 8 -3 3 3 2 9 8 -3 3 3 2 9 8 -3 3 3 2
9 8 -3 3 3 2 9 8 -3 3 3I n tro d u cti o n 2 9 8Acce ss toT e ch n
o lo g y 2 9 8T e ch n o lo g y a n dI n n o va ti o ni nM S E s:T
h eS a li e n t An a lyti ca l I ssu e s 2 9 9T e ch n o lo g i ca
l I n te rve n ti o n s a n dI n n o va ti o n s th a t tra n sfo
rma ni n d u stry:T h eR o leo f th eC e n tra l L e a th e r R e
se a rchI n sti tu te(C L R I ) i nth eL e a th e r i n d u stry 3
0 1vi ivF o ste ri n gru ra l i n n o va ti o n s - th eR u ra l I
n n o va ti o n s N e two rk 3 0 2I n te rve n i n gi naclu ste r:E
D Ii nJ a m n a g a r b ra ss p a rts clu ste r 3 0 3T e ch n o lo
g y Acq u i si ti o na n dU p g ra d a ti o n :T woC a seS tu d i e
s 3 0 4Acce ss toM a rk e ti n g 3 1 4S e cto r T yp o lo g y a n
dM a rk e ti n gI ssu e s 3 1 5M a rk e ti n gI n fra stru ctu refo
r th eU n o rg a n i se dS e cto r 3 1 7T h eH a n d lo o mI n d u
stry I ssu e s i nM a rk e ti n ga n dE xi sti n gI n sti tu ti o n
s 3 1 7T h eH a n d i cra fts S e cto r:M a rk e ti n gI ssu e s a
n dI n sti tu ti o n s 3 1 9Acce ss toR a w M a te ri a ls 3 2 2S u
m m i n gU p 3 2 6P o li cy I m p li ca ti o n s a n dR e co m m e
n d a ti o n s 3 2 7R a ti o n a li zi n g ,si m p li fyi n ga n de
xp a n d i n gsch e m e s 3 3 1P ro vi d i n gB e tte r L i n k a g
e 3 3 2Ad e q u a teC re d i t 3 3 2P o li cy I m p li ca ti o n s
toe n h a n cem a rk e ti n g 3 3 3R e co m m e n d a ti o n s toI
m p ro veAcce ss toR a w M a te ri a ls 3 3 31 4 . 1 4 . 1 4 . 1 4
. 1 4 . F ro m I n d u s t ri a l C l u s t e rs t o G ro w t h P o
l e s F ro m I n d u s t ri a l C l u s t e rs t o G ro w t h P o l
e s F ro m I n d u s t ri a l C l u s t e rs t o G ro w t h P o l e
s F ro m I n d u s t ri a l C l u s t e rs t o G ro w t h P o l e s
F ro m I n d u s t ri a l C l u s t e rs t o G ro w t h P o l e s 3
3 4 -3 5 6 3 3 4 -3 5 6 3 3 4 -3 5 6 3 3 4 -3 5 6 3 3 4 -3 5 6I n
tro d u cti o n 3 3 4D e fi n i n gi n d u stri a l clu ste rs 3 3
5P o te n ti a l b e n e fi ts o f aC lu ste r 3 3 5I m p o rta n
ceo f clu ste re dm i croa n dsm a ll e n te rp ri se s 3 3 5D e te
rm i n a n ts o f clu ste r d e ve lo p m e n t 3 3 6M S EC lu ste
rs i nI n d i a 3 3 6I m p o rta n ceo f clu ste r-o ri e n te dM S
Ed e ve lo p m e n t p o li ci e s 3 4 0M S Eclu ste r d e ve lo p
m e n t p o li ci e s i nI n d i a 3 4 0M i croe n te rp ri se s i
nVa lu eC h a i n s 3 4 1I n d i a nsu cce ss sto ri e s a n dfa i
lu re s o f clu ste r d e ve lo p m e n t p o li ci e s 3 4 3C a
seS tu d i e s fo r Va lu eC h a i n s i nI n d i a nS m a ll I n d
u stri e s 3 4 4I n te rfi rmL i n k a g e s i nM i cro -e n te rp
ri se s:A S u m m i n gU p 3 5 0P o li cy I m p li ca ti o n s 3 5
0T h eN C E U SP ro p o sa lfo r G ro wthP o l e s 3 5 0R e co m m
e n d a tio n s 3 5 51 5 . 1 5 . 1 5 . 1 5 . 1 5 . R e c o m m e n
d a t i o n s R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s R e c o m m e n d a t i
o n s R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s 3
5 7 -3 7 4 3 5 7 -3 7 4 3 5 7 -3 7 4 3 5 7 -3 7 4 3 5 7 -3 7 4D e
fi n i ti o no f I n fo rm a l S e cto r a n dI n fo rm a l E m p
lo ym e n t 3 5 7M e a su re m e n t o f E m p lo ym e n t a n dU n
e m p lo ym e n t 3 5 8L a b o u r F o rceP ro je cti o n s 3 5 8A
S tra te g y fo r P ro m o ti n gD e ce n t E m p lo ym e n t 3 5
8L a b o u r R e fo rm s 3 5 9S k i ll F o rm a ti o n 3 6 0P u b
li c E m p lo ym e n t P ro g ra m m e s (N R E G A) fo r U n o rg
a n i se dS e cto r Wo rk e rs 3 6 3AnE m p lo ym e n t S tra te g
y fo r Ag ri cu ltu rece n tre do nm a rg i n a l a n dsm a ll fa
rm e rs 3 6 6Acce ss toC re d i t 3 6 8Acce ss toT e ch n o lo g
y,M a rk e ti n ga n dR a w M a te ri a ls 3 7 1C lu ste r-B a se
dG ro wthP o le s fo r th eU n o rg a n i se dS e cto r 3 7 3vi i
vR e f e r e n c e s R e f e r e n c e s R e f e r e n c e s R e f
e r e n c e s R e f e r e n c e s 3 7 5 -3 8 0 3 7 5 -3 8 0 3 7 5
-3 8 0 3 7 5 -3 8 0 3 7 5 -3 8 0L i s t o fS t u d i e s C o m m i
s s i o n e d b y t h e N C E U S L i s t o fS t u d i e s C o m m
i s s i o n e d b y t h e N C E U S L i s t o fS t u d i e s C o m
m i s s i o n e d b y t h e N C E U S L i s t o fS t u d i e s C o
m m i s s i o n e d b y t h e N C E U S L i s t o fS t u d i e s C
o m m i s s i o n e d b y t h e N C E U S 3 8 1 - 3 8 5 3 8 1 - 3 8
5 3 8 1 - 3 8 5 3 8 1 - 3 8 5 3 8 1 - 3 8 5A b b r e v a t i o n s
A b b r e v a t i o n s A b b r e v a t i o n s A b b r e v a t i o
n s A b b r e v a t i o n s 3 8 6 -3 9 3 3 8 6 -3 9 3 3 8 6 -3 9 3
3 8 6 -3 9 3 3 8 6 -3 9 3L i s t o fT a b l e s L i s t o fT a b l
e s L i s t o fT a b l e s L i s t o fT a b l e s L i s t o fT a b
l e s2 . 1 : E sti m a te s o f L a b o u r F o rce ,Wo rkF o rcea
n dva ri o u s m e a su re s o f th eU n e m p lo ye da s p e r M C
WSm e a su re m e n t (i nm i lli o n ) 82 . 2 : G ro wthra te s o
f Ave ra g eD a i l y E a rn i n go f wo rk e rs i nth ea g eg ro u
p1 5 -5 9ye a rs (a t 1 9 9 3 -9 4p ri ce s) (i nR s. ) 1 02 .3 : R
e la ti o n sh i pb e twe e nS e cto r a n dT yp eo f E m p lo ym e
n t (U P S S ),Al lWo rk e rs 1 9 9 9 -2 0 0 0a n d2 0 0 4 -0 5 1
32 . 4 : C o m p a ra ti vesta ti sti cs o f F o rm a l S e cto r
Wo rk e rs a n dF o rm a l Wo rk e rs(D G E Ta n dN C E U Se sti m
a te s) i nth eN o n -Ag ri cu ltu ra l S e cto r. 1 52 . 5 : U n e
m p lo ym e n t R a te s o ve r th eYe a rs b a se do nD i ffe re n
t M e a su re m e n ts 1 62 . 6 : G ro wthi nE m p lo ym e n t i nO
rg a n i ze dM a n u fa ctu ri n ga n dS e rvi cese cto r F i rm s
2 0 0 5 -0 6to2 0 0 7 -0 8(p e rce n t) 1 72 . 7 : M C WSe m p lo
ym e n t e sti m a te s (i nm i lli o n ) 1 82 . 8 : G ro wthR a
tei nM C WSe m p lo ym e n t 1 93 . 1 : L a b o u r F o rce&Wo
rkF o rceP a rti ci p a ti o nR a te s u n d e r D i ffe re n t C o
n ce p ts (2 0 0 4 -0 5 ) 3 63 .2 : E sti m a te s o f L a b o u r
F o rce&Wo rkF o rce(m i lli o n ) u n d e r D i ffe re n t C o
n ce p ts (2 0 0 4 -0 5 ) 3 73 .3 : U n e m p lo ym e n t R a te s
U si n gD i ffe re n t C o n ce p ts (2 0 0 4 -0 5 ) 3 73 . 4 : P e
rso n s (m i lli o n ) i nd i ffe re n t se g m e n t o f se ve reu
n e m p lo ym e n t a n du n d e re m p lo ym e n t,2 0 0 4 -0 5 3
94 . 1 : S i ze&G ro wtho f P o p u la ti o nS i n ce1 9 6 1
424 . 2 : S i ze&G ro wtho f L a b o u r F o rceb y S e cto r
&S e x 434 . 3 : P e rce n ta g eS h a re s o f L a b o u r F o
rceb y S e cto r &S e x 444 . 4 : G ro wthR a te s i nL a b o u
r F o rceb y S e cto r a n dS e x (P e r ce n t/ Ye a r) 444 . 5 :
L a b o u r F o rceP a rti ci p a ti o nR a te s b y S e cto r
&S e x. 4 54 . 6 : L a b o u r F o rceP a rti ci p a ti o nR a
te s b y P o p u la ti o nS e g m e n ts &S o ci a l G ro u p s
4 64 . 7 : Ag e -S p e ci fi c L a b o u r F o rceP a rti ci p a ti
o nR a te s b y S e x (a ll I n d i a ) 4 84 . 8 : P e rce n ta g
eD i stri b u ti o no f T o ta l L a b o u r F o rceb y E d u ca ti
o n ,S e cto r &S e x 5 14 . 9 : R a n k i n g s o f S ta te s
b y P o p u la ti o n ,L a b o u r F o rce &P a rti ci p a ti o
nR a te s i n2 0 0 4 -0 5 5 24 . 1 0 : S ta te -wi seP e rce n ta g
eD i stri b u ti o no f L a b o u r F o rceb y S e cto r &S e
x,2 0 0 4 -0 5 5 34 . 1 1 : S ta te -wi seP e rce n ta g eD i stri
b u ti o no f L a b o u r F o rceb y E d u ca ti o n 5 54 . 1 2 : S
i zea n dG ro wthR a teo f Wo rkF o rceb y S e cto r a n dS e x 5
84 . 1 3 : P e rce n ta g eD i stri b u ti o no f Wo rk e rs b y P
ri n ci p a l (U P S ) &S u b si d i a ry (S S ) Acti vi ty 5
84 . 1 4 : P e rce n ta g eD i stri b u ti o no f Wo rk e rs b y
Acti vi ty S ta tu s 5 94 . 1 5 : P e rce n ta g e s o f M a
le&F e m a leWo rk e rs wi thD i ffe re n t E d u ca ti o n a l
L e ve ls b yI n d u stry G ro u p s i n1 9 8 3 6 14 . 1 6 : P e
rce n ta g e s o f M a le&F e m a leWo rk e rs wi thD i ffe re
n t E d u ca ti o n a l L e ve ls b yI n d u stry G ro u p s i n2 0
0 4 -0 5 624 . 1 7 : P e rce n ta g eD i stri b u ti o no f Wo rk e
rs b y I n d u stry &S o ci a l G ro u pi n2 0 0 4 -0 5 634 . 1
8 : C la ssi fi ca ti o no f I n d u stri e s b y R a te s o f G ro
wtho f E m p lo ym e n t d u ri n g1 9 8 3to1 9 9 3 -9 4&1 9 9
3 -9 4to2 0 0 4 -0 5 64viii vi5 . 1 : P ro je cte dP o p u la ti o
n&G ro wthR a te s i nD i ffe re n t Ye a rs b y S e x 1 0 45 .
2 P ro je cte dP o p u la ti o nG ro wthR a te s i nI n d i ab y S
ta te(P e rce n t/An n u m ) 1 0 45 . 3 : P ro je cte dP o p u la
ti o nb y S ta te&Ag eG ro u pi n2 0 0 7 1 0 75 . 4 : P ro je
cte dP o p u la ti o nb y S ta te&Ag eG ro u pi n2 0 1 2 1 0 75
. 5 : P ro je cte dP o p u la ti o nb y S ta te&Ag eG ro u pi
n2 0 1 7 1 0 85 . 6 : U P S SL a b o u r F o rceP ro je cti o n s b
y S e cto r &S e x (m i lli o n ) 1 1 05 . 7 : C o m p a ra ti
veG ro wthR a te s o f P o p u la ti o n&U P S SL a b o u r F o
rceb e twe e n2 0 0 7&2 0 1 2(P e rce n t/An n u m ) 1 1 15 . 8
: C o m p a ra ti veG ro wthR a te s o f P o p u la ti o n&U P
S SL a b o u r F o rceP ro je cti o n sb e twe e n2 0 1 2&2 0 1
7 (P e rce n t/An n u m ) 1 1 15 . 9 : U P S SL a b o u r F o rceP
ro je cti o n s b y Ag eG ro u p&S e x 1 1 25 . 1 0 : P ro je
cte dL F P R s i nI n d i ab y S ta te 1 1 45 . 1 1 : C la ssi fi
ca ti o no f S ta te s b y S i zeo f L a b o u r F o rce&G ro
wthR a te s i nT o ta lL a b o u r F o rceb e twe e n2 0 0 7&2
0 1 2 1 1 55 . 1 2 : C la ssi fi ca ti o no f S ta te s b y G ro
wthR a te s o f M a lea n dF e m a leL a b o u r F o rced u ri n g2
0 0 7 -1 2 1 1 55 . 1 3 : C la ssi fi ca ti o no f S ta te s b y G
ro wthR a te s o f M a le&F e m a leL a b o u r F o rced u ri n
g2 0 1 2 -1 7 1 1 65 . 1 4 : C o m p a ri so no f P ro je cte dU P
S S&M C WSL a b o u r F o rce 1 1 65 . 1 5 : Ad d i ti o n s
toL a b o u r F o rcea cro ss S ta te s (m i lli o n ) 1 1 75 . 1 6
: D i stri b u ti o no f U P S SL a b o u r F o rceb y E d u ca ti
o n a l L e ve l 1 1 95 . 1 7 : D i stri b u ti o no f M C WSL a b
o u r F o rceb y E d u ca ti o n a l L e ve l 1 1 95 . 1 8 : P e
rce n ta g eD i stri b u ti o no f L a b o u r F o rceb y E d u ca
ti o nL e ve l a cro ss S ta te s 1 2 16 . 1 : E m p lo ym e n t P
ro je cti o n s B a se do nM C WSM e a su re m e n t 1 3 36 . 2 :
Ad d i ti o n s toE m p lo ym e n t d u ri n gE le ve n th&T we
lfthP la nP e ri o d s 1 3 36 . 3 : E sti m a te dN u m b e r o f I
n fo rm a l/F o rm a l S e cto r Wo rk e rs b y M a jo r E co n o m
i c Acti vi ty i n1 9 9 9 -2 0 0 0&2 0 0 4 -0 5(m i lli o n ) 1
3 56 . 4 : N e t Ad d i ti o n s o f I n fo rm a l/F o rm a l Wo rk
e rs b y S e cto r &M a jo r E co n o m i c Acti vi ty b e twe
e n1 9 9 9 -2 0 0 0&2 0 0 4 -0 5 1 3 66 . 5 : P ro je cte dE m
p lo ym e n t (M C WS ) b y F o rm a l &I n fo rm a l S e cto
rs 1 3 66 . 6 : S u m m a ry o f L a b o u r S u p p ly,Ab so rp ti
o n&U n e m p lo ym e n t (m i lli o n ),2 0 0 6 -1 7 1 3 76 .
7 : P ro je cte dE m p lo ym e n t (M C WS ) b y F o rm a l &I
n fo rm a l Wo rkS ta tu s 1 3 86 . 8 : M C WSE sti m a te s/P ro
je cti o n s o f L a b o u r F o rce ,E m p lo ym e n t &U n e
m p lo ym e n t 1 3 96 . 9 : P ro je cti o n s o f S tri ctly P a
rt T i m eWo rk e rs &th eU n d e r-E m p lo ye d 1 3 97 . 1 :
An n u a l g ro wthra teo f T o ta l &O rg a n i se dM a n u fa
ctu ri n gE m p lo ym e n t:1 9 8 3 /2 0 0 4 -0 5 1 7 17 . 2 : S h
a reo f O rg a n i se dS e cto r i nT o ta l M a n u fa ctu ri n gE
m p lo ym e n t 1 7 28 . 1: P e rce n ta g eo f P e rso n s (1 5ye
a rs &a b o vea n d1 5 -2 9ye a rs) b y E d u ca ti o n a l L e
ve ls,S e x a n dS e cto r,2 0 0 4 -2 0 0 5 1 9 28 . 2: S k i ll L
e ve ls o f P o p u la ti o ni nth eAg eG ro u p1 5-2 9 ,2 0 0 4 -0
5(i nm i lli o n ) 1 9 38 . 3 : P e rce n ta g eo f P e rso n s i
nAg e -g ro u p 1 5- 2 9Ye a rs wi thF o rm a l T ra i n i n ga m o
n gth eS ta te s,(2 0 0 4 -2 0 0 5 ) 1 9 48 . 4 : P e rce n ta g eo
f Wo rk e rs i nAg e -g ro u p1 5- 2 9Ye a rs b y S ta tu s o f Vo
ca ti o n a l T ra i n i n g ,&S e cto r o f E m p lo ym e n
t,(2 0 0 4 -2 0 0 5 ) 1 9 58 . 5 : P e rce n ta g eo f P e rso n s
i n1 5- 2 9Ye a rs wi thVo ca ti o n a l T ra i n i n gb yE d u ca
ti o n&G e n d e r,2 0 0 4 -2 0 0 5 1 9 5i x vii8 . 6 : P e rce
n ta g eo f P e rso n s R e ce i vi n gF o rm a l Vo ca ti o n a l
T ra i n i n gi nAg e -g ro u p1 5- 2 9Ye a rs b y I n sti tu teo f
T ra i n i n ga n dS e x,2 0 0 4 -2 0 0 5 1 9 88 . 7 : P e rce n ta
g eo f Wo rk e rs R e ce i vi n g / R e ce i ve dF o rm a l Vo ca
ti o n a l T ra i n i n gi nAg e -g ro u p1 5- 2 9Ye a rs b y I n
sti tu teo f T ra i n i n g&S e cto r,2 0 0 4 -2 0 0 5 1 9 98 .
8 : S ta te -wi seT o ta l L a b o u r F o rce&I n cre a sei nL
a b o u r F o rce&T ra i n i n gC a p a ci ty (P e rce n t) 2 0
09 . 1 : S ta te -wi seN R E G A I m p le m e n ta ti o nS ta tu s
u ptoJ a n u a ry 2 0 0 9 2 1 89 . 2 : D e m a n dfo r Wo rk 2 1 89
. 3 : P a rti ci p a ti o no f S C s &S T s i nN R E G A (P e
rso nD a ys) 2 2 09 . 4 : P a rti ci p a ti o no f Wo m e ni nN R E
G A (P e rso nD a ys) 2 2 19 . 5 : N R E G A Wo rk e rs' P e rce p
ti o no f th eP ro g ra m m e(p e rce n t) 2 2 19 . 6 : N R E G A
Wo rk e rs' P e rce p ti o no f M i n i m u mWa g e s fo r Wo rk 2
2 29 . 7 : I n d i ca to rs o f Wo m e n 's E m p o we rm e n t 2 2
29 . 8 : N R E G A Wo rk e rs' P e rce p ti o no f Wo rk -si teI
rre g u la ri ti e s &E xp lo i ta ti o n 2 2 29 . 9 : F u n
cti o n i n go f N R E G A i nP a tiB lo cko f M a d h yaP ra d e
sh 2 2 39 . 1 0 : Awa re n e ss L e ve ls 2 2 41 0 . 1 : G ro wthR
a teo f U P S SAg ri cu ltu ra l a n dT o ta l Wo rk e rs (P e rce
n ta g e ) 2 3 21 0 . 2 : An n u a l G ro wth(p e rce n t) i nG D P
,E m p lo ym e n t &E m p lo ym e n t E la sti ci ti e s i nAg
ri cu ltu re 2 3 31 0 . 3 : An n u a l G ro wthi nG D P&E m p
lo ym e n t (C D S ) (p e rce n t) &E m p lo ym e n t E la sti
ci ti e s i nC ro pC u lti va ti o na n dL i ve sto ck 2 3 41 0 . 4
: An n u a l G ro wthi nL a b o u r P ro d u cti vi ty (p e rce n
t) 2 3 41 0 . 5 : P e rce n ta g eo f Wo m e na m o n gAll C u lti
va to rs,b y L a n dS i zeC la ss 2 4 11 0 . 6 : D i stri b u ti o
nfo r S o ci a l G ro u p s o f F a rm e r H o u se h o ld s b y L
a n dS i zeC a te g o ry,2 0 0 3(p e rce n t) 2 4 21 0 . 7 : L i te
ra cy &M e a nYe a rs o f E d u ca ti o no f U n o rg a n i se
dAg ri cu ltu ra l S e lf-e m p lo ye dWo rk e rs,2 0 0 4 -2 0 0 5
2 4 41 0 . 8 : P o ve rty R a ti o s a m o n gF a rm e rs b y S o
ci o -R e li g i o u s G ro u p s a n dL a n d(P o sse sse d ) S i
zeC la sse s,R u ra l 2 0 0 4 -0 5 2 4 51 0 . 9 : P re va le n ceR
a teo f I n d e b te d n e ss b y F a rmS i ze ,All I n d i a(p e
rce n t) 2 0 0 3 2 4 51 1 . 1 : D i stri b u ti o no f E n te rp ri
se s a n dE m p lo ym e n t b y E co n o m i c Acti vi ty a n dT yp
ei n1 9 9 8a n d2 0 0 5(T o ta l fi g u re s i nm i lli o na n dS e
ctro -wi seb re a k -u pi np e r ce n t) 2 5 51 1 . 2 : P e rce n
ta g eo f U n o rg a n i se dM a n u fa ctu ri n gE n te rp ri se s
a n dE m p lo ym e n t b y L o ca ti o n 2 5 71 1 . 3 : S h a reo f
U n o rg a n i se dM a n u fa ctu ri n gE n te rp ri se s b y S i
zeo f E m p lo ym e n t (p e rce n t) 2 5 81 1 . 4 : P e rce n ta g
eD i stri b u ti o no f I n fo rm a l S e rvi ceS e cto r E n te rp
ri se s 2 0 0 1 -0 2(p e r ce n t) 2 5 91 1 . 5 : D i stri b u ti o
no f G VA C o n tri b u ti o no f N o n -a g ri cu ltu reI n fo rm
a l S e cto r b y I n d u stry i n2 0 0 4 -0 5 2 6 01 1 . 6 : G VA
P e r Wo rk e r (R s) i nU n o rg a n i se dM a n u fa ctu ri n gE
n te rp ri se s b y S i ze 2 6 01 1 . 7 : G VA P e r Wo rk e r i nU
n o rg a n i se dM a n u fa ctu ri n gE n te rp ri se s b y S i ze
,2 0 0 5 -0 6(R s. ) 2 6 11 1 . 8 : Ave ra g eG ro ss Va lu eAd d e
dP e r Wo rk e r i nD i ffe re n t C a te g o ri e s o fU n o rg a
n i ze dS e rvi ce s S e cto r E n te rp ri se s 2 0 0 1 -0 2 2 6
11 1 . 9 : E sti m a te dN u m b e r o f U n o rg a n i se dS e cto
r M a n u fa ctu ri n gE n te rp ri se sp e r sq u a rek i lo m e
treb y T yp eo f E n te rp ri se ,to p1 0a n db o tto m5sta te s,2
0 0 5 -0 6 2 6 31 1 . 1 0 : E sti m a te dN u m b e r o f U n o rg
a n i se dS e cto r M a n u fa ctu ri n gE n te rp ri se sp e r 1 0
0 0p o p u la ti o n ,b y E n te rp ri seT yp e ,to p1 0a n db o
tto m5sta te s,I n d i a ,2 0 0 5 -0 6 2 6 4x viii1 1 . 1 1 : Ave
ra g eF i xe dAsse ts p e r Wo rk e r i nU n o rg a n i se dM a n u
fa ctu ri n g ,b y E n te rp ri seT yp e ,to p1 0a n db o tto m5sta
te s,I n d i a(ru ra l +u rb a n ),2 0 0 5 -0 6(i nR s) 2 6 51 1 .
1 2 : An n u a l G ro ss Va lu eAd d e dp e r Wo rk e r i nU n o rg
a n i se dM a n u fa ctu ri n g ,b y E n te rp ri seT yp e ,to p1
0a n db o tto m5S ta te s, I n d i a(ru ra l +u rb a n ),2 0 0 5 -0
6(i nR s. ) 2 6 61 2 . 1 . F lo w o f C re d i t fro mC o m m e rci
a l B a n k s toS S IS e cto r 2 8 31 2 . 2 : S ta tu s o f S ch e
d u le dC o m m e rci a l B a n kC re d i t toM i croE n te rp ri
se s (R s C ro re ) 2 8 31 2 . 3 : S ch e d u le dC o m m e rci a l
B a n k s' C re d i t toM i croE n te rp ri se s (R s.C ro re ) 2 8
41 2 .4 . P ro g re ss u n d e r S H G -B a n kL i n k a g e 2 8 51
4 . 1 : S ta te -wi seD i stri b u ti o no f S M EC lu ste rs i nI
n d i a 3 3 71 4 . 2 : D i stri b u ti o no f Arti sa n a l C lu
ste rs b y P ro d u ct S p e ci a li sa ti o n 3 3 8L i s t o fF i
g u re s L i s t o fF i g u re s L i s t o fF i g u re s L i s t o
fF i g u re s L i s t o fF i g u re s2 . 1 : E m p lo ym e n t b y
P u b li c a n dP ri va teS e cto r b e twe e n1 9 8 3a n d2 0 0 6
1 22 . 2 : T o ta l p e rso n s e n g a g e di nM a n u fa ctu ri n
gI n d u stri e s 1 23 . 1 : L a b o u r F o rce&Wo rkF o rceP
a rti ci p a ti o nR a te s u n d e r D i ffe re n t C o n ce p ts
(2 0 0 4 -0 5 ) 3 64 . 1 : L a b o u r F o rceP a rti ci p a ti o
nR a teb y S o ci a l G ro u p s i n2 0 0 4 -0 5 4 74 . 2 : P e rce
n ta g eD i stri b u ti o no f L a b o u r F o rceb y S e x &E
d u ca ti o ni n2 0 0 4 -0 5 5 04 . 3 : P e rce n ta g eD i stri b
u ti o no f R u ra l L a b o u r F o rceb y S e x &E d u ca ti
o n ,2 0 0 4 -0 5 5 05 . 1 : P o p u la ti o nP yra m i do f I n d
i afo r 2 0 0 7 1 0 55 . 2 : P o p u la ti o nP yra m i do f I n d
i afo r 2 0 1 2 1 0 55 . 3 : P o p u la ti o np yra m i do f I n d
i afo r 2 0 1 7 1 0 65 . 4 : P o p u l a ti o nP yra m i do f K e
ra l afo r 2 0 0 7 1 0 85 . 5 : P o p u la ti o nP yra m i d s o f
U tta r P ra d e shfo r 2 0 0 7 1 0 95 . 6 : P o p u l a ti o nP
yra m i do f K e ra l afo r 2 0 1 7 1 0 95 . 7 : P o p u la ti o nP
yra m i do f U tta r P ra d e shfo r 2 0 1 7 1 1 05 . 8 : L a b o u
r F o rceP yra m i do f I n d i afo r 2 0 0 7 1 1 25 . 9 : L a b o
u r F o rceP yra m i do f I n d i afo r 2 0 1 2 1 1 35 . 1 0 : L a
b o u r F o rceP yra m i do f I n d i afo r 2 0 1 7 1 1 35 . 1 1 :
P e rce n ta g eD i stri b u ti o no f L a b o u r F o rce(U P S S
) b y E d u ca ti o nL e ve ls S e x i n2 0 0 7 1 2 05 . 1 2 : P e
rce n ta g eD i stri b u ti o no f L a b o u r F o rce(U P S S ) b
y E d u ca ti o nL e ve l &S e x i n2 0 1 7 1 2 01 0 . 1 : M a
n u a l E m p lo ym e n t D a ys p e r H e cta re (C D S ) 2 3 41 0
. 2 : R a ti oo f Ag ri cu ltu reG D Pp e r Wo rk e r 2 3 51 0 . 3
: S h a reo f M a rg i n a l,S m a ll a n dL a rg eF a rm e rs i nT
o ta l O u tp u t i n2 0 0 2 -0 3 2 4 01 0 . 4 : Va lu eo f O u tp
u t p e r H e cta re(R s. ) 2 0 0 2 -2 0 0 3 2 4 1L i s t o fB o x
e s L i s t o fB o x e s L i s t o fB o x e s L i s t o fB o x e s
L i s t o fB o x e s2 . 1 : T h eS h a rpD i vi d eb e twe e nI n
fo rm a li ty a n dF o rm a li ty a s R e ve a le db yS e cto ra l
S ta ti sti cs,2 0 0 4 -0 5 231 3 . 1 : T AUi nT e xti le s:C a seS
tu d y o f C o i m b a to re 3 0 51 3 . 2 : T AUi nL e a th e r I n
d u stry:C a seS tu d y o f C L R I s i n te rve n ti o n s 3 0 91
3 .3 : D AS T K AR - A N o n -G o ve rn m e n t O rg a n i za ti o
n 3 2 0xi ix1 3 . 4 : F AB I N D I A: A P ri va teR e ta i le r 3 2
11 3 . 5 : R e co m m e n d a ti o n s o f th eI n te r M i n i ste
ri a l G ro u po f th eP la n n i n gC o m m i ssi o n 3 2 81 3 . 6
: R e co m m e n d a ti o n s o f th eR e p o rt o f th eWo rk i n
gG ro u po nS ci e n cea n dT e ch n o lo g y fo rS m a ll S ca lea
n dM e d i u mE n te rp ri se s fo r th e1 1 thF i veYe a r P la
n(2 0 0 7 -1 2 ) 3 2 91 4 . 1 : T e xti le s a n dG a rm e n ts 3 4
41 4 . 2 : G e m s a n dJ e we lry 3 4 8L i s t o fA p p e n d i x
L i s t o fA p p e n d i x L i s t o fA p p e n d i x L i s t o fA
p p e n d i x L i s t o fA p p e n d i x2 . 1 : E m p lo ym e n t i
nth eP u b li c &P ri va teS e cto r b y I n d u stry (m i lli
o np e rso n s a s o n3 1M a rch ) 2 94 . 1 : L a b o u r F o rceP
a rti ci p a ti o nR a te s fo r O B C s & 'th eR e m a i n i n
g ' a m o n g'T o ta l O th e rs'i n2 0 0 4 -0 5L a b o u r F o
rceP a rti ci p a ti o nR a te s 6 64 . 2 : Ag e -S p e ci fi c L a
b o u r F o rceP a rti ci p a ti o nR a te s b y S e x 6 64 . 3 : S
ta te -wi seD i stri b u ti o no f L a b o u r F o rce(m i lli o n
) b y S e cto r &S e x 2 0 0 4 -0 5 6 74 . 4 : L a b o u r F o
rceP a rti ci p a ti o nR a te s b y S e cto r,S e x a n dS o ci a
l G ro u p s 6 84 . 5 : C la ssi fi ca ti o no f S ta te s b y L e
ve l a n dC h a n g ei nL F P Ro f D i ffe re n t S o ci a l G ro u
p s 8 04 . 6 : S ta te -wi seD i stri b u ti o no f L a b o u r F o
rceb y E d u ca ti o n(m i lli o n ) 8 34 . 7 : P e rce n ta g eD i
stri b u ti o no f L a b o u r F o rceb y L e ve l o f E d u ca ti
o n 8 45 . 1 : M e th o d o lo g y fo r P ro je cti o no f P o p u
la ti o n&L a b o u r F o rce 1 2 56 . 1 : M e th o d o lo g y
o f E m p lo ym e n t P ro je cti o n s 1 5 56 . 2 : E m p lo ym e
n t P ro je cti o n s b y I n d u stry &S e cto r U si n gU P S
SM e a su re m e n t 1 5 66 . 3 : E m p lo ym e n t P ro je cti o n
s b y I n d u stry &S e cto r B a se do n M C WSM e a su re 1 5
76 . 4 : E m p lo ym e n t P ro je cti o n s b y I n d u stry a n
dS e cto r B a se do nU P S SM e a su re 1 5 96 . 5 : E m p lo ym e
n t Ad d i ti o n s (U P S S ) &P ro je cti o n s b y F o rm a
l/I n fo rm a l Wo rkS ta tu s 1 6 16 . 6 : E m p lo ym e n t P ro
je cti o n s b y I n d u stry a n d Wo rkS ta tu s B a se do nM C
WSM e a su re 1 6 26 . 7 : E m p lo ym e n t P ro je cti o n s b y
I n d u stry a n dWo rkS ta tu s b y U si n gU P S SM e a su re 1 6
46 . 8 : U P S SE sti m a te s/P ro je cti o n s o f L a b o u r F
o rce ,E m p lo ym e n t,U n e m p lo ym e n t a n dU n e m p lo ym
e n t R a t 1 6 66 . 9 : P e rce n ta g eD i stri b u ti o no f Wo
rk e rs b y S e cto r,Wo rkS ta tu s a n dE co n o m i c Acti vi ty
1 6 77 . 1 : A N o teo nE sti m a te s o f E ffe cti ve n e ss o f
C o ve ra g eo f I m p o rta n t L a b o u r L a ws 1 8 61 1 . 1 :
D i stri b u ti o no f U n o rg a n i se dM a n u fa ctu ri n gE n
te rp ri se s b y I n d u stry 2 7 61 1 . 2 : D i stri b u ti o no
f Wo rk e rs i nU n o rg a n i se dM a n u fa ctu ri n gE n te rp
ri se s b y I n d u stry 2 7 71 1 . 3 : P e rce n ta g esh a reo f
e n te rp ri se s i nse le cte dm a n u fa ctu ri n gI n d u stri e
sb y sta tea n dlo ca ti o n ,2 0 0 5 -0 6 2 7 81 1 . 4 : P ro p o
rti o no f E n te rp ri se s Wo rk i n gu n d e r S u b co n tra
cti n gArra n g e m e n t i nI n d i a nS ta te s:2 0 0 0 -0 1a n
d2 0 0 5 -0 6 2 7 91 1 . 5 : P ro p o rti o no f E n te rp ri se s
O p e ra ti n gU n d e r S u b co n tra cti n gArra n g e m e n t b
yS o u rceo f E q u i p m e n t,R a w M a te ri a l a n dD e si g
nb y T yp eo f E n te rp ri se s a n dL o ca ti o n :2 0 0 0 -0 1
/2 0 0 5 -0 6(p e rce n t) 2 8 01 2 . 1 : S ta tu s o f I m p le m
e n ta ti o no f th eC o m m i ssi o n 's R e co m m e n d a ti o n
s 2 9 5xi i xVolume II - Annexures1 . 1 : P a st a n dP re se n t C
o m p o si ti o no f th eC o m m i ssi o n 11 . 2 : C o m p o si ti
o no f th eAd vi so ry B o a rd 21 . 3 : T a skF o rce s a n dT e
ch n i ca l E xp e rt G ro u p s C o n sti tu te d 33 . 1 : M e a
su re s o f L a b o u r F o rceP a rti ci p a ti o na n dU ti li sa
ti o n 1 85 . 1 : S ta te -wi seU P S SL a b o u r F o rceb y S e
cto r a n dS e x a s o n1 st Ap ri lo f 2 0 0 7 ,2 0 1 2a n d2 0 1
7 . 3 95 . 2 : S ta tea n dAg eG ro u p -wi seU P S SL a b o u r F
o rceb y S e cto r a n dS e x a s o n1 st Ap ri lo f 2 0 0 7 ,2 0 1
2a n d2 0 1 7 . 445 . 3 : S ta te -wi seM C WSL a b o u r F o rceb
y S e cto r a n dS e x a s o n1 st Ap ri lo f 2 0 0 7 ,2 0 1 2a n
d2 0 1 7 . 7 95 . 4 : S ta tea n dAg eG ro u p -wi seM C WSL a b o
u r F o rceb y S e cto r a n dS e x a s o n1 st Ap ri lo f 2 0 0 7
,2 0 1 2a n d2 0 1 7 . 8 45 . 5 : S ta te -wi seU P S SL a b o u r
F o rceb y E d u ca ti o n a l S ta tu s,S e cto r a n dS e x a s o
n1 st Ap ri lo f 2 0 0 7 ,2 0 1 2a n d2 0 1 7 . 1 1 9xiii xiAn n e
xu re s1Annex 1.1: Past and Present Composition of the
CommissionThe composition of the Commission is as follows:Professor
Arjun Sengupta Professor Arjun Sengupta Professor Arjun Sengupta
Professor Arjun Sengupta Professor Arjun Sengupta Chai rman, Chai
rman, Chai rman, Chai rman, Chai rman,Chairman, [ From 20.09.2004
to 01.07.2005 and fromCentre for Development and Human Rights,
17.11.2005 till date]NewDelhiP PP PPr rr rrof of of of ofessor K.
essor K. essor K. essor K. essor K. P PP PP. .. .. K KK KKannan
annan annan annan annan Full-time Member Full-time Member Full-time
Member Full-time Member Full-time MemberFellow, [ From 01.11.2004
till date]Centre for Development Studies,Ulloor, Thiruvananthapuram
695011, KeralaProfessor Ravi S. Srivastava Professor Ravi S.
Srivastava Professor Ravi S. Srivastava Professor Ravi S.
Srivastava Professor Ravi S. Srivastava Full-time Member Full-time
Member Full-time Member Full-time Member Full-time MemberProfessor,
[ From 01.05.2006 till date]Centre for Studies in Regional
Development,Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067S SS SShr
hr hr hr hri i i i iV VV VV.K. .K. .K. .K. .K. Malhotr Malhotr
Malhotr Malhotr Malhotra, a, a, a, a, I AS (Retd.) I AS (Retd.) I
AS (Retd.) I AS (Retd.) I AS (Retd.) Member S Member S Member S
Member S Member Secr ecr ecr ecr ecretar etar etar etar etary yy
yy[ From 01. 03.2006 till date]S SS SShr hr hr hr hriB iB iB iB
iB.N. .N. .N. .N. .N. Y YY YYugandhar ugandhar ugandhar ugandhar
ugandhar Part-time Member Part-time Member Part-time Member
Part-time Member Part-time MemberMember, [ From 05.11.2004 till
date]Planning Commission,New Delhi 110001P PP PPr rr rrof of of of
ofessoressoressoressoressor T TT TT.S .S .S .S .S. .. .. P PP
PPapola apola apola apola apola Part-time Member Part-time Member
Part-time Member Part-time Member Part-time MemberDirector, [ From
06.04.2005 till date]I nstitute for Studies in I ndustrial
Development,Vasant Kunj I nstitutional Area, New
Delhi.110070Professor K. Jayashankar Professor K. Jayashankar
Professor K. Jayashankar Professor K. Jayashankar Professor K.
Jayashankar Full-time Member Full-time Member Full-time Member
Full-time Member Full-time MemberFormer Vice Chancellor, Kakatiya
University, [ From 01.12.2004 to 9.03.2006]Warangal, Andhra
PradeshS SS SShr hr hr hr hri Bibek Debr i Bibek Debr i Bibek Debr
i Bibek Debr i Bibek Debro oo ooy yy yy, ,, ,, Part-time Member
Part-time Member Part-time Member Part-time Member Part-time
MemberDirector, [ From 27.10.2004 to 20.12.2005]Rajiv Gandhi I
nstitute for Contemporary Studies,New Delhi 110001.Shri K.K.
Jaswal, I AS (Retd.) Shri K.K. Jaswal, I AS (Retd.) Shri K.K.
Jaswal, I AS (Retd.) Shri K.K. Jaswal, I AS (Retd.) Shri K.K.
Jaswal, I AS (Retd.) Member S Member S Member S Member S Member
Secr ecr ecr ecr ecretar etar etar etar etary yy yy[ From
01.11.2004 to 18.02.2006]2T h e C h a lle n g e o fE m p lo ym e n
ti n I n d i aAnnex 1.2: Composition of the Advisory Board1. 1. 1.
1. 1. P PP PPr rr rrof of of of ofessor Bhalc essor Bhalc essor
Bhalc essor Bhalc essor Bhalchandr handr handr handr handra
Mungekar a Mungekar a Mungekar a Mungekar a Mungekar, ,, ,,Member,
Planning Commission,Yojana Bhavan, New Delhi.2. 2. 2. 2. 2. Swami
Agnivesh, Swami Agnivesh, Swami Agnivesh, Swami Agnivesh, Swami
Agnivesh,President, Bonded Labour Liberation Front,13, South
Avenue, New Delhi.3. 3. 3. 3. 3. Professor Sheila Bhalla, Professor
Sheila Bhalla, Professor Sheila Bhalla, Professor Sheila Bhalla,
Professor Sheila Bhalla,(Formerly Professsor of
Economics,Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi)I nstitute of
Human Development,Old I AMIBuilding (3rd Floor).I .P.Estate,
Mahatma Gandhi Marg,NewDelhi-110002.4. 4. 4. 4. 4. P PP PPr rr rrof
of of of ofessor Mahendr essor Mahendr essor Mahendr essor Mahendr
essor Mahendra De a De a De a De a Dev vv vv, ,, ,,Director, Centre
for Economic and Social Studies,Begumpet, Hyderabad.5. 5. 5. 5. 5.
Ms. Ms. Ms. Ms. Ms. Madhu Kishwar Madhu Kishwar Madhu Kishwar Madhu
Kishwar Madhu Kishwar, ,, ,,Editor, ManushiC-1/3 Sangam Estate, 1,
Underhill Road, Civil Lines,Delhi-110054.6. 6. 6. 6. 6. Ms. Mirai
Chatterjee, Ms. Mirai Chatterjee, Ms. Mirai Chatterjee, Ms. Mirai
Chatterjee, Ms. Mirai Chatterjee,Self-Employed Women's Association
(SEWA)Opposite Victoria Garden, Bhadra, Ahmedabad-380001.7. 7. 7.
7. 7. Shri Joginder Kumar Shri Joginder Kumar Shri Joginder Kumar
Shri Joginder Kumar Shri Joginder KumarPresident,Federation of Tiny
& Small Scale I ndustries of I ndia (FTSSI ),General Metal I
ndustries, B-189, I ndustrial Estate,Ludhiana, Punjab.8. 8. 8. 8.
8. Professor Jean Dreze, Professor Jean Dreze, Professor Jean
Dreze, Professor Jean Dreze, Professor Jean Dreze,Delhi School of
Economics, Department of Economics,Delhi University,
Delhi-110007.9. 9. 9. 9. 9. Professor Amit Bhaduri, Professor Amit
Bhaduri, Professor Amit Bhaduri, Professor Amit Bhaduri, Professor
Amit Bhaduri,Council for Social Development,53, Lodhi Estate, New
Delhi - 110003.10. 10. 10. 10. 10. S SS SSecr ecr ecr ecr ecretar
etar etar etar etary yy yy, ,, ,, Special I nviteeMinistry of
Micro, Small and Medium EnterprisesUdyog Bhawan, New Delhi11. 11.
11. 11. 11. S SS SSecr ecr ecr ecr ecretar etar etar etar etary yy
yy, ,, ,, Special I nviteeMinistry of Labour & EmploymentShram
Shakti Bhwan, New DelhiAn n e xu re s3Annex 1.3: Task Forces and
Technical Expert Groups ConstitutedFile
No.A-25022/11/2005-NCEUSNCEUS19th Floor, Jawahar Vyapar Bhavan1
Tolstoy Marg, New Delhi-110 001Dated the 16th May, 2005ORDER ORDER
ORDER ORDER ORDERS SS SSubject:- Co ubject:- Co ubject:- Co
ubject:- Co ubject:- Consti tuti o nsti tuti o nsti tuti o nsti
tuti o nsti tuti on ofn ofn ofn ofn of T TT TTask F ask F ask F ask
F ask For or or or orce o ce o ce o ce o ce on S n S n S n S n Soci
al S oci al S oci al S oci al S oci al Secur ecur ecur ecur ecuri t
i t i t i t i ty fory fory fory fory for W WW WWor or or or orkers
i n the Unorgani sed S kers i n the Unorgani sed S kers i n the
Unorgani sed S kers i n the Unorgani sed S kers i n the Unorgani
sed Sector ector ector ector ector1. 1. 1. 1. 1. P PP PPr rr rrof
of of of ofessor K.P essor K.P essor K.P essor K.P essor K.P. .. ..
K KK KKannan, annan, annan, annan, annan, Chai rman Chai rman Chai
rman Chai rman Chai rmanMember, National Commissionfor Enterprises
I n the Unorganised Sector, 19th Floor,Jawahar Vyapar Bhavan, New
Delhi-1100012. 2. 2. 2. 2. Ms. Mirai Chatterjee, Ms. Mirai
Chatterjee, Ms. Mirai Chatterjee, Ms. Mirai Chatterjee, Ms. Mirai
Chatterjee, Member Member Member Member MemberSelf Employed
WomensAssociation(SEWA),Opposite Victoria Garden,Bhadra,
Ahmedabad-3800013. 3. 3. 3. 3. P PP PPr rr rrof of of of ofessor S
essor S essor S essor S essor S. .. .. Mahendr Mahendr Mahendr
Mahendr Mahendra De a De a De a De a Dev vv vv, ,, ,, Member Member
Member Member MemberDirector, Centre for Economic and Social
Studies, Begumpet, Hyderabad4. 4. 4. 4. 4. Professor Ravi
Srivastava Professor Ravi Srivastava Professor Ravi Srivastava
Professor Ravi Srivastava Professor Ravi Srivastava Member Member
Member Member MemberProfessor of Economics,Centre for Studies in
Regional Development,School of Social Sciences,Jawaharlal Nehru
University,NewDelhi-1100675. 5. 5. 5. 5. Professor Alakh N, Sharma,
Professor Alakh N, Sharma, Professor Alakh N, Sharma, Professor
Alakh N, Sharma, Professor Alakh N, Sharma, Member Member Member
Member MemberDirector, I nstitute for Human Development,NI DM
Building, 3rd Floor, I I PACampus, I P Estate, New Delhi-26. 6. 6.
6. 6. D DD DDr rr rr. .. .. N. N. N. N. N. V VV VVi ja i ja i ja i
ja i jayamo yamo yamo yamo yamohanan P hanan P hanan P hanan P
hanan Pi l i l i l i l i llai , lai , lai , lai , lai , Member
Member Member Member MemberAssociate Fellow, Centre for Development
Studies,Prasanth Nagar, Ulloor,Thiruvananthapuram-695011, Kerala7.
7. 7. 7. 7. Professor Jeemol Unni, Professor Jeemol Unni, Professor
Jeemol Unni, Professor Jeemol Unni, Professor Jeemol Unni, Member
Member Member Member MemberProfessor, Gujarat I nstitute of
Development Research, Gota,Ahmedabad-380 060 (I ndia)4T h e C h a
lle n g e o fE m p lo ym e n ti n I n d i a8. 8. 8. 8. 8. SwamiAgni
vesh, SwamiAgni vesh, SwamiAgni vesh, SwamiAgni vesh, SwamiAgni
vesh, Member Member Member Member MemberMember, Advisory Board,
NCEUS,13, South Avenue, New Delhi-1100019. 9. 9. 9. 9. Di r Di r Di
r Di r Di rector Gener ector Gener ector Gener ector Gener ector
General (L al (L al (L al (L al (Labourabourabourabourabour W WW
WWelfar elfar elfar elfar elfare), e), e), e), e), Member Member
Member Member MemberMinistry of Labour and Employment,Government of
I ndia,Shramshakti Bhavan,NewDelhi-11000110. 10. 10. 10. 10. P PP
PPr rr rrof of of of ofessor A essor A essor A essor A essor Ac cc
cchi n Chakr hi n Chakr hi n Chakr hi n Chakr hi n Chakrabor abor
abor abor abort tt tty yy yy, ,, ,, Member Member Member Member
MemberProfessor of Economics,I nstitute of Development Studies,1,
Reformatory Street, Kolkata UniversityAlipur Campus,5th Floor,
Kolkata11. 11. 11. 11. 11. S SS SShr hr hr hr hriMahesh K iMahesh K
iMahesh K iMahesh K iMahesh Kumar umar umar umar umar, ,, ,,
Convenor Convenor Convenor Convenor ConvenorDirector, NCEUSAn n e
xu re s5Annex 1.3 Contd Annex 1.3 Contd Annex 1.3 Contd Annex 1.3
Contd Annex 1.3 ContdFile No.A-25022/11/2005-NCEUSNCEUS19th Floor,
Jawahar Vyapar Bhavan1 Tolstoy Marg, New Delhi-110 001Dated the
16th May, 2005ORDER ORDER ORDER ORDER ORDERS SS SSubject:-Co
ubject:-Co ubject:-Co ubject:-Co ubject:-Consti tuti o nsti tuti o
nsti tuti o nsti tuti o nsti tuti on ofn ofn ofn ofn of T TT TTask
F ask F ask F ask F ask For or or or orce o ce o ce o ce o ce on
Defi ni ti o n Defi ni ti o n Defi ni ti o n Defi ni ti o n Defi ni
ti onal and S nal and S nal and S nal and S nal and Stati sti c
tati sti c tati sti c tati sti c tati sti cal I ssues r al I ssues
r al I ssues r al I ssues r al I ssues relati ng to the Unorgani
sed S elati ng to the Unorgani sed S elati ng to the Unorgani sed S
elati ng to the Unorgani sed S elati ng to the Unorgani sed Sector
ector ector ector ector. .. ..I t has been decided that a Task
Force on Definitional and Statistical I ssues relating to the
Unorganised Sectorbe set up.2. The composition of the Task Force
shall be as follows:1. 1. 1. 1. 1. Professor Arjun K. Sengupta,
Chai rman Professor Arjun K. Sengupta, Chai rman Professor Arjun K.
Sengupta, Chai rman Professor Arjun K. Sengupta, Chai rman
Professor Arjun K. Sengupta, Chai rman Chai rman Chai rman Chai
rman Chai rman Chai rmanNational Commission for Enterprises in the
UnorganisedSector,(NCEUS)19th Floor, 1, Tolstoy Marg, Jawahar
Vyapar Bhavan,NewDelhi-1100012. 2. 2. 2. 2. P PP PPr rr rrof of of
of ofessor K.P essor K.P essor K.P essor K.P essor K.P. .. .. K KK
KKannan, annan, annan, annan, annan, Member Member Member Member
MemberMember, NCEUS,19th Floor, 1, Tolstoy Marg,Jawahar Vyapar
Bhavan, New Delhi-110001.3. 3. 3. 3. 3. P PP PPr rr rrof of of of
ofessoressoressoressoressor T TT TT.S .S .S .S .S. .. .. P PP
PPapola, apola, apola, apola, apola, Member Member Member Member
MemberPart Time Member, NCEUS,Director, Labour Expert,I nstitute
for Studies for I ndustrial Development,Narendra Niketan, I .P.
Estate, New Delhi-1100024. 4. 4. 4. 4. D DD DDr rr rr. .. .. N.S
N.S N.S N.S N.S. .. .. S SS SSastr astr astr astr astry yy yy, ,,
,, Member Member Member Member MemberParsila Bhavan, N.C.A.E.R.
11,I .P. Estate, M.G. Road, New Delhi-1100025. 5. 5. 5. 5.
Professor Shei la Bhalla, Professor Shei la Bhalla, Professor Shei
la Bhalla, Professor Shei la Bhalla, Professor Shei la Bhalla,
Member Member Member Member MemberMember, Advisory Board, NCEUS,I
nstitute for Human Development,NI DM, Building, (3rd Floor), I .P.
Estate,Mahatma Gandhi Marg, New Delhi-26. 6. 6. 6. 6. Ms. Renana
Jhabwala, Ms. Renana Jhabwala, Ms. Renana Jhabwala, Ms. Renana
Jhabwala, Ms. Renana Jhabwala, Member Member Member Member
MemberPresident, SEWA BHARAT,7/5, First Floor, South Patel Nagar,
New Delhi 08.6T h e C h a lle n g e o fE m p lo ym e n ti n I n d i
a7. 7. 7. 7. 7. D DD DDr rr rr. .. .. G. G. G. G. G. R RR RRav av
av av aveendr eendr eendr eendr eendran, an, an, an, an, Member
Member Member Member MemberAdditional Director General, Central
StatatisticalOrganisationSardar Patel Bhavan,Parliament Street, New
Delhi-1100018. 8. 8. 8. 8. S SS SShr hr hr hr hriS iS iS iS iS.V .V
.V .V .V. .. .. R RR RRamana Mur amana Mur amana Mur amana Mur
amana Murt h t h t h t h t hy yy yy Convenor Convenor Convenor
Convenor ConvenorDeputy Secretary, NCEUS19th Floor, 1 Tolstoy
Marg,Jawahar Vyapar Bhavan, New Delhi-110001.An n e xu re s7Annex
1.3 Contd Annex 1.3 Contd Annex 1.3 Contd Annex 1.3 Contd Annex 1.3
ContdA-25024/9/2005-NCEUSGovernment of I ndiaNational Commission
for Enterprises in the Unorganized Sector16th /19th Floor, Jawahar
Vyapar Bhawan,1, Tolstoy Marg, New Delhi 110001Dated the 9th June,
2005ORDER ORDER ORDER ORDER ORDERSubject: Constitution of Task
Force on Skill Formation in the Unorganised Sector.I t has been
decided to set up a Task force on Skill Formation in the
Unorganised Sector.The composition of the Task Force shall be as
follows:1. ShriK.K.Jaswal, ShriK.K.Jaswal, ShriK.K.Jaswal,
ShriK.K.Jaswal, ShriK.K.Jaswal, ChairmanMember Secretary, NCEUS2. S
SS SShr hr hr hr hriB iB iB iB iB.N.Y .N.Y .N.Y .N.Y .N.Yugandhar
ugandhar ugandhar ugandhar ugandhar, ,, ,, Part Time Member, NCEUS
MemberMember, Planning Commission,Yojana Bhawan, Sansad
Marg,NewDelhi3. D DD DDr rr rr.Madhav Chavan, .Madhav Chavan,
.Madhav Chavan, .Madhav Chavan, .Madhav Chavan, Director, PRATHAM
MemberB3/3, Safdarjung Enclave, 1st Floor,NewDelhi4. Lt.General
(Retd.) S.S.Mehta, Lt.General (Retd.) S.S.Mehta, Lt.General (Retd.)
S.S.Mehta, Lt.General (Retd.) S.S.Mehta, Lt.General (Retd.)
S.S.Mehta, MemberPrincipal Adviser,CI II ndia Development
Foundation249F, Sector 18, Udyog Vihar,Phase I V, Gurgaon5. Ms.Nali
niGangadharan, Ms.Nali niGangadharan, Ms.Nali niGangadharan,
Ms.Nali niGangadharan, Ms.Nali niGangadharan, Executive Director
MemberDr. Reddy's Foundation6-3-668/10/77&78, Durganagar
ColonyPunjagutta, Hyderabad-6. S SS SShr hr hr hr hriK. iK. iK. iK.
iK. K.Mi ttal, K.Mi ttal, K.Mi ttal, K.Mi ttal, K.Mi ttal,
DGE&T, MemberM/o Labour & EmploymentShram Shakti
Bhawan,Rafi Marg, New Delhi7. D DD DDr rr rr.S .S .S .S .S.D .D .D
.D .D.A .A .A .A .Awal e wal e wal e wal e wal e, ,, ,, Joint
Education Advisor (Technical), MemberD/o Secondary & Higher
Education,Ministry of Human Resource Development,Shastri Bhawan,
New Delhi8T h e C h a lle n g e o fE m p lo ym e n ti n I n d i a8.
S SS SShr hr hr hr hriS iS iS iS iShar har har har harda P da P da
P da P da Pr rr rrasad, asad, asad, asad, asad, Labour
Commissioner, MemberGovernment of Uttar Pradesh,G.T.Road, Kanpur9.
Smt.Neelam Nath, Smt.Neelam Nath, Smt.Neelam Nath, Smt.Neelam Nath,
Smt.Neelam Nath, Member SecretaryJoint Secretary, NCEUS10 ShriJ .D.
Hajela, ShriJ .D. Hajela, ShriJ .D. Hajela, ShriJ .D. Hajela, ShriJ
.D. Hajela, ConvenorDirector NCEUSAn n e xu re s9Annex 1.3
ContdA-25022/ 26/2005-NCEUSGovernment of I ndiaNational Commission
for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector16th /19th Floor, Jawahar
Vyapar Bhawan,1, Tolstoy Marg, New Delhi 110001Dated the 20th
April, 2006ORDER ORDER ORDER ORDER ORDERSubject:- Constitution of
Task Force on Access to Finance, Raw Materials and
Marketingrelating to the Unorganised Sector.I t has been decided
that a Task Force on Access to Finance, Raw Materials, and
Marketing relating to theUnorganised Sector be set up.1. 1. 1. 1.
1. P PP PPr rr rrof of of of ofessoressoressoressoressor V VV VV.S
.S .S .S .S. .. .. V VV VVyas, yas, yas, yas, yas, ChairmanI
nstitute of Development Studies,8-B, Jhalna I nstitutional Area,
Jaipur.2. 2. 2. 2. 2. Professor K P Kannan, Professor K P Kannan,
Professor K P Kannan, Professor K P Kannan, Professor K P Kannan,
MemberMember, NCEUS.3. 3. 3. 3. 3. S SS SShr hr hr hr hri i i i iV
VV VV.K. .K. .K. .K. .K. Malhotr Malhotr Malhotr Malhotr Malhotra
aa aa MemberMember,NCEUS.4. 4. 4. 4. 4. D DD DDr rr rr. .. .. Y YY
YY.S .S .S .S .S. .. .. P PP PP. .. .. Thor Thor Thor Thor Thorat,
at, at, at, at, MemberManaging Director,National Bank for
Agriculture and Rural Development, (NABARD),Plot C-24, Bandra-Kurla
Complex P.B. No. 8121,Bandra (E) Mumbai5. 5. 5. 5. 5. Shri. N.
Balasubramanian, Shri. N. Balasubramanian, Shri. N.
Balasubramanian, Shri. N. Balasubramanian, Shri. N.
Balasubramanian, MemberChairman & Managing Director,Small I
ndustries Development Bank of I ndia (SI DBI ),SI DBITower, 15,
Ashok Marg, Lucknow-6. 6. 6. 6. 6. S SS SShr hr hr hr hri . i . i .
i . i . A.V A.V A.V A.V A.V. .. .. S SS SSar ar ar ar ardesai ,
desai , desai , desai , desai , MemberC-16, Kumar Elixir, Banner
Road,PUNE.7. 7. 7. 7. 7. D DD DDr rr rr. .. .. S SS SS.L. .L. .L.
.L. .L. S SS SShett hett hett hett hetty yy yy, ,, ,,
MemberDirector,Economic and Political Weekly Research Foundation,
(EPW),C-212, Akurli I ndustrial Estate,Kandivali (East), Mumbai.10T
h e C h a lle n g e o fE m p lo ym e n ti n I n d i a8. 8. 8. 8. 8.
S SS SShr hr hr hr hriN iN iN iN iNac ac ac ac achi ket Mor hi ket
Mor hi ket Mor hi ket Mor hi ket Mor, ,, ,, MemberAdvisory Board
Member,(NCEUS).Exe. Director, I CI CIBank Ltd.,I CI CITower, Bandra
Kurla Complex, Mumba9. 9. 9. 9. 9. S SS SShr hr hr hr hriK iK iK iK
iKamalamalamalamalamal T TT TTaor aor aor aor aori , i , i , i , i
, MemberDirector General,National Productivity Council,5&6, I
nstitutional area, Lodhi Road,NewDelhi10. 10. 10. 10. 10. S SS SShr
hr hr hr hriJogi nder K iJogi nder K iJogi nder K iJogi nder K
iJogi nder Kumar umar umar umar umar, ,, ,,
MemberPresident,Federation of Tiny & Small I ndustries of I
ndia, Mg. Partner,General Metal I ndustries, B-189,I ndustrial
estate,LUDHI ANA11. 11. 11. 11. 11. Shri . C. Chandran, I AS, Shri
. C. Chandran, I AS, Shri . C. Chandran, I AS, Shri . C. Chandran,
I AS, Shri . C. Chandran, I AS, MemberChief Executive Officer and
Commissioner,Khadi & Village I ndustries Commission,I rla Road,
Vile Parle (W), Mumbai12. 12. 12. 12. 12. Ms. Achala, Ms. Achala,
Ms. Achala, Ms. Achala, Ms. Achala, MemberSADAN,12&13,2nd
Floor, MPTCD Building,Special I nstitutional Area,Shaheed Jeet Sing
Marg,New Delh13. 13. 13. 13. 13. Ms. Ms. Ms. Ms. Ms. Ja Ja Ja Ja
Jayashr yashr yashr yashr yashreeeeeeeeee V VV VVyas, yas, yas,
yas, yas,MemberMD,Self Employed Women's Association
(SEWA)Bank,Ellis Bridge, Ahmedabad14. 14. 14. 14. 14.S SS SSecr ecr
ecr ecr ecretar etar etar etar etary yy yy, ,, ,, MemberMinistry of
Textiles, Udyog Bhawan , New Delhi15. 15. 15. 15. 15. ShriVi pi n
Sharma, ShriVi pi n Sharma, ShriVi pi n Sharma, ShriVi pi n Sharma,
ShriVi pi n Sharma, MemberDirector,CARE I ndia, 27, Hauz Khas
Village, New Delhi16. 16. 16. 16. 16. S SS SShr hr hr hr hriMahesh
K iMahesh K iMahesh K iMahesh K iMahesh Kumar umar umar umar umar,
,, ,, ConvenorDirector, (NCEUS).An n e xu re s11Annex 1.3 Contd
Annex 1.3 Contd Annex 1.3 Contd Annex 1.3 Contd Annex 1.3 ContdNo.
A-25022/29/2005-NCEUSGovernment of I ndiaNational Commission for
Enterprises in the Unorganized Sector16th /19th Floor, Jawahar
Vyapar Bhawan,1, Tolstoy Marg, New Delhi 110001Dated the 20th
April, 2006ORDER ORDER ORDER ORDER ORDERSubject :Constitution of
Task Force on Review of Indian Labour Laws.I t has been decided to
set up a Task Force on Review of I ndian Labour Laws.The
composition of the Task Force shall be as follows:1. P PP PPr rr
rrof of of of ofessor essor essor essor essorT TT TT.S .S .S .S .S.
.. .. P PP PPapola, apola, apola, apola, apola, ChairmanDelhi
Government Chair in Human DevelopmentI nstitute for Human
DevelopmentNI DM Building, I I PA Campus,I P Estatem M G Marg,New
Delhi2. P PP PPr rr rrof of of of ofessor K.P essor K.P essor K.P
essor K.P essor K.P. .. .. K KK KKannan, annan, annan, annan,
annan, MemberMember, NCEUS3. Professor Ravi Shankar Srivastava,
Professor Ravi Shankar Srivastava, Professor Ravi Shankar
Srivastava, Professor Ravi Shankar Srivastava, Professor Ravi
Shankar Srivastava, MemberMember, NCEUS4. Professor Navi n Chandra,
Professor Navi n Chandra, Professor Navi n Chandra, Professor Navi
n Chandra, Professor Navi n Chandra, MemberSeniorFellow,Flat No.
119, A, Sipra Sun CityI ndrapuram, Ghaziabad5. D DD DDr rr rr. ..
.. K KK KKamala S amala S amala S amala S amala Sankar ankar ankar
ankar ankaran an an an an, MemberResearch ProfessorI ndian Law I
nstitute,Bhagwandas Road, New Delhi6. D DD DDr rr rr. .. .. P PP
PPr rr rrav av av av aveen Jha, een Jha, een Jha, een Jha, een Jha,
MemberAssociate Professor,SchoolofSocialSciences,Jawaharlal Nehru
University,New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi12T h e C h a lle n g e o fE
m p lo ym e n ti n I n d i a7. D DD DDr rr rr. .. .. C.S C.S C.S
C.S C.S. .. .. V VV VVenkata R enkata R enkata R enkata R enkata
Ratnam, atnam, atnam, atnam, atnam, MemberDirector,I nternational
Management I nstitute,B-10, Qutab I nstitutional Area,Tara
Crescent, New Delhi8. S SS SShr hr hr hr hriJogi nder K iJogi nder
K iJogi nder K iJogi nder K iJogi nder Kumar umar umar umar umar,
,, ,, MemberPresident,Federation of Tiny & Small Scale I
ndustries of I ndia (FTSSI ),General Metal I ndustries,B-189, I
ndustrial Estate, Ludhiana9. ShriSwamiAgni vesh, ShriSwamiAgni
vesh, ShriSwamiAgni vesh, ShriSwamiAgni vesh, ShriSwamiAgni vesh,
MemberPresident,Bonded Labour Liberation Front,7, Jantar Mantar
Road,New Delhi10. ShriB. P Pant, ShriB. P Pant, ShriB. P Pant,
ShriB. P Pant, ShriB. P Pant, MemberJoint Director,All I ndia
Organization of Employers (AI OE),Federation House,Tansen Marg, New
Delhi11. ShriAni l Bhardwaj, ShriAni l Bhardwaj, ShriAni l
Bhardwaj, ShriAni l Bhardwaj, ShriAni l Bhardwaj, MemberSecretary
General,Federation of I ndian Micro and Small & Medium
Enterprises (FI SME),B-4/161, Safdarjung Enclave, New Delhi-12
ShriJ .D. Hajela , ShriJ .D. Hajela , ShriJ .D. Hajela , ShriJ .D.
Hajela , ShriJ .D. Hajela , ConvenorDirector NCEUSAn n e xu re
s13Annex 1.3 Contd Annex 1.3 Contd Annex 1.3 Contd Annex 1.3 Contd
Annex 1.3 ContdF. No. A-25024/4/2005-NCEUSGovernment of I
ndiaNational Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganized
Sector**********16th /19th Floor, Jawahar Vyapar Bhawan,1 Tolstoy
Marg, New Delhi 110001Dated : 10th November ,2006ORDER ORDER ORDER
ORDER ORDERSubject: Constitution of Technical Experts Group on
Growth Pole.I t has been decided to set up a Technical Experts
Group to take their inputs on Growth Pole proposals andother
relevant issues.2. The composition of the Group shall be as
follows:1. P PP PPr rr rrof of of of ofessor Di nesh N. essor Di
nesh N. essor Di nesh N. essor Di nesh N. essor Di nesh N. A AA
AAwasthi , wasthi , wasthi , wasthi , wasthi , Di r Di r Di r Di r
Di rector ector ector ector ector, ,, ,, - MemberEntrepreneurship
Development I nstitute of I ndia,Near Village Bhat, via Ahmedabad
Airport & I ndira Bridge,P.O. Bhat-382428,District-
Gandhinagar, Gujarat.2. D DD DDr rr rr. .. .. S SS SSar ar ar ar
ari ta N i ta N i ta N i ta N i ta Nag ag ag ag agpal , pal , pal ,
pal , pal , - MemberConfederation of I ndian I ndustry (CI I ),The
Mantosh Sondhi Centre,23, I nstitutional Area, Lodi Road, New
Delhi3. ShriMukesh Gulati , ShriMukesh Gulati , ShriMukesh Gulati ,
ShriMukesh Gulati , ShriMukesh Gulati , - MemberFocal Point
Manager, CDP,U.N. I ndustrial Development Organization House,6
Special I nstitutional Areas, New Delhi4. Development Commi ssi
oner (SSI ), Development Commi ssi oner (SSI ), Development Commi
ssi oner (SSI ), Development Commi ssi oner (SSI ), Development
Commi ssi oner (SSI ), - MemberOffice of the Development
Commissioner,Small Scale I ndustries,7th Floor, A-Wing,Nirman
Bhavan,New Delhi5. S SS SSecr ecr ecr ecr ecretar etar etar etar
etary yy yy, ,, ,, Ministry of Commerce & I ndustry,-
MemberDepartment Of I ndustrial Policy & Promotion,UdyogBhawan,
New Delhi6. CMD, CMD, CMD, CMD, CMD, - MemberHousing & Urban
Development Corporation Ltd. (HUDCO]HUDCO Bhawan, I ndia Habitat
Centre, Lodhi Road, New Delhi14T h e C h a lle n g e o fE m p lo ym
e n ti n I n d i aAnnex 1.3 Contd Annex 1.3 Contd Annex 1.3 Contd
Annex 1.3 Contd Annex 1.3 ContdF. No.
A-25024/4/2005-NCEUSGovernment of I ndiaNational Commission for
Enterprises in the Unorganized Sector**********16th /19th Floor,
Jawahar Vyapar Bhawan,1, Tolstoy Marg, New Delhi 110001Dated the
4th February, 2008REVISED ORDER REVISED ORDER REVISED ORDER REVISED
ORDER REVISED ORDERSubject: Constitution of Task Force on
Enterprise Development in the Unorganized Sector.I n supersession
of Order of even no. dated 1st October, 2007, the following changes
have been made.I
thasbeendecidedtochangethenameas"TaskForceonEnterpriseDevelopmentintheUnorganizedSector"
to examine the issues related to the Development of Enterprise in
the Unorganized Sector and other relevantissues.The composition of
the Task Force shall be as follows:1. P PP PPr rr rrof of of of
ofessor K. essor K. essor K. essor K. essor K. P PP PP. .. .. K KK
KKannan annan annan annan annan - ChairmanMember, NCEUS2. Professor
Ravi Shankar Srivastava, Professor Ravi Shankar Srivastava,
Professor Ravi Shankar Srivastava, Professor Ravi Shankar
Srivastava, Professor Ravi Shankar Srivastava, - MemberMember,
NCEUS3. S SS SShr hr hr hr hri i i i iV VV VV. .. .. K. K. K. K. K.
Malhotr Malhotr Malhotr Malhotr Malhotra aa aa - MemberMember
Secretary, NCEUS4. P PP PPr rr rrof of of of
ofessoressoressoressoressor T TT TT.S .S .S .S .S. .. .. P PP
PPapola, apola, apola, apola, apola, - MemberPart Time Member,
NCEUS,Director, Labour Expert,I nstitute for Studies for I
ndustrial Development,Narendra Niketan, I .P. Estate, New
Delhi-1100025. Professor Di nesh N. Awasthi , Professor Di nesh N.
Awasthi , Professor Di nesh N. Awasthi , Professor Di nesh N.
Awasthi , Professor Di nesh N. Awasthi , - MemberDirector,
Entrepreneurship Development I nstitute of I ndia,Gandhi Nagar,
Ahemdabad.6. Professor Rakesh Basant Professor Rakesh Basant
Professor Rakesh Basant Professor Rakesh Basant Professor Rakesh
Basant - MemberI ndian I nstitute of Management, Ahemadabad.7.
ShriMukesh Gulati , ShriMukesh Gulati , ShriMukesh Gulati ,
ShriMukesh Gulati , ShriMukesh Gulati , - MemberFocal Point
Manager, UNI DO,NewDelhi.An n e xu re s158. Professor Padmi niSwami
nathan, Professor Padmi niSwami nathan, Professor Padmi niSwami
nathan, Professor Padmi niSwami nathan, Professor Padmi niSwami
nathan, - MemberDirector, MI DS9. Professor Pankaj Chandra,
Professor Pankaj Chandra, Professor Pankaj Chandra, Professor
Pankaj Chandra, Professor Pankaj Chandra, - MemberI I M, Vastrapur,
Ahmedabad10. ShriDE. Ramakri shnan, ShriDE. Ramakri shnan, ShriDE.
Ramakri shnan, ShriDE. Ramakri shnan, ShriDE. Ramakri shnan, -
MemberPresident, I FRASTE,Paramount Gardens, no. 11,Arunachalam
Road, Saligramam, Chennai11. DC, MSME and /or hi s representati ve
DC, MSME and /or hi s representati ve DC, MSME and /or hi s
representati ve DC, MSME and /or hi s representati ve DC, MSME and
/or hi s representati ve - MemberNirman Bhawan, New Delhi12.
Secretary Secretary Secretary Secretary Secretary - MemberMinistry
of Commerce & I ndustry,Department Of I ndustrial Policy &
Promotion,UdyogBhawan, New Delhi13. ShriAshutosh Mi shra
ShriAshutosh Mi shra ShriAshutosh Mi shra ShriAshutosh Mi shra
ShriAshutosh Mi shra - ConvenerDirector, NCEUS16T h e C h a lle n g
e o fE m p lo ym e n ti n I n d i aAnnex 1.3 Contd Annex 1.3 Contd
Annex 1.3 Contd Annex 1.3 Contd Annex 1.3 ContdF. No.
A-25024/3/2008-NCEUSGovernment of I ndiaNational Commission for
Enterprises in the Unorganized Sector**********16th Floor, Jawahar
Vyapar Bhawan,1 Tolstoy Marg, New Delhi - 110 001.Dated: 30th July,
2008ORDER ORDER ORDER ORDER ORDERSubject : Constitution of
Technical Experts Group on Marginal and Small FarmersI t has been
decided to set up a Technical Experts Group on Marginal and Small
Farmers to take their inputson Special Programme for Marginal and
Small farmers and other related issues.The composition of the Group
shall be as follows:1. Professor Arjun Sengupta, Professor Arjun
Sengupta, Professor Arjun Sengupta, Professor Arjun Sengupta,
Professor Arjun Sengupta, Chairman, NCEUS - Chairperson2. P PP PPr
rr rrof of of of ofessor R essor R essor R essor R essor RaviS aviS
aviS aviS aviSr rr rri vastava, i vastava, i vastava, i vastava, i
vastava, Member, NCEUS - Member Convener3. P PP PPr rr rrof of of
of ofessor K.P essor K.P essor K.P essor K.P essor K.P. .. .. K KK
KKannan, annan, annan, annan, annan, Member, NCEUS - Member4. S SS
SShr hr hr hr hri i i i iV VV VV.K. .K. .K. .K. .K. Malhotr Malhotr
Malhotr Malhotr Malhotra, a, a, a, a, Member Secretary, NCEUS -
Member5. P PP PPr rr rrof of of of ofessoressoressoressoressor V VV
VV.S .S .S .S .S. .. .. V VV VVyas, yas, yas, yas, yas, -
MemberChairmanI nstitute of Development Studies,8-B, Jhalna I
nstitutional Area, Jaipur6. Professor Surji t Si ngh, Professor
Surji t Si ngh, Professor Surji t Si ngh, Professor Surji t Si ngh,
Professor Surji t Si ngh, - MemberDirector, I DS, JaipurI nstitute
of Development Studies,8B, Jhalana I nstitutional Area,Jaipur7.
Professor Alakh Narai n Sharma, Professor Alakh Narai n Sharma,
Professor Alakh Narai n Sharma, Professor Alakh Narai n Sharma,
Professor Alakh Narai n Sharma, - MemberDirector, I nstitute of
Human Development,NI DM Building, I I PA Campus,I P Estate, M.G.
Marg, New Delhi8. P PP PPr rr rrof of of of ofessor D essor D essor
D essor D essor D.N. .N. .N. .N. .N. Reddy Reddy Reddy Reddy Reddy,
,, ,, Former Dean and Professor, - MemberCentral
University,3-33-33, Venkat Reddy Colony,Lingam Palli, Hyderabad.An
n e xu re s179. P PP PPr rr rrof of of of ofessor G. essor G. essor
G. essor G. essor G. V VV VVal al al al all ab l ab l ab l ab l
abh, h, h, h, h, - MemberCircuit House Area (East),Jamshedpur10.
Professor Kanchan Chopra,Professor Kanchan Chopra,Professor Kanchan
Chopra,Professor Kanchan Chopra,Professor Kanchan Chopra, Director
- MemberI nstitute of Economic Growth,University of Delhi
Enclave,North Campus, Delhi11. D DD DDr rr rr. .. .. Mahendr
Mahendr Mahendr Mahendr Mahendra De a De a De a De a Dev vv vv, ,,
,, Chairman, CACP, - MemberKrishi Bhawan, Delhi12. D DD DDr rr rr.
.. .. P PP PP.K. .K. .K. .K. .K. Joshi , Joshi , Joshi , Joshi ,
Joshi , NCAP, - MemberP. B. No. 11305, Library Avenue,Pusa, New
Delhi13. S SS SSecr ecr ecr ecr ecretar etar etar etar etary yy yy,
,, ,, Ministry of Agriculture - Memberor his Representative. (Dr.
S.M. Jharwal, Principal Advisor)Krishi Bhawan, Delhi14. S SS SSecr
ecr ecr ecr ecretar etar etar etar etary yy yy, ,, ,, -
MemberDepartment of Agriculture,Govt.of Madhya Pradesh, or his
Representative15. S SS SSecr ecr ecr ecr ecretar etar etar etar
etary yy yy, ,, ,, Department of Agriculture, - MemberGovt. of West
Bengal, or his Representative16. S SS SSecr ecr ecr ecr ecretar
etar etar etar etary yy yy, ,, ,, Department of Agriculture -
MemberGovt. of Andhra Pradesh, or his Representative17. S SS SShr
hr hr hr hriS iS iS iS iS.V .V .V .V .V. .. .. R RR RRamana Mur
amana Mur amana Mur amana Mur amana Murt h t h t h t h t hy yy yy,
,, ,, - Co-ordinatorDirector, NCEUS18T h e C h a lle n g e o fE m p
lo ym e n ti n I n d i a1. IntroductionThere is a continuing debate
in I ndia among economists,planners and policy-makers on the best
measure of labourforceparticipationandutilization.
Thisisdespitethefact that the Committee of Experts on
UnemploymentEstimates, constituted by the Planning Commission
in1968 under the chairmanship of Prof. M.L.
Dantwala,hasclearlyindicated1 that it would not be justified
toaggregate labour force, employment and unemploymentinto single
dimensional magnitudes in view of inherentsocio-economic conditions
prevailing in the country.I
nthispaperanewsetofmeasuresoflabourforce,employmentandunemploymenthasbeensuggestedwhi
chwebeli evewouldbebettersui
tedformanypurposesthanthosecurrentlyinuse.
Wealsoproposenewmeasuresof l abourt i meut i l i zat i
onandunderemployment.2.The Existing Measures of Labour ForceThe
Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR), obtainedby dividing the
number of persons in the labour force bytotal population, is an
important parameter in employmentprojections and formulation of
employment strategies. Thecrucial issue, however, is the basis, or
the decision rule,on which a person is classified as belonging to
the labourforce. There are four different concepts used in I ndia
inthis regard. These are:Usual Principal Status (UPS)Usual
Principal and Subsidiary Status (UPSS)Current Weekly Status (CWS),
andCurrent Daily Status (CDS).2.1 Usual Principal StatusFor several
purposes, we need to relate social andeconomic variables to the
enduring characteristics of thepopulationandlabourforce.
Thelabourforce,inthiscontext, is typically measured through the
usual principalAnnex 3.1: Measures of Labour Force Participation
and
Utilisationactivitystatus(UPS)whichreflectsthestatusofanindividualoverareferenceperiodofoneyear.
Thusaperson is classified as belonging to labour force, if s/hehad
been either working or looking for work during
longerpartofthe365daysprecedingthesurvey.I ncasethetotal period of
being within the labour force is equal tothe total period out of
it, priority is given to labour forceparticipation. Again, for a
person already identified asbelonging to the labour force, s/he
would be labeled asemployed or unemployed depending on which
categoryaccounted for more days. I n the event of a tie,
employedwould get priority over unemployed. However, if a
personhasaverycomplexpatternoflabourforceandworkparticipation, the
UPS measure cannot fully reflect
it.TheUPSmeasureexcludesfromthelabourforceallthose who are employed
and/or unemployed for a totalofl esst hansi xmont
hs.Thuspersonswhoworkintermittently, either because of the pattern
of work inthehouseholdfarmorenterpriseorduetoeconomiccompulsions
and other reasons, would not be includedi nthel abourforceunl
essthei rdaysatworkandunemployment totalled over half the reference
year.2.2 Usual Principal and Subsidiary StatusTheUsualPri nci
palandSubsi di
aryStatus(UPSS)conceptwasintroducedtowidentheUPSconcepttoinclude
even those who were outside the labour force
onthebasisofthemajoritytimecriterionbuthadbeenemployed during some
part of the year on a usual basis.I n the NSS 61st Round Survey,
all those who were eitherun-employed or out of labour force but had
worked forat least 30 days over the reference year were treated
assubsidiary status workers. UPSS is thus a hybrid
conceptincorporating both the major time criterion and priorityto
work status.The UPSS measure was used on the ground that it
wasstable and inclusive: it related to a picture emerging from 1The
Report of the Committee of Experts on Unemployment Estimates
submitted to the Planning Commission in 1970 states that"I
nourcomplexeconomy,thecharacterofthelabourforce,employmentandunemployment,istooheterogeneoustojustifyaggregation
into single-dimensional magnitudes".J .Krishnamurthy and G.
RaveendranSenior Consultants, NCEUSAn n e xu re s19a long reference
period, and even persons working for 30days or more, but not
working for the major part of
theyear,wereincluded.However,thoseoutsidetheUPSlabour force,
seeking or available for work for more than30 days during the
preceding 365 days, were not includedin the UPSS labour force.2By
including as workers those outside the UPS
labourforcebuthadworkedfor30daysormore,theUPSSestimates of work
participation (which included some oftheUPSunemployedandoutsi
dethelabourforce)exceeded the corresponding UPS estimates. However,
thenumber of unemployed got reduced and their share inthe expanded
UPSS labour force became much lower.I t is important to stress the
difference between the
UPSandUPSSmeasuresasthelatterhasbeenusedforemployment projections
in all the recent Plan exercisesexcept the Tenth Plan document. The
basic differencesbetween UPS and UPSS measurements are the
following: Theenduri ngcharacteri sti csoughttobecaptured in UPS is
how the person spends themajor part of the year. The UPSS, on the
otherhand, seeks to place as many persons as possibleunder the
category of employed by assigningpriority to work While the notion
of long term attachment topart i cul aract i vi t yst at
usmaybeaval i dgeneralization,theremaybeaconsiderablenumber of
persons for whom no single long-term activity status is applicable
as they movebetween statuses over a long period of one
yeardependingonavarietyoffactors,includingcyclical patterns and
random events. This pos-sibility is eliminated from our purview
whena statistical straight-jacket like UPS or UPSSis applied and a
person has to select one andonly one status (employed, unemployed,
out ofthe labour force) as her/his enduring status. Usual status
requires a recall over a whole
yearofwhatthepersondid.Forthoseinregularemployment this is easy to
do, but for those2The 30 day rule was introduced in the 61st Round.
I n earlier Rounds, no such minimum cut off point was prescribed.
For strictconsistency, all those who were outside the labour force
on the basis of principal status, but who were in the labour force
on the basisof their subsidiary status, should have been included
in the UPSS labour force. I f the 30 day cut-off rule was applied
it should haverelated to labour force participation, not only to
work participation.whotakewhateverworkopportunitiestheycan find
over the year or have prolonged spellsout of the labour force, a
very complex patternhas to be recalled in order to decide what
theirusual status is. I n this respect, a short referenceperiod of
a week has advantages.2.3 Current Weekly StatusThe concept of
Current Weekly Status (CWS) has beenin use in the labour force
surveys in I ndia even before1970,whentherecommendati
onsoftheDantwalaCommittee became available. I t was primarily
becausetheagencieslikeI nternationalLabourOrganization(I LO) use
estimates of employment and unemploymentrates based on weekly
reference period for internationalcomparisons. Under CWS, a person
is classified to be inlabour force, if s/he has either worked or is
seeking and/oravai l abl eforworkatl eastonehourduri ngthereference
period of one week preceding the date of survey.The CWS
participation rates also relate to persons andhence may be roughly
compared with those obtained byusi
ngUPSandUPSSmeasurements.However,thereferenceperiodsaredifferentandUPS,unlikeUPSSand
CWS, is based on majority time and does not accordpriority to work
and unemployment. The classificationunder CWS is based on the
status of each person duringthe last seven days and priority is
assigned to workingover not working but seeking or available for
work andtoboth worki ngand notworki ngbutseeki ngoravailable for
work over neither working nor availablefor work. The advantage of
CWS is that it uses a shorterreference period of seven days and as
such recall lapsesareexpectedtobecomparati vel ylower.Further,i
tfacilitates easy classification and analysis by sub-roundsto
identify seasonal patterns. The major disadvantage ofCWS is that it
classifies persons with very nominal workof even one hour during
the reference week into workforce and labour force. Similarly, a
person is treated asunemployed only if s/he has been unemployed on
all thedays on which s/he has been in the labour force.20T h e C h
a lle n g e o fE m p lo ym e n ti n I n d i a2.4 Current Daily
StatusThe Dantwala Committee proposed the use of CurrentDaily
Status (CDS) rates for studying intensity of work.These are
computed on the basis of the information onemployment and
unemployment recorded for the 14 halfdaysofthereferenceweek.
Theemploymentstatusesduring the seven days are recorded in terms of
half orfull intensities. An hour or more but less than four hoursis
taken as half intensity and four hours or more is takenas full
intensity.Anadvantageofthisapproachwasthatitwasbased on more
complete information; it embodiedthe time utilisation, and did not
accord priority tolabour force over outside the labour force or
workover unemployment, except in marginal cases.
Adisadvantagewasthatitrelatedtoperson-days,not persons. Hence it
had to be used with somecaution.3. Labour Force Measures Used in
RecentPlan ExercisesThe Task Force on Employment Opportunities set
up bythe Planning Commission and chaired by Dr MontekSingh
Ahluwalia, which reported in July 2001, examinedestimates of
employment and unemployment generatedbytheNati
onalSampleSurvey,basedondi fferentconcepts developed by the
Dantwala Committee. All fourmeasures, UPS, UPSS, CWS and CDS were
reviewedand estimates based on all four measures featured in
theanalysis. I t was stated
that:theCDSmeasureofunemploymentiswidelyagreed to be the one that
most fully captures openunemployment in the country.3The
projections of the labour force were, however,
basedontheUPSSconcept,perhapsbecauseitrelatedtopersons rather than
person-day units.The Planning Commissions Special Group on
TargetingTen Million Employment Opportunities Per Year overthe
Tenth Plan Period, chaired by Dr S P Gupta, whichreported in May
2002, took a different view. I t
arguedthat:themethodofestimationofemploymentandunemploymentonthebasi
softheusualandsubsidiary status (UPSS) used during the NinthPlan
formulation would not be of help to get
anyrealisticestimateofthequantumofgeneratinggainful employment in
order to fulfill the TenthPlantargets,especi allygi venthepromi
seforgainful nature of employment, as per the Groupsterms of
reference. This is because on the basis ofUPSS calculation, the
volume of unemploymentshown is always under-estimated since it
excludesalargenumberwhoaresi gni fi cantlyunder-employed or
unemployed over a major part of thereferred period.4I t was
therefore decided to switch over to the CDS. Therationale was as
follows:Hence,weswitchedovertowhatiscalledtheCurrent Daily Status
(CDS), which is convenientlyone of the other options provided by
the NationalSample Survey Organisation for measurement ofemployment
and unemployment. I f the gainfullyemployedaredefi
nedasthosewhoarenearfulltime employed, then the CDS definition
onemployment given by the NSSO will give morereal i sti cesti
mateatl eastdi recti onal l y.Mostcountries across the globe use
the concept closeto weekly status, which again is closer to that
ofCDS used in this report. Within I ndia almost allother reports
from alternate sources agree that theCDSconceptofunempl oymenti
sthemostrealistic.5This approach was later adopted in the Tenth
Plan (2002-2007)document f orproj ect i ngl abourf
orceandemployment generation. I t was justified on the
groundthat(a)CDSwasabettermeasurethantheUPSStocapture unemployment
and under-employment and (b)it took into account seasonal
variations as the samples3See Government of I ndia, Planning
Commission: Report of the Task Force on Employment Opportunities,
New Delhi, July 2001, pp.14-15.4See Government of I ndia, Planning
Commission: Report of the Special Group on Targeting Ten Million
Employment OpportunitiesPer Year over the Tenth Plan Period, New
Delhi, July 2002, p. 12.5I bid, p.21.An n e xu re s21were surveyed
uniforml y over the year. A review of thesedevelopments brings out
the following
points.First,theSpecialGroupisrightinstressingthatthegainfully
employed should be those who have a stronginvolvement in
employment, i.e. that they should be nearfulltime employed. I t
does not follow, however, as theSpeci alGroupclai ms,thattheCDSdefi
ni ti ononemployment will give a more realistic estimate at
leastdirectionally,foritcannotyieldanestimateofpersonsgainfully
employed. Under CDS, the basic classificatoryunit is a person-day
and the status of the same person onall the seven days is recorded.
I t thus relates to a
compositeunitofperson-dayandnottopersonsorindividuals.Aggregates of
person-days cannot be readily related tocharacteristics of
individuals who contribute to it.Secondly, the UPSS-based
projections may be
questionedforusingaconceptthatoverstatesemploymentandunderstatesunemployment.Manypersonsincludedasworkers
under UPSS are not really gainfully employedfor much of the
time.Thi rdl y,theargumentofthe TaskForcethatthedi
fferencebetweentheunemploymentratesontheCurrent Weekl
yandthatontheUsualStatuswouldprovi
deonemeasureofseasonalunemployment i sdifficult to sustain. The two
unemployment rates are basedon different labour force denominators,
and many reportedas working on UPSS may be outside the labour force
onCWS.Seasonality in labour force characteristics is bettercaptured
by variations in CDS rates over the four sub-rounds.4. Requirements
of a Good MeasureFromtheprecedi ngdi scussi
onwemayattempttohighlight some of the requirements of a good
measure. Agoodemployment/ unemploymentmeasureshould be able to
depict the baseline situation in arealistic and consistent manner,
identifying thoseindividuals who have a substantial attachment
tothelabourforceandwhospendagoodpartoftheir time at work or in
unemployment. I n our predominantly rural, agrarian economy,
itshould enable us to identify patterns of seasonalchange over the
different parts of the year. I t should provide a basis for
projecting the growthof labour force, employment and
unemploymentover time and facilitate comparisons with
expectedemployment generation in the economy.5. Modified Current
Weekly Status (MCWS)I n both UPSS and CWS, the priority criterion
results inoverestimation of the labour force and work force. I t
isessentially because persons who normally remain outsidethe labour
force (work force) most of the time would getincluded in the labour
force (work force) if they
spentjustabove30daysinayear(UPSS)oronehourinaweek (CWS) in an
economic activity like gathering
ofuncultivatedcrops,collectionoffirewood,cleaningofhousehold
enterprise premises, etc. The UPSS and CWSas currently used,
therefore, have only limited value inestimating trends in
employment and unemployment andprojecting labour force. This paper
proposes a modifiedCWS (hereafter MCWS) based on major time
criterion.This approach had been used many years ago by Prof.Pravin
Visaria in an exercise involving re-tabulation ofNSS data for some
States.Unlike CWS, the MCWS takes better account of thetime
disposition of each individual over the 14 half days.I t fol l
owsat wost epprocedure.First,i t assi
gnsindividualstothelabourforceifthemajorityoftheirhalf-dayswereinthelabourforce.
Second,withinthelabour force, it uses the majority time principle
to classifyindividualsamongthetwoactivitystatuses,employedand
unemployed. Only in a few cases, where the majoritytime rule
doe