THE CHAIRMAN, THEU.S. ADVISORY - State Department

House Document No. 386

THIRD SPECIAL REPORT OFTHE U.S. ADVISORY COMMISSION ONINTERNATIONAL EDUCATIONAL AND

CULTURAL AFFAIRS

LETTERFROM

THE CHAIRMAN, THEU.S. ADVISORYCOMMISSION ON INTERNATIONAL

EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL AFFAIRSTRANSMITTING

THE THIRD SPECIAL REPORT OF THE COMMISSION,PURSUANT TO SECTION 107, PUBLIC LAW 87-256

FEBRUARY 22, 1966.-Referred to the Committee on Foreign Affairsand ordered to be printed

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

_ __ ___ __ __ iI89th Congrless, 2d Session

WASHINGTON~P : 196660-011

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

U.S. ADVISORY COMMISSION ONINTERNATIONAL EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL AFFAIRS,

February 21, 1966.Hon. JOHN W. MCCORMACK,Speaker of the Houe.DEAR MR. SPEAKER: The Advisory Commission on International

Educational and Qultural Affairs presents herewith its third specialreport as authorized by section 107 of thie Fulbright-Hays Act ofSeptember 1961 (Public Law 87-256). It willbe remembered tpi4the first two special reports were, written by individual members 91the Commission. Walter. Johnson, in ,he first, in 1963, turned hisattention to American studies overseas. In the second, in 1964Walter Adams wrote on the importance of maintaining a high levelof U.S. Government cultural and informational programs in WesternEurope.

In this report the Commission now invites attention to a higlilysignificant yet relatively unappreciated subject: the matiifold activitiesof private citizens and nongovernmental organizations that haVevolunteered to assist in countless ways the tens of thousands offoreign visitors and students who come to this country each year.The community service organization providing hospitality and

other services to international visitors is a relatively recent additionto the spectrum of volunteer groups found in every sizable Americancommunity. Like the others, it was formed in response to new cornmmunity needs and responsibilities as these gradually were recognized.

Although a few organizations serving foreign visitors and studentsantedate World War II nearly all the groups described in this reportare products of the postwar period. Two trends were at work. Firstthe number of foreign students enrolling in American colleges anduniversities began to increase rapidly after World War II, as Englishbecame the foremost. international larlguage of science, medicine,and technology especially, - Wherea.s ambitious young Americanscientists and physicians once went to study overseas, today manyof the keenest minds in other lands now seek Amnerican teachers.

'The other evident trend has been the growing number of naturecitizens of other nations cooling to this country at the invitation ofprivate groups or the U.S. Government for ai general exposure toAmerican life or for technical training or systemalntic examination ofsome particular aspect of our society--labor-tlmanalgement relations,the press, women's activities, our school systems, public health pro.grams, etce.Both public and private efforts started and are sustainingi these two

trends. Most foreign: students attend Aniericin universities on thesame basisaAmericans; only a small percentage arre;sponsored by theFederal Government. On the other Ilttd---excei)t, for, t.oorists .or

us

LETTER OF TRANSMTTrAL

bllsiness visitors, with whom this report is not concerned-manyif not most of the purposeful visitors to the United States are aided byofficial agencies, directly or indirectly.The Government's goal is for each visitor to return to his homeland

with some understanding of our way of life as well as our way of doingthings. One can hardly study Aiherican techniques in agriculture,transportation, or public safety, for example, without awareness of thecommunity context in which they function. Moreover, we would doour visitors a disservice were we to permit them to see only ourlaboratories, factories, and classrooms, for there is much to be learnedalso at our polling places, church suppers, and PTA meetings.Most of the Americans dealing in the early years with sponsored

visitors quickly grasped this truth. When the American sanitaryengineer had finished showing a foreign colleague through his watertreatment plant, he naturally invited him home for dinner,'or theweekend. Across the dinner table and at family outings, they quicklystrengthened the personal as well as the professional bonds betweenthem. It was equally obvious to the American college student thathis foreign roommate should spend his Christmas vacation with anAmerican family rather than in a deserted dormitory.

In one American community after another, the people who hadbeen individually organizing and extending hospitality to foreignvisitors then began forming groups to exchange experiences, to enlistmore host families, and above all to plan systematically for the con-tinually increasing number and variety of foreign visitors. In thelate 1950's, conferences were held to bring together the national agenciessending visitors throughout the United States and the local organiza-tions receiving them. In 1961, the local groups were sufficientlynumerous and well-developed to form "COSERV"-the NationalCouncil for Community Services to International Visitors. (In thatsame year the groups specializing in student hospitality were organizedas the community section of "NAFSA"--the National Association forForeign Student Affairs.)Although more than 70 community organizations are now affiliated

with COSERV, general knowledge about them or their counterpartselsewhere is limited. How many volunteer groups exist solely toserve foreign visitors? Under what auspices have they arisen? Howmany Americans are active in these organizations? How do theyserve? In what ways? How effectively and at what cost?To answer such questions as these the Commission requested Mr.

Theodor Schuchat-a freelance writer of Washington, D.C.-toprepare the attached report for the attention of the Congress and thepublic.

RECOMMENDATIONS

On the basis of this report it is clear to the Advisory Commissionthat there are several steps the Federal Government can take to sup-port improved and increased community services to foreign visitors.

First, the Commission believes that there should be some increasein Federal Government financial support to the National Council forCommunity Services to International Visitors (COSERV) in orderthat this organization can improve communications between individualorganizations and exchange know-how to improve the quality ofprograms for the visitor.

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LETTER OF TRANSMTTTAL

The Commission further is of the opinion that the Governmentagencies should not attempt to provide financial support to localcommunities because to try to distinguish among those which mightdeserve financial support-no matter how small-and those whichdo not would present more problems than it would solve. Moreover,the lesson that the foreign visitor to the United States learns, i.e.,that the hospitality and services lie receives privately are but a furthermanifestation of the Nation's public good will in diplomacy, economicaid, and military support, is a lesson that couldn't be taught if theFederal Government attempted to pay for such services.

Second, the Department of State and other agencies concernedshould give greater recognition to the voluntary effort (a) by thesimple device of providing more frequent and larger attendance atlocal and regional meetings of service groups on the part of importantofficials who believe in the value of international educational exchangeprograms and (b) by providing for more. Government staff travel forsuch personnel as are specifically concerned with day-to-day en-couragement of improved community efforts.

Third, the Government should consider high-level recognition ofand attention to the two national agencies (NAFSA and COSERV)responsible for strengtheniing community services to ' both foreignstudents and short-term foreign visitors. This should surely resultin improved services for both categories.

Finally, the Commission hopes that this report, in calling the atten-tion of the Congress to this vast voluntary effort on behalf of theforeign visitor to our country, will provide further appreciation ofthat effort and of the fact that all'international educational exchangeprograms have a broadly based support among the American people.

Sincerely yours,HOMER D. BABBIDGE, Jr,, Chairman.

V

U.S. ADVISORY COMMISSION ON INTERNATIONAL EDUCATIONAL ANDCULTURAL AFFAIRS

Homer Daniels Babbidge, Jr., Chairman; president, University ofConnecticut.

Roy E. Larsen, Vice Chairman; chairman, Executive Committee,Time, Inc.

Walter Adams, professor of economics, Michigan State University.Luther Hilton Foster, president, Tuskegee Institute.Rufus C. Harris, president, Mercer University.Walter Johnson, Department of History, University of Chicago.Arnold MI. Picker, executive vice president, United Artists Corp.Joseph R. Smiley, president, University of Colorado.Miss Pauline Tompkins, general director, American Association of

University Wonen.James A. Donovan, jr., staff director.

TX

OPEN HEARTS OPEN MINDSHow AMERICA WELCOMES FOREIGN VISITORS

A REPORT FROM

THE U.S. ADVISORY COMMISSION ON INTERNATIONAL EDUCATIONALAND CULTURAL AFFAIRS

A visitor from another land, who understood littleEnglish, told his apologetic American host: Your hearthas a language that my heart understands-let it speak!

vi.

CONTENTS

PageIntroduction--------------- --- ------------------------------ 1Patterns of organizations -------------------- 3

In smaller towns ------- ----------------------------- 3The Monterey Peninsula, Calif--------------------------- 3Sioux City, Iowa ..----------...--------....--.---------,- 5

In larger cities ---------------------------------------------- 9Dallas, Tex---------------------------------- ------- 9Atlanta, Ga---------------------------------- ----- 15

In major metropolitan areas----------------------------- -- 24San Francisco, Calif---------------------- --- ---- 25Philadelphia, Pa ------------------------------- ---- 27

In academic communities..-------------------------------------- 36Palo Alto, Calif-- ..------------------------------- 37Berkeley, Calif------..--- --- ----------- 42

In the States------------------------------------------------ 46Oregon------------------------------------------46

The statistical findings ------------------------------------------ 50Range of services- .....------------------- ------------- 51Budgets and staffs -------------- -------------- 52The visitors served -

-.--------------------------------------- 53Limitations of the data------------- -------------------- 54

Evaluation of experience-------..------------------------------- 54IX

H. Doe. 886, 89-2--2

OPEN HEARTS OPEN MINDSHow America Welcomes Foreign Visitors

INTRODIcnTION

The information inr this report was gained in two ways. First, theAdvisory Commission contracted with a private research institutionfor a survey to be conducted by means of questionnaires distributedto community organizations that serve foreign visitors. Then anobserver visited certain selected cities to collect the' type of impres-sionistic data that eludes the statistical questionnaire.

In April 1965, questionnaires Were mailed by the Commission to875 organizations throughout the United States. The chief objectivewas to gather information: that would make it possible to outline someof the dimensions of the contribution that is made by these "receivingagencies" and, more specifically, by the corps of people who are calledupon as volunteers to lend a hand, either formally or informally, intheir efforts. Most of these organizations, therefore, were those whosework depends to a significant extent on the contributions of peoplewho offer their time without expecting or receiving remuneration.Emphasis was placed on the kinds of services that are provided to

foreign visitors, the framework within which they are provided, andvarious problems that have been encountered in 'the course of thiswork. Respondents also were asked to note whatever ideas theirexperience with these problems may have suggested about ways inwhich an even more effective contribution might be made.A "foreign visitor" was defined, for purposes of the survey, as any

person who comes to the United States on a temporary basis for someserious educational or professional purpose. This definition includedstudents and others who come as grantees or under the auspices of asponsoring agency, as well as appropriate independent travelers.The questionnaire was developed on the basis of a draft prepared

by the Commission. It was completed throilgh close consultationbetween representatives of the Commission and members of the staffof International Research Associates, Inc., of New York, an independ-ent research organization. To pretest the questionnaire, the coopera-tion of two voluntary organizations with active and varied records ofexperience in the field of service to foreign visitors was enlisted. Amember of the research staff met with representatives from eachorganization for discussions during which the questionnaire wascarefully reviewed. The representatives were asked to offer criti-cisms, to point out possible areas of difficulty, and to suggest improve-ments in the wording of the questions.

After final revision the questionnaire was mailed to a list of organi-zations and offices selected for the survey. In the latter part of Maya followup letter was sent to each voluntary organization from whicha reply had not yet been received. Processing, tabulation, and-

2 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL AFFAIRS

analysis of responses were carried out at the New York headquarters ofInternational Research Associates, Inc.The 875 organizations to which questionnaires were addressed

included 463 volunteer groups. (The others were mainly businessfirms or organizations with special relationships with AID, plus asmall number of mayors of cities, where there were no known groupsor organizations serving foreign visitors.) Of the 463 volunteergroups, 266 (58 percent) completed and returned questionnaires intime to be tabulated and analyzed. No response was obtainedfrom 34 percent, despite followup letters, and a few otherwise usablequestionnaires arrived after the deadline date.The Commission's representative was dispatched to a half-dozen

communities: Philadelphia, Pa.; Atlanta, Ga.; Sioux City, Iowa;Dallas, Tex.; San Francisco, Calif.; and Corvallis, Oreg. (On severalof these visits, each of 1 week's duration, nearby communities werealso studied.) The nature and scope of the voluntary foreign visitororganization is different in each of these places, yet each is believedby those experienced in this field to be representative of those foundin many other communities.

In each community, volunteers were interviewed, organizationalrecords were examined, civic leaders were questioned, and, wheneverpossible, hospitality activities were observed. Some pains were takento collect criticism and to seek out local people who were not intimatelyinvolved in the international hospitality group but were in a positionto appraise its work.Both these approaches-the statistical and the impressionistic-

are required, we believe, for an accurate portrayal of this significantnew phenomenon of American life, the local voluntary organizationserving foreign visitors. Despite the complexities involved inreporting the energy and effort that is channeled each year intoserving foreign visitors, the substantial tangible contribution thathas been made becomes quite evident. In 1964 at least 70,000men and women voluntarily devoted innumerable hours and anincalculable sum out of pocket for the specific purpose of assistingsome 287,000 foreign visitors in the United States. (This figure doesnot, of course, mean that 287,000 visitors were traveling about.Because most visitors were assisted by several different communityorganizations in the course of their visit to the United States, theywere counted in the statistics of the various groups.)

Besides the 70,000 persons mentioned above, the 206 organizationswhich reported on their budgets, indicated a total expenditure offunds. of over $5 million. This figure, however, should not be mis-interpreted, since some of the local organizations operate on verysmall budgets indlebd, if any, and others reporting to the Commissiolare national organizations with budgets covering, to some extent,local groups about the whole country.

These visitors, we know, are present or potential leaders in theirhomelands. By greeting them cordially, helping them adjust to newsurroundings, introducing them to American counterparts, showingthem American communities, and inviting them into American homes,citizens serving in these voluntary organizations are contributingsignificantly to increased understanding among peoples and nationsand to foreign relations objectives of our country.

INTERNATIONALEDCATIOANLANEtCULTURAL AFFAIRS

PATTERNS OF'ORANIZATIONSIn smaller townsCommunitywide organizations serving foreign visitors, although

offering much the same spectrum of services everywhere, vary greatlynevertheless in their patterns of organization and auspices. Thecomplexity of this pattern is generally proportional to the populationof the host community, not to the number of visitors served or to thenumber of volunteers. Indeed, a town can provide rewarding hos-pitality to a surprising number of foreign visitors and involve hundredsof local people with only a rudimentary organization, a slight budget,and very few formal procedures.The Commission's survey indicates that many smaller communities

receive relatively large numbers of visitors each year. Excluding thenearby cooperating communities to which visitors are taken fobrriefvisits by their hosts in a neighboring city, nearly one-fourth of therespondent organizations were located in towns of less than 50,000population.An area that is unique or a major Federal installation is often the

magnet attracting foreign visitors to the smaller community: theColumbia Basin irrigating project and the hydroelectric facilities atGrand Coulee Dam are the destination of many engineers travelingto Ephrata, Wash., for example, while Huntsville, Ala., receives alarge number of trainees and visitors each year because of its aerospaceactivities. Other smaller communities receive many visitors becauseof their special historic, cultural, or sociological interest for peoplefrom other lands.

There is hardly an American community in any part of this countryin fact, that is not of great interest to some visitors, if only becauseit may be typical of small towns in their region. Visiting journalistsare especially fond of journeys to American hamlets named for majorcities in their own countries-such as Madras, Oreg.; Bogota, Tex.; orParis, Ill.-since this literary device enables them to describe "a typicalAmerican community" in a comprehensible and interesting manner.

The Monterey Peninsula, Calif.The Monterey Peninsula of California is representative of the many

communities that receive a small but steady flow of visitors for avariety of reasons. In recent years about 75 visitors have come toCarmel or Monterey annually, some to see the region of which JohnSteinbeck wrote, some to visit the many historic or scenic places forwhich the peninsula is justly renowned, and still others to study thearea as a unique outdoor museum of natural history or merely to relaxfor a day. or two in a quiet resort town.A German museum director, who had visited all the great museums

of the major cities on his way across the United States, was delightedto find in the small but outstanding local museum a certain type ofdisplay case that was new to him and precisely the kind that he couldinstall in his own institution. "This alone is worth my entire tripto your country," he exclaimed. He also learned in Carmel of a mix-ture used to maintain adobe brick, and this knowledge, too, he tookback with him, since his museum is trying to preserve similar historicartifacts of his city.

In this community the host group is usually the Foreign VisitorsCommittee of the World Affairs Council of the Monterey Peninsula,

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4 LNTERNATIONAL EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL AFFAIRS

which is one of the eight local affiliates of the World Affairs Council ofNorthern California. The committee is a small, informal group, notaffiliated with any national organization, which relies largely on afew interested volunteers and host families. When the committeelearns of a visitor's arrival-often at the last minute, unaccountably-a few telephone calls usually suffice to arrange an acceptable program.Since this is a small, sophisticated, well-traveled community, withllany residents who are retired, the results of this minimal planningare quite satisfactory.

People cooperate with the committee spontaneously and generously.One visitor, a Finnish journalist named Arvo Salo, was paged onarrival at the Monterey Airport. To the surprise of his hosts, anairport employee of the same name responded to -the loudspeaker'scall for "Arvo Salo." The'local man proved to be fluent. in Finnishand immediately conversed at length with the visitor, who wascharmed by this unexpected event. His American namesake promptlyinvited him to spend the weekend in his home, and the committee ofcourse revised its programs on the spot.

Another memorable, yet not untypical, episode involved an Indo-nesian painter iho spent 4 days on the peninsula sketching andpainting. At a party one evening he met Ansel Adams, the photog-rapher, who offered hiim the use of his summer home at Yosemite.The visitor's programIl was revised thereupon, and he was taken toYosemite where he painted and enjoyed himself and where he sawhisfirst snow.An unknown number of foreign visitors come to the Monterey

Peninsula to study or lecture at the Defense Language Institute, theU.S. Navy Postgraduate School, or the nongovernmental MontereyInstitute of Foreign Studies. In addition, Monterey Peninsula Col-lege, a 2-year institution, enrolls about 70 foreign students and has afull-time foreign student adviser on its faculty.Each member of the local Citizens Committee for International

Students volunteers to keep in touch with three college studentsduring the academic year, inviting them for home hospitality, includ-ing them in family outings, and generally acting in loco parentis, allin close cooperation with the foreign student adviser. One highlightof the school year is the committee's annual beach picnic, to whichstudents at the Defense language Institute are also invited. Hostsand guests are grouped by language-either native or 'studied-around hibachis over which they cook their meal and converse intongues that are exotic only to the Americans.To be sure, it cannot be said that everyone in this community, or

any other, welcomes foreign visitors or is interested in furtheringinternational understanding. In 1964 a small group protested thesale of UNICEF (hristmias cards at the Monterey branch of theBank of America. (In response, the bank itself bought $1,000 worthof the cards.) And on June 19, 1963, there were pickets to greet some20 U.N. delegates who landed at oMonterey Airport in the course oftheir nationwide siglitseeing tour.The Monterey Peninsula Herald, which carried front-page stories

and pictures reporting these incidents, also published a front-pageeditorial in the same edition which said, in part:The purpose of this and other. ViBits by groups of U.N. delegates is to sec

Amnericuns in their own communities and homes and become acquainted with a

INTERNATIONAL EDUCATIONAL AND CULTVUAL AFAIiS 5

great and good country and a fine hospitable people. The expenses of thesetrips are defrayed by major American industries. It is private enterprise proudlyshowing America to distinguished guests. Well, the local yokels showed thema thing or two.We are sorry this happened here; but we are sure that the warmth of welcome

and friendship of the people who are really representative of the MontereyPeninsula will be the memory that the visitors will take away with them.

Sioux Cty, IowaIn contrast to the Monterey peninsula, Sioux City, Iowa, is typical

of the considerably larger community which receives hundreds offoreign visitors each year, aided by a compact, efficient organizationalstructure. Like many another town, Sioux City began its organizedreception of foreign visitors in 1952, when the Junior Chamber ofCommerce was asked to arrange a program for eight visitors fromCoburg, Germany. Three years later, the adult education center ofthe local public school system was asked to arrange a 2-month programfor two Indonesian visitor. After these modest beginnings, thenumber of foreign visitors to Sioux City began to increase rapidly:

Vlilore VtIUoro1952 ------------------- -- 8 1960-------------- 161955------------- - 2 1961-- ------------281956--------------- -- 1962-------------------------- 601958---- 2 1963 ----------- ------ 991959 ...-------------.--------3 1964 (from 52 nations)----- 298At first, the city manager programed the visitors, many of whom

were visiting Sioux City to study its municipal government. Whenthis became burdensome, he arranged for the creation (by resolutionof the city council on June 6, 1960) of the Mayor's Committee forInternational Visitors. Despite its official auspices, the committeeoperates as a private, voluntary organization. In 1964 its member-ship included, among others, a physicians a librarian, and a Negro den-tist; a manufacturer, a television executive, a businessman, and themanager of the Sioux City Industrial Development Council; a teacherat a Catholic girls' college, the foreign student adviser at a coed Meth-odist college and a high school girls' counselor; representatives of theAmerican Friends Service Committee, the Experiment in InternationalLiving, and the United Nations Association; and the city managerand his secretary, who run the committee's mail through the city'spostal meter and cover other minor expenses. The budget for 1964was $200 but many volunteers contributed this much or more, out ofpocket.

Organized labor has not designated a representative to sit on theMayor's Committee for International Visitors, but union officialscooperate with the committee. When a group of Turkish laborleaders visited Sioux City, an official of the Communications Workersof America, AFL-CIO, spent a week with them without loss of pay,thanks to his union and the Northwestern Bell Telephone Co. Duringtheir week in Sioux City, the visiting Turks attended the meetings ofthe Iowa State Labor Conference and a picnic sponsored by the Tocalunion of the packinghouse workers, among other events of particularinterest. Their program was typical, the mayor's committee haivinbecome. adept at scheduling an informative and absorbing round ofactivities and events for visitors of any nation or background.The sparkplug of the mayor's committee is the ebullient local public

relations man for a regional dairy chain who first worked with foreign

9.869604064

Table: [No Caption]

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6 1-fAlt1I0fWAL' 'DUOATIOAL AND CULTURAL ALFAIRS

visitors during his term as president of the Junior Chamber of Com-merce. His leadership techniques are simple and effective.Every scrap of information-correspondence with the national

programing agencies, biographical data on incoming visitors, minutesof committee meetings, lists of work assignments, and letters frolnformer visitors--is duplicated and circulated to everyone involved inthe committee's work. Each individual or group of visitors is assignedone or more "committee sponsors"-i.e., committee members willingto help arrange the visitor's program-as well as one or more "specialsponsors." These are Sioux Citians conversant with the visitor'sspecial field of interest who are not regular members of the committeebut may join after a taste of the work.The committee's breakfast meetings, which are held in a downtown

cafeteria only when there is business to transact, are attended bythe special sponsors, who describe the program being developed for"their" visitors and thereby benefit from the collective experience andinsight of the "old hands." Also invited to the committee's meetingsare any foreign visitors who happen to be in town -and any SiouxCitians who are themselves going to or returning from another countryas an exchange, or student. Here, for example, is the notice of oneof the committee's briskly efficient meetings:

EXTRA SPECIAL MEETING NOTICEMAYOIR' COMMITTEE FOR INTERNATIONAL VISITORS

Sioux City, IowaTo: Committee members, special sponsors, sponsors, media.From: Elmer Swenson, chairman.

It has been nearly a-month since our last meeting. We attempt to schedule asfew meetings as necessary. Now it is almost necessary to have 100-percentattendance at our next meeting:WEDNESDAY, February 17, 1965, 7:30 a.m. (SHARP), Bishops Cafeteria

AGENDA1. Introductions and greetings from-Ilornioz Bastami, Tehran, Iran: Experiment' in International Living

student. Special sponsor: Mr. and Mrs. L. Norman Sloan.Sarhad Gilansha, Tehran, Iran: Experiment in International Livihg stu-

dent. Special sponsor: Dr. and MIrs. E. D. McCauley.2. Review activity report:

(Starting date: Jan. 12.)(Starting date: Jan. 18.)

3. Program review and evaluations: Recent visitors-Scheduled visitors.(1) Peruvian Industrial Development Group (1965 visitors Nos; 1-14).

Sioux City visit: January 20-21, 1965.Committee sponsor: George Wimmer.Special sponsor: Industrial Development Couibil.

(2) Colombian student leaders (1965 visitors Nos. 15-26).Sioux City visit: January 29 to February-3, 1965.Committee sponsor: Mrs. Dwight ]Iauff-Dr. Larimer.Special sponsors: Jan Glover and Gene Neven.

(3) Brazilian student leaders (1965 visitors Nos. 27-36).Sioux City visit: February 19-22, 1965.Committee sponsor: Elmer Swenson..Special sponsor: )Dean Duane Wilson, Westmar College.

(4) Peruvian primary school teachers (1965 visitors Nos. 37-50).Sioux City visit: February 26 to March 3, 1965.Committee sponsor: Mrs. Clara May Strain.Special sponsors: Elain Merkley, Wayne Menter, Fred Stuart, andHelen Willenberg.

INTERNATIONAL EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL AFFAIRS

(5) Japanese small business tnaligement study team (1965 visitors Nos.51-60).

Sioux City visit: March 3-6, 1965.Committee sponsor: George Wiimmer.Special sponsors: Don Jacohsen-Yok Jacobsen--Jorg. Petelrsn.

(6) Wayne State University (Detroit) (1965 visitors Nos. 63--87).Countries represnllted: India, Cyloll, \Vietlam, Turkey, Kenya,

Ethiopia, South Africa, Japan, and Indonesia.Sioux City visit: March 30 to April 1, 1965.

4. Program planning session:(1) leruvian primary school teachers: Wayne Menter, Fred Stuart, and

H. Willenberg.(2) Japanese small business management study team: George Wimmer.(3) Wayne State University group of 35.

5. Other business.

Flexibility is necessarily characteristic of the committee's operation.One notable example was the visit of 11 Peruvian teachers who cameto Sioux City to observe its schools. When they arrived, unfortu-nately the schools were closed because of a blizzard. Undaunted,their special sponsor, a high school principal, learned in his initialconversation with the group that all were much impressed by theirglimpses of television during their brief stay in New York City.He immediately arranged a visit to the local television station, whichproved to be a rewarding and appreciated experience.As Sioux City is the trading center for a four-State agricultural

area, the mayor's committee tries to arrange visits to nearby farmhomes for as many visitors as possible. Considerable persuasion isoften required, for many visitors assume that rural living conditionsare as primitive in the United States as in their own countries. Onceon an American farm for a weekend, though, or even an overnightstay, the visitors abandon this misconception. The committeearranges farm home visits with the help of the Agricultural ExtensionService or the National Farm Organization; the Iowa Farm Bureau isalso independently active in this field.Almost 60 foreign students attend Sioux City's two colleges, Briar

Cliff and Morningside. Home hospitality, sightseeing and otheractivities for these students are not generally the responsibility ofthe mayor's committee but are arranged by the American students,faculty families, and hosts recruited by the colleges themselves.The foreign student adviser at Morningside College states that hecannot fill all the requests by Sioux Citians who wish to entertainforeign students,Another veteran member of the mayor's committee comments

that she cannot recall even one instance of being refused when sheasked someone to arrange or offer hospitality or other services for aforeign visitor. At the earliest opportunity, visitors are taken to thelocal newspaper office to be photographed and interviewed; as soonas this publicity appears, they are recognized on the streets and in theshops of the town and hailed as welcome visitors. When the news-paper published an account of a group of visiting Colombians, acobbler hitherto unknown to any of the committee at once got intouch with its chairman. He had spent the first 20 years of his lifein Colombia and the next two decades in Sioux City. Among thisgroup of visitors he subsequently discovered a man he had knownwell, someone from his own village.

H. Doc. 886, 89-2----

7


Such episodes are not uncommon in Sioux City or elsewhere.Everyone who assists foreign visitors has his own tales of interestingcoincidence and unforeseen experiences. A British visitor to Wash-ington, for instance, is charmed to find a cricket match, completewith a tent in which afternoon tea is served, oll the Ellipse behindthe White House. A Nepalese visitor to Sioux City shows photo-graphic slides depicting scenes in his homeland to an informalgathering in someone's living room, and to the delight and amazementof all, one picture plainly reveals the countenance of a Sioux Cityyouth-the son of the host, no less-among a group of Americanswho had journeyed to Nepal to climb Mount Everest.

Six Sioux Citians do some committee work every day, in addition totheir normal occupations, about 25 perform one or another neededchore at least once a week, some 300 are called upon "every few monthsor so," and an estimated 3,000 volunteers are utilized in the course ofa year or more. More significant by far than these statistics, however,is the impact upon the individual Sioux City family and its friends ofentertaining even one foreign visitor.The flavor of these encounters, the nub of the entire exchange

program, is conveyed in the following account, in the column "Fromthe Kitchen Window" written by "Miriam" and published in theFartm Weekly of the Sioux City Journal on March 8, 1P05. It isreproduced here by permission:

FROM THE KITCHEN WINDOW

(By Miriam)Nine inches high and covered with genuine white fleece, our diminutive llama

stands on the bookcase, erect and docile. The tiniest of red beads are his eyes,set deep in his woolly face. Brown thread was used to form the realistic mouth.Bell-shaped decorations, made from bright-colored yarn-blue, pink, and orange-show our llama ready for a feast day in his home country, Peru. Possessing thisartistic replica, authentic evwn to brown spots on two feet and one of the legs,is tangible reminder of a most delightfull visit. Enrique Tapia's weekend stay inour home gave us all an increased appreciation of his native land, and of our own.

Driving to the city to meet our Peruvian guest, we mused upon the possiblereverse of the situation. Suppose that one of us went to his city, Puno (port onLake Titicaca) with a delegation of 12 from the United States. Suppose thatafter traveling with the group, one of us was met by a farm family and trans-ported to a home out in the country, to remain overnight and all day with peoplewho could speak only a few words of our language.

It. was at the breakfast table on Sunday morning that we really began to feelacquainted. Groping for words and gestures which would be meaningful, wecould now liand then evoke enthusiastic response. Using the atlas, Enrique showedus where he was born in Arequipa Province, where he attended college at SanJuan Bosco in P11t1o, where lie now teaches a class of first grade (primary) pupils,in the same city where lie received higher education. When we picked up lastIF(bruary's National Geographic (1964) with the article entitled "The FiveWorlds of Peru," we became quite successfully conversational.

Tlhe first picture we opened to was the two-page view of Machtu Picchu. En-rique indicated that he had toured the Inca ruins there, and pointed eagerly atthe lookout to which he had climbed. Ilis first sight of Lima, he told us, had beenen route to the United States. The beautiful mountain El Misti was, of course,very familiar to a southern Peruvian. It was when we looked together at thepicture of llamas on page 252 that Enrique quickly excused himself and hurriedupstairs to the room where he had slept. Returning, he carried the toy llama andpassed it around for all to inspect. Then, with a supreme effort to be clearlyunderstood, he took the little animal into his own hands once more, held it outtoward his hostess, and smilingly pronounced the words: "For you."

After church, good friends joined us for dinner and the afternoon. Enriquenever seemed to tire of our efforts to converse with him. As we struggled, aided

INTERNATIONAL EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL AFFAIRS 9

by our Christmas-gift world language dictionary, we learned interesting factsabout his carpenter father, seamstress mother, chauffeur brother, and youngermembers of the family who are attending school. Sometimes, friend M. com-mented afterward, our talk resembled a good, fast game of Password. Perhapsthe most involved question was: "lHow did you happen to choose to teach grade1? There were frantic efforts by tlhe young folks to discover the Spanish wordsfor "choose," for "why," for "primary pupils." When at last Enrique under-stood what was being asked, the answer was classically simple: "I like."In larger citiesAmong cities of! 50,000 to 500,000 population are found 35 percent

of the voluntary foreign visitor organizations responding to the Com-mission's survey. Among cities of 500,000 to 1 million populationare an additional 12 percent. Representative of foreign visitororganizations in cities of this size are those of Dallas, Tex., alndAtlanta, Ga.

Dallas, Tex.Founded in 1954, the Dallas Committee for Foreign Visitors is

among the oldest and best developed of the volunteer organizationsstudied for purposes of this report. It is a virtually autonomous unitof the Dallas Council on World Affairs, with its own roster of vol-unteers and supporters, its own annual budget ($2,300 in 1964),and its own modest endowment fund. Its 1,100 volunteers served900 visitors from 60 countries in 1964, with a paid staff of 1 part-timestenographer.The secret of the committee's effectiveness is not its subtly per-

suasive general chairman but the ingenious methods she has devisedfor actively involving more than one volunteer per foreign visitorduring the course of a year.A chart of the committee's structure may be conceived as resembling

an hourglass with a small upper chamber and a much larger lowervessel. The smaller portion of the committee structure consists of anadvisory committee representative of the leading citizens of Dallas,a finance chairman whose private solicitations secure annual pledgesto meet the committee's budget and increase its endowment, and asmall steering committee whose membership rotates among theorganization's old hands. The general chairman is the nexlis betweenthese bodies and the larger groups that conduct the committee'sprincipal business.

Thirty "coordinating chairmen" bear the primary responsibilityfor planning and overseeing the local program of the visitors directedto the I)allas Commnittee for Foreign Visitors. Each chairman handlessome 6 to 10 assignments per year. He is in complete charge ofarranging a well-rounded schedule for his visitor or group of visitors.The coordinating chairmen are ordinary middle-income citizens of

Dallas--businessmen, housewives, architects, lawyers, engineers,professors. Some have lived or traveled abroad and speak otherlanguages; many lack this background, however. They have ad-vanced to their key position in the committee through the ranks,usually starting as escort-guides or dinner or luncheon hosts.When the coordinating chairman begins to pJan a visitor's program

in Dallas, he works with his telephone und the so-called rainbowdeveloped over the years by the committee's indefatigable generalchairman. The "rainbow" is a booklet of duplicated letter-sizesheets, each section of which is on paper of a different color. It lists


all tlhe,eople 11n(l cotllunitity resources that the coordinating chair-a111n11 lll'y call 11))11 ill tle( visitor's b)ealllf.

'l'1e li1leir dinner cmol1lltittee, for example, consists of a chairnian,a clochairimanl, Iandt 10 "list ch}iirinen," each of whom has developeda list of 15 to 3() couples in Dallas that are willing to invite foreignvisitors f o theirllhoines for dinner. Each list chairman rotates thelhnolols so thlat, lost fariluiliesImay p1lay Io)st ablot once each Iionth.

'I'le( coor(dillit.ing clthirimaln furnisles biographical data about thevisitor to thie llolle dinner comnllittee chairmen, specifying the datesfor which hospitality is required. 'This reqllest is passed along to oneor more list chatllir11eni, (ldepenling upon how many visitors are to beentertain. IThe list, cllairan, whose roster -inclhides fanlilies ofvarious interests and backgrotind(ls, (}cooses It sllitable host for thevisitor and pullts the host in direct. contact with tile coordinating chair-miian to work out slhll detailss as meeting place, time, and( transporta-tion.

Backstoplling the coo(rlinating 0chaJlrmn1 Stas they make dinnerarr111angements is the comnilittee's general chliirmann, upon whom theycan call if tlhe list,chairmen cannot produce it lost family and are11nab11le to entertaill tlle visitor themselves. 'l'ie general chairn an,in turn , keeps in reserve what slie lightlheatrtedly calls her"INOEWF'(YWW Clu," the letters signifying "If No One Else Will'Feed(l Youl, 'We Will." M'is}haps (lo occur, ofcourse. On one memora-ble occasion, a group of 40 foreign military officers was scheduled tocomet,o l)allas. Home hospitality hlad been arranged when, at thelast mninuite, wordca(tme that t-hey would not arrive. "All over town,p)eoplle wereeLeating chiicken casserole for the rest of that week,"one volunteer chuckled reminiscently.By consulting the "rainbow," the coordinating chairmen may ar-

range luncheons its well as dinners for their visitors at luncheon clubsor in homes. A corps of morethan 100 volunteer escort-guides isalso listed, each member of which is available with an automobile on

one specifiedlhalf-day per month, (during the evening or on weekends.If tlie escort-guides speak other languages or are familiar with variouscountries of the world, these facts, too, are noted for the guidance ofthe coordinating chairman.IFinally, the "rainbow" lists severalscore-organizations and indi-

viduails that the coordinating chairman may utilize in building avisitor's programn---business, professional, religious, and women'sorganizations ; foreign language groups; educational, cultural, civic,political, and so(iail welfare institutions , both public c and private;and many business houses, factories, plants, farms, and ranches.In each casetih e coordinating chairman finds intih e "rainbow" suchinformation as whom to contact, what services are offered, how muchadvance notice is required, and when tours are available.The nature and extent of the responsibility borne by the volunteer

coordinating chairmen, as well as the variety of visitors entertainedin Dallas during a typical month, may be learned from the followingsummary of the detailed reports sent to the committee's generalchairman by the coordinating chairmen active during February 1964.A summary of this kind is duplicated each month and circulated toall who join inthe committee's work;

VISITORS AND COORDINATING CHAIRMEN

February 1-2 (U.S. Army Headquarters):Delegation of 21 Chilean Army officers. Orien-tation tour. Chile: Group 1-64. Headquar-ters, Department of Army, Washington,D.C. (Mr. Charles Cleaver.) (See DCFVfile for list of names.)

February 2-6 (Council on Leaders and Spe-cialists): Mr. Jean Castarede, Deputy Chief,Cabinet of the Minister of Education, 41, rueCopernic, Paris 16e, France, and his wife,Mrs. Marie Castarede. (Dr. Sydney C.Reagan.)

PROGRAMS ARRANGED FOR THE VISITORS

Saturday: Though directed to DCFV as host, much interest was shown in this group.The Chilean consul, as well as the consuls from El Salvador, Mexico, and Colombia, thecity of Dallas, the chamber of commerce, and Braniff Airways, along with members ofthe press, greeted tie visitors on arrival. Keys to the city were given them, as wereTexas hats. Mr. and Mrs. Cleaver were there quietly representing DCFV. Thegroup were taken by Army bus on sightseeing tour before going to hotel to check in.The visitors (in groups of two and three) were invited into Dallas homes for dinner.

Iost homes were those of: C. F. McCov, Lynn V\an Meter, Lee Gibson, RichardKoons, J. R. Freeman, Ted Dysart, Ralph Pinkus, and F. J. Esteve.Sunday: Morning free as requested. Taken to airport in Army bus. Mr. and Mrs.

Cleaver were there to see them off and to hear that the home dinners in DCFV homeswere the best part of their program.

Sunday: Late evening arrival. Met by Dr. Reagan and taken to hotel.Monday: Escorted by Dr. Reagan, host for lunch at Faculty Club with a group of

Southern Methodist University faculty members. Meeting with faculty and graduatestudents of Department of Economics, where Mr. Castarede was speaker.Visit with Mr. Sam Bloom to discuss the public relations aspects of the school inte-gration effort. Mrs. Castarede was guest of Mrs. Elizabeth Walmsley (SMU ArtDepartment) for lunch and visit to see interesting architectural examples in the city.Both visitors were guests for dinner in the home of Mr. and Mrs. Ray Nasher.

Tuesday: Mr. Castarede visited offices of Mr. Joe Belden and discussed with himhis work in the evaluation of public opinion (which is his business), then was taken byGen. Robert Smith to lunch with the World Trade Committee of the Chamber ofCcoa.merce, and accompanied him on a tour of the foreign departments of RepublicNational and First National banks, then for visit to the Federal Reserve bank, andback to hotel.

Mrs. Castarede was taken by Mrs. Umberto Gabbi for lunch and to visit ValleyHouse Art Gallery and returned to hotel.Both visitors were guests in the home of the Reagans for dinner. Guests also were

Dean and Mrs. John Hicks and Dr. and Mrs. Carter Murphy.Wednesday : Mr. Castarede went, unescorted, for the following appointments ar-ranged by Dr. Reagan: visit to Shedd-Bartush Foods; lunch with Charles Bartush;appointment with Mr. Warren Leslie, promotion manager of Neiman-Marcus: to theChamber of Commerce for talk with Mr. Andrew DeShong; and for visit with Mr.John Leedom, county chairman of Republican Party..Mrs. Castarede was guest of Mrs. Lee Star for lunch and tour of art museums.

Both visitors were dinner guests in the home of Miss Sandra Nelon and other col-leagues of hers in the teaching profession.

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VISITORS AND COORDINATING CHAIRMEN

February 2-9 (Department of Labor): Mr.Chin Ying Huang, Chine-se Petroleum Co.,Taiwan. (Mr. Jack Shaddock.)

February 6-7 (Unsponsored): VaiinupoAlailima, Samoa. (Mrs. Marshall Ware.)

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February 6-8 (Governmental Affairs In-stitute): Prince Tupout'a Tungi, Prime Min-ister of Tonga. Add: Nuku'alofa, Tonga,Southwest Pacific. Escort: Mir. John Dor-rance. (Mr. George Haddaway.)

PROGRAMS ARRANGED FOR THE VISITORS

Thursday: Driven by MIrs. H. W. Garton to Carrollton where Mr. Jack Blantonescorted for visits with farmers and to the Rotary luncheon where Mr. Blanton (runningfor political office) spoke. Driven back to hotel by MIr. Blanton. Taken by Dr.Reagan to airport for departure.

Sunday: Met on arrival by Mr. Shaddock, who discussed with visitor his plan for aweek of training through Bureau of Apprenticeship and Training, D)epartment ofLabor. The parts of the program involving 1)CFV facilities were:Monday: Dinner in the home of MIr. and Mrs. Don Wright.Tuesday: Dinner in the home of Mr. and Mrs. James Wilson.Friday: Dinner in home of the Shaddocks. All days were filled with trainingschedules. Remainder of time free.Sunday: Departure.Thursday: (This visitor was an old friend of Prince Tungi and had come to )Dallas

primarily to sec him. See report below.) lie had called Mrs. Emery on arrival.The Wares took the assignment. Mr. Ware went to bus station where visitor waswaiting, took him to his home for breakfast.

Mrs. Walter Westerledge took him sightseeing and to her home for lunch, then backto the Wares. When the Prince arrived, he was contacted by the Wares through hiscoordinating chairman, Mr. Haddaway, to determine whether the Prince desired tomeet with Mr. Alailima. iec was acquainted with this visitor and a meeting wasarranged at the Prince's hotel. Mr. Aiailima, accompanied by the Wares to the busstation, left for Mexico.

Thursday: Met by Mr. Haddaway and taken to Bell Helicopter for ride over thearea (this was a special request of the visitor who is planning the use of helicopter fortransportation among his various islands). Dinner guests of Mr. and Mrs. Haddaway.DCWA provided tickets for visitors to attend special dinner meeting of the council,but visitor was tired and preferred a quiet private dinner and then early to bed.

Friday: Driven by Mrs. James McNamara to the Southwestern Legal Center fortour of the center and to luncheon given in honor of the Prince by Dean R. G. Storey,President of the Legal Center. Other university officials were present. Dr. RicheyHogg, professor of world christianity at Perkins School of Theology, escorted visitorfor visit to the seminary.

Prince Tungi and Ir.' Dorrance were picked up there by Mr. A. K. Herbert andtaken to the Claton Wyman ranch for a visit.

Saturday: Visitor, having expressed a wish to see an oil field, was scheduled to beflown by private plane (arranged by Mr. Haddaway) to east Texas, but a change in thetravel plans of the visitor caused this to be canceled so that he could take an earlymorning flight to -louston.

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February 10-12 (Council on Leaders andSpecialists): Miss Barbara Heliodora, theatercritic for "Jornal do Brazil," Rio de Janeiro,Brazil. (Mrs. James Pratt.)

February 12-14 (Institute of InternationalEducation (IIE)): Mr. Boris Grabnar, editorfor cultural and educational programs, Radio-TV, Ljublijana Strosmajerjeva 6a/I Ljublijana,Yugoslavia. (Mr. James Wiley.)

February 12-16 (Japan Productivity Cen-ter) Product Planning Study Team JPC No.63020: 11 rmenbers (see names in DCFV files).Interpreters: Mr. Shiro Sato, Mr. Fukuzawa,Harutoshi. (Dr. and Mrs. W. F. Lovejoy.)

February 13-16 (Governmental Affairs Insti-tute): Mr. Nobuichi Aoki, assistant foreignnews editor of Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Tokyo,Japan. Escort: Mr. Tatsuya Komatsu. (Mr.Robert M. Trent.)

Monday: Met on arrival by Mrs. Helen Braker and taken to hotel.Tuesday: Mrs. Pratt hosted visitor for breakfast in the Zodiac Room and a visit to

Neiman-Marcus, as this was the only sightseeing she wished to do. Following thisshe was taken to the Theater Center for an appointment with Dr. Baker and to watchperformances and attend classes there. Dinner in home of Mr. and Mrs. GeorgeCharleton.

Wednesday: Morniing departure.Mr. Grabnar, scheduled through IIE to arrive on February 10, didn't arrive until

the 12th. No notice of this delay was given us. A full day's program, includingdinner in home of Bob Grimes, was canceled for the 11th. An entirely new programhad to be arranged after he arrived.

Wednesday: Lunch with Mr. Wiley. Tours of WFAA-TV and Dallas News. Eveningfree.

Thursday: Escorted by Mrs. Albert Halff to Theater Center for meeting with play-wright Eugene McKinney and Director Paul Baker. In the afternoon he was takenby Mrs. Dan Williams to visit Educational TV. Mr. Wiley took visitor to dinnerand to the evening performance at the Theater Center.

Friday: Departure.Wednesday: Met on arrival by Dr. Lovejoy. Took limousines to hotel.Thursday: LTV tour, arranged from Washington.Friday: Visit to Kraft Foods plant in Garland where Mr. H. L. Luck, head of person-

nel, was host for complete tour, for lunch, and for question session. Escort-guidestaking the group on this trip were Mrs. Robert Giles, Mr. William Nickey, and Mrs. J.J. Gibson. Evening free.

Saturday: Free as requested until dinner time. Dinners,in the homes of: Dr. andMrs. Alan Pierce, Mr. and Mrs. M. L. Downey, Mr. and Mrs. Richard Fletcher, andDr. and Mrs. Alan Reid.Sunday: Taken to airport for morning departure by Mrs. Dick Weston, Mrs. Cath-

erine Terranella, and Mrs. Elizabeth Pitts.Thursday: Morning arrival. Met by Mr. Trent, taken by him to hotel. Program

discussed. Time for rest. Afternoon sightseeing with Mrs. John Pyatt and to bothnewspapers for appointments with editors.

Escorted by Mr. Trent to the home of Mr. and Mrs. Brooks Keller, dinner hosts.Friday: Mrs. Philip Lindsley escorted visitor for appointments with Judge Sarah T.

Hughes, William J. Gealy, and Mr. Frank Crowley, then back to hotel. Afternoonescort, Carl Brannin took visitor for appointments with leading Negroes of Dallas, Dr.Dudley Powell and Mrs. Julia Scott. Dinner in the home of Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Baker.

Saturday: Miss Carlotta Khalifah was escort for the day, taking visitor for appoint-ments with Mr. S. J. Hay, Mr. Stanley Marcus, Mr. William J. Clark, and Rabbi LeviOlan. Dinner in the home of Mr. Otto Wetsel.Sunday: Morning free as requested. Taken by Mr. Trent to airport for noon

departure.

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The Dallas Committee for Foreign Visitors has been notablysllccessful in extending its program to the smaller nearby communitiesof Carrollton, Corsicana, Denton, Garland, Grapevine, Greenville,Kaulfman, Longview, Richardson, Sherman, and Terrell, Tex., amongotelors. In each town, chairmen are ready to arrange for sightseeingtrips, overnight visits, Iand tours of farms and ranches. Many Latin-American visitors, especially Argentines, are particularly interested inranch visits.

Dallas is, of course, an important American city, several of whosemajor industries atrc heavily engaged in international trade. Con-sIllaLtes of eight; foreign nations are located in the city. Hence it is notwholly surprising to learn that, when lan Indian visitor attended a

fundraising luncheon for the Dallas Civic Opera, 8 of the 100 ladiespresent hlad visited or lived in India and numbered among theirfriends Ildians known p)rsoallly to tlhe visitor.Bit it. is slurprising--and heartening.---to lean that in CaIrrollton,

Tex., where tile committee's most active volunteer is a grain and feedmerchant, he is ablle to call upon such local hosts as the city manager,who is of Greek descent and fllelnt ill that language; a Peruvian factoryowner, and tile presi(lent of a mIjor· American corporation who travelsextensively throughout tlhe world with his multilingual wife. If eventhis small community (can muster so many internationally mindedcitizens and language skills, perhaps we Americans are not quite theilliterates in foreign affairs that we often take ourselves to be.The coordinating chairman of the Dallas Committee serves also as

coordinator of canTmpis-commulnity activities for foreign students atSouthern Methlodist U1iversity. This office is a referral and servicepoint for many arrangements in behalf of foreign students that areoutside the scope of the university's foreign student adviser.Southern Methodist University enrolls about 100 foreign students in

its undergradiiate stuldentt. body of 3,200. Each fall volunteer hostfamilies are recruited; anttd each new foreign student is offered anintroduction to a host, family interested in meeting hini, keeping intouch with him through tile school year, inviting him to their home formeals and family cclel)lrations, and taking him to sports and culturalevents, outings, and picnics. ''This list of more than 200 host familiesoverlaps to some extent tlhe list of the home dinner committee of theDallas Connmmittee for International Visitors, but the two are by nomeans identical.

'lThe call)puS-comliunity coordinator also helps arrange activitiesfor wives of foreign students, locates and prepares foreign students forspeaking engagements with (clubs, churches, and civic groups andsees that students lIuve opportunities to meet visitors of note fromtheir homelands. Physicians, nurses, technicians, and specialistsstudying in D)allas hospitals and business firms are also offered theseactivities. A newl)rogramn consists of Sunday morning gatheringsof American and foreign students to discuss religion on a comparativebasis. The topic of each session is one particular faith, and the meet-ing is usually followed by lunch either at a church or someone's home.Each foreign student is also invited, during his first year in Dallas,

to visit one of the smaller, nearby communities--either individuallyor in a small group-for an overnight stay. Lanmpassas, for example,has welcomed a busload of foreign students. Once each year, inaddition, the university invites all foreign students in the city to acampus tea.


In 1952, the International and Comparative Law Center of theSouthwestern Legal Foundation at Southern Methodist Universitybegan a summer program for mature members of the legal professionfrom other nations-judges, government officials, professors, andpracticing attorneys. In addition to their formal studies in Americanand international legal and business systems, for which no academiccredits or degrees are offered, their stay in Dallas includes ampleprofessional and personal contact with members of the Dallas benchand bar. In 1964, for example, this 8-week program, which is nowwell established as the Summer Academy of American and Inter-national Law, was attended by 40 students representing 23 countries.These visitors were given many opportunities to meet their opposite

numbers in the courts, law firms, business firms, and civic organiza-tions of Dallas. Weekend hospitality at homes and ranches wasarranged by the campus-community coordinator.The SMU law school also enrolls foreign students-but only licensed

attorneys with at least 2 years of professional experience. In 1 yearof residence at the Dallas campus, they can earn an LL.M. degree.These students do a great deal of public speaking at churches, serviceclubs, and luncheon groups. During the spring vacation periodthey travel in- a body through various parts of Texas, their host beingthe organized bar of each community. Tllis annual tour ends atAustin, where they are the guests of the State supreme court.

Atlanta, Ga.Formation of the local volunteer organizations described in this

report generally has been spurred, not by the national agencies, publicand private, under whose auspices many foreign visitors come to theUnited States, but rather by informal personal contact and gen-graphical propinquity. This is notably illustrated in the case of theAtlanta Committee for International Visitors.

Prior to the informal organization of the committee in September1962, sponsored foreign visitors were usually an added responsibilityof the small staff of the Southern Regional Council, which has head-quarters in Atlanta. The council is a long-established race-relationsagency with affiliations in each of the Southern States and manyindividual members and friends throughout the urban and ruralSouth. It is only natural that foreign visitors interested in observingthe changing pattern of race relations.in that region, as many wereand still are, should be directed to the council for consultation,development of itinerary, introductions to knowledgeable people invarious communities and home hospitality.As the number of foreign visitors increased, however, the U.S.

Office of Education began to ask the council, for example, to arrangegeneral programs in Atlanta alone for visiting groups of foreignteachers of English. The U.S. Department of Commerce, to citeanother example, was then requesting the Atlanta Women's Chamberof Commerce to arrange hospitality opportunities for unsponsoredbusiness visitors to the city. It then became apparent to many thatAtlanta required an organization specifically to serve foreign visitorswhose interests were not limited to race relations.The origins of the Dallas Committee for International Visitors

were not entirely local. Its coordinating chairman began her-workwith foreign law students at the Southern Methodist University and

H. Doc. 886, 89-2---

15


then moved into communitywide service. On the other hand, itsoriginal president and board chairman, a prominent industrialist,had moved to Dallas from Cleveland, where he had been active in theforeign visitor program of the World Affairs Council of that city,which was a pioneer in this new field of community and internationalservice.As Cleveland had provided a model for Dallas, Dallas now helped

stimulate and guide Atlanta. The coordinating chairman of theDallas group made two trips to Atlanta, with the aid of COSERV,to discuss her work with a number of interested Atlantans. Thefirst visit did not result in the organization of a volunteer group, notonly because much of the community leadership was deeply involvedin the struggle surrounding desegregation of the local schools, butalso because Atlanta, in the opinion of many, did not yet perceiveitself as a magnet for large numbers of visitors from abroad.

Nevertheless, Atlantans themselves were traveling abroad inincreasing numbers; the mayor and some 40 leading businessmen hadrecently toured Western Europe, for example. Community aware-ness of international visitors to Atlanta was thus growing steadily,so that in September 1962, after the second visit and pep-talk byDallas' coordinating chairman, the Atlanta Committee for Interna-tional Visitors was organized. By April 1964, the committee wasfunctioning in office space donated by a hotel, with an annual budgetof $7,000 met by a 3-year commitment from the "Forward Atlanta"promotional fund of the Chamber of Commerce.The committee's first general chairman, who still occupies the

position, was familiar with Cleveland's outstanding foreign visitorprogram. She, in turn, has added another link to the lengtheningchain of community service organizations, with the support ofCOSERV (National Council for Community Services to InternationalVisitors), by encouraging and aiding people in Huntsville, Ala., toform their own volunteer group to serve foreign visitors.The Atlanta Committee for International Visitors, whose member-

ship is predominantly female, currently has one paid employee, whosed.ie. atre chiefly secretarial. Six volunteers work for the committeeevery day, 30 assume some responsibilities each week, about 200 arecalled on every few months or so, and another 500 serve in somecapacity once or twice during a year. Escort-guides alone number150. In 1964 the committee served 400 visitors from 85 countries;in the first quarter of 1965, alone, more than 200 visitors had beenregistered by the committee.Upon his arrival in Atlanta each visitor -receives his specially

prepared itinerary and a letter of welcome from the committee:WELCOME TO ATLANTA:The Atlanta Committee for International Visitors wants you to know how happy

we are that you have come to see us, and how hopeful we are that your visit willbe both enjoyable and rewarding.

So that you may better understand us, may we explain just how our com-mittee works? We are a volunteer group-a group of citizens who have beendrawn together by shared interests:

(1) We love Atlanta and are proud to show her off to visitors.(2) We are interested in international affairs.(3 We are anxious to know men and women from other countries and to

have them know us, for only in this way can we hope to gain the mutualknowledge and understanding that can lead to the world peace and friend-ship for which we all long.

16

INTERNATIONAL EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL AFFAIRS 17We have tried to arrange your visit to include a variety of things, both enter-

taining and educational. We seek to give you a true and balanced picture ofAtlanta. We sincerely hope that your schedule will be to your liking, becausewe have tailored it especially for you. And we have done this only because weare interested in you and want to know and help you. When our business andprofessional men and women take time out from their duties to be with you, it isbecause they want to share ideas and methods; when you are invited to our homes,it is because we want to extend the hand of friendship through informal enter-tainment. Your visit honors us, and our earnest wish is that you share ourenthusiasm.The beloved Scottish poet, Robert Burns, knew human failings well when he

said that "the best laid schemes of mice an' men gang aft agley." We hopethat your visit will run smoothly, but should anything go wrong don't hesitateto call either your program chairman-------- at telephone number----or-at telephone number -..-------

Now, enjoy yourself. Please understand that, although your limited timemeans that only a few of us can know you, you are a welcome guest in all ourhearts.

Sincerely,The Atlanta Committeefor International Visitors.

As indicated by the following reports of visitors' schedules, selectedfrom among several hundred in the committee's files, usually foreignvisitors are met by a committee volunteer, either upon arrival inAtlanta or soon thereafter.Schedule arranged for: Mr. Bong-ryong Hong. (Country: Korea.)Coordinating chairman: Mrs. E. M. Dunstan.Sent by: Institute of International Education, Houston, Tex.Thursday, May 16

10:20 a.m.: Met at plane by Mrs. Dunstan and program was discussed. Mr.Hong was pleased with plans, but expressed strong desire to meet and talk withsome Koreans. Mrs. Dunstan made some suggestions as to how he might spendthe afternoon, and he elected to go on his own to the Arts Festival at PiedmontPark. During the afternoon, dinner was arranged at the home of Dr. and -Mrs.Dunstan, and two graduate students at Emory University, Mr. Young Cho andMr. Chang Cho (no relation) were inv'td. Dr. Dunstan picked them up atEmory and Mr. Hong at the Atlantan Hotel.Friday, May 17

Dr. Albert E. Stone, chairman of the English Department, Emory University,called for Mr. Hong at 9:30 a.m. and took him to Emory. IHe had conferenceswith those whom he had expressed a wish to see and others, including Dr. R. E.English, editor of the Emory Quarterly. lie was a guest of Emory for lunch and,after other conferences in the afternoon, he returned to his hotel. That eveninghe had dinner with his Korean friends.Saturday, May 18

Dr. William C. Geren, pastor of Dogwood Baptist Church and brother of Dr.Paul Geren, U.S. Ambassador to Southern Rhodesia, called for Mr. Hong and tookhim to his home for lunch. After lunch, Dr. and Mrs. Geren drove him out to seeStone Mountain and other points of interest, returning to the hotel around 6 p.m.Sunday, May 19

Dr. and Mrs. James K. Fancher called for him at 9:30 a.m. and took him toservices at First Presbyterian Church, lunch at Mammy's Shanty and then visitedthe Cyclorama and the Wren's Nest, in addition to seeing some of the lovely homeson the Northside. (It was while getting out of the Famcher car at Mammy'sShanty that Mr. Hong mashed his right thumb. It was most painful for a fewminutes and then the pain subsided, and he mentioned it only casually to Mrs.Fancher. When they left him at the hotel at 6:30 p.m., he assured them it was

-not paining him.)Monday, May £0Mr. Grady Randolph, professor of international relations, called for Mr. Hong

at 9:30 a.m., and he appeared on a WETV program shown over the school net-

18 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL AFFAIRS.

work. Mr. handolph drove him to Agnes Scott College, where he was a guest forlunch. Dr. Margaret 'rotter was at the table with him and Mrs. Dunstan, andafter lunch she gave him some anthologies of prose fiction which he seemed tovalue highly. Mr. Hong spoke to a seminar on international organizations,discussing UNESCO, from 2 to 3:15 p.m. During this time, it was evident thathe was in pain because of his finger. When pressed for information, he said thatit had begun to hurt around 9 p.m. Sunday night and that he had not slept becauseit had throbbed so painfully. It was swollen and showed need of attention.Mra. Dunstan canceled his 5 p.m. appointment with the International RelationsClub and took him to the lowance Clinic for medical attention. Dr. Dunstanilad to lance the thumbnail to release some of the clotted blood. It was mostpainful, but Mr. Hong felt better immediately. lIe was given medicine to relievehis pain, taken to the-hotel, and told to return the next morning to have it dressed.Tuesday, Mfay 21

Mr. Hong used the (lay to go back to Emory and revisit the Cyclorama andWren's N\est. lie went first to have his hand dressed and reported a good nightandl no pai. lie called Mrs. I)unstan at (:30 p.1m., saying he had a good (lay,no pain, andl would leave early Wednesday morning.

(FIL, 29)Schedule arranged for: 22 Peruvian law students, graduates of Law School of

University of Arlcquipa, alnd( 1 professor, acconlpanied by 3 State departmenttvscort-interl)reters.

Coordinlltillg chairmen: Mirs. John J. Inl)ert and Mrs. Josel)h Hnns.Sent by: li.S. Dl)pyrtment of State, participating in the Special Exclange Pro-

grami of the lBlreau of Edulcational anld Cultural Affairs. The program wasarranged b)y the National Social Welfare Assemibly.

Monday, .iJne 24Arrived at. Atlanta airport 9:32 a.m. on Northwest Airlines. Mrs. Lambert

and Mlrs. hIlas met then at Atlantan oltel to discuss program with them.Mr. John Settelmayer was present to discusss the tour of the city planned for theafternoon.

1:15 p.m1.: The State of Georgia D)epartment of Commerce loaned a NationalGuard bus to take visitors on tour of the city, which was narrated by Mr. JohnSettelmayer. First stop was a visit to Fulton County Courthouse, where mem-bers of the Atlanta Bar Association met group, took them to the courts and inter-prctedl proccdur(es.

4:1( p.m.: Iich's, Inc., served tea at its Lennox Square Store after whichthey had an opportunity to see tils unusual shopping center and to shop inany of the stores.

5:30 p.m.: Returned to hotel. Evening was free.Tuesday, June £S

First ststolped at State Court and had a complete tour of the Records Division,files and duplicating machines in action. The Bar Association had arranged avisit to a trial in the Superior Court, and Judge Sam McKenzie was most graciousand explained the entire proceedings to the group allowing the interpreter timeto translate. It was a murder trial with a jury. They asked many questions ofthe judge about the jury. This was one of the most interesting phases of theirvisit. They were also invited by the judge to see his and Judge Pharr's chambers,and they were greatly impressed.

1:30 p.m.: There were sufficient cars to transport guests from the hotel to meetappointments made for them at 2 p.m. at Atlanta University. Visitors met withMr. Howard Moore, a lawyer who handled school desegregation cases, and alsoMr. Don IHollowell. Miss Norah McNiven, public relations officer of the uni-versity, arranged a tour of the campus and art gallery and a meeting with someof the students,

In the evening, hospitality for dinner had been arranged. Ten members werepicked up at 4:30 by Mrs. James K. Dobbs and another car to attend the annualpicnic given by the Circulo Espagnole and the Pan American Club for foreignvisitors, which was held at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Buffington in Lithonla,Ga. The rest of the group had home hospitality as follows: Mr. and Mrs. DanStark, Mr. and Mrs. G. H. Boggs, Mr. and Mrs. Brainard T. Webb, Dr. and


Mrs. H. Sanchez Moreno, Mr. and Mrs. Edward J. Kern, and Mr. and Mrs.W. G. Parmenter.Wednesday, June 26Guests of the Atlanta Bar Association for the day. Arrangements were made by

Mr. Grigsby Wotton, president, and Mr. M. K. Pentecost chairman of publicrelations committee, to pick up group at hotel at 9 a.m. At 10 a.m. the groupvisited Federal Court for a naturalization ceremony. After this, small groupsvisited various law firms. Group had lunch at the Lawyers Club at 12:30 p.m.In the afternoon they were taken to the Law School of Emory University. DeanBen Johnson showed them around. Had conferences with faculty and students.

Thursday, June 27At noon they were picked up and taken to Mrs. John Lambert's home for a pic-

nic lunch. Arrangements had been made to take them to Tate, Ga., for a visitto the Georgia Marble Co. which buys some marble from Peru. The companywas to furnish a Spanish-speaking escort, Mr. Citarella, but these plans had to bechanged because of the rain. (It rained the entire time the group was here.)The group was picked up by the same volunteer drivers who were to take them tothe mountains-Mrs. Richard Stephens, Mrs. Thomas Bockman, Mrs. FrankUmhau, Mrs. John J. Lambert, Miss Cathy Ellis, the daughter and son of Mrs.Lambert. Drove out Peachtree Road; two cars stopped and visited Christ theKing Cathedral and two cars stopped at General Motors plant at Doraville,where they saw the assembly line. They were so fascinated, they wanted to stayfor a second tour. The picnic lunch was enjoyed very much; the volunteerdrivers furnished same. The group brought some Peruvian records, and alldanced and sang and had a gay time.We had an appointment at Lockheed Aircraft Corp. at 2 p.m., and the officials

were very cordial and furnished about six gentlemen as guides, one of whom spokeSpanish. In addition to a tour of the complete plant, they showed movies, in-cluding one of Peru and how the Lockheed Hercules airlifted earthmoving equip-ment to build roads on the eastern side of the Andes. Lockheed also rolled backthe great doors and took a picture of the group and made copies for all members.We got the group back to the hotel about 6 p.m., and the group said they had noidea that during their entire visit to the States they would have as much oppor-tunity to know the people, and this was what they enjoyed the most. Especiallydid they enjoy being able to talk to the four teenagers and discuss with them sociallife, dancing, etc.Friday, June £8Group left at 9 a.m. by chartered Trailways bus for Louisville, Ky.

(FILE 55)Schedule arranged for: Mr. Phillippe Yav (Country: Katanga Province, the

Congo) (escort-interpreter: Mr. John Abbott.).Coordinating chairman: Mr. David Warner.Mr. Yav is youth activities director.Monday, Sept. 30

Arrived at airport 8:38 p.m., Delta No. 884, from Dallas, Tex., met by Mr.Warner, who took visitors to Peachtree Manor Hotel and discussed their agendawith them. The schedule was altered by Mr. Warner after Mr. Yav made itclear he needed time to rest and was very anxious to get out into the country.Tuesday, October 19:45 a.m.: Mr. Warner picked up the visitors at their hotel.10 a.m.: Visited Fulton County Juvenile Center. Discussion with probation

officials and observed juvenile court in action and made a tour of' the facilities.Later Mr. Howard of the probation staff took visitors on tour of the city,

including varied housing, Negro and white, schools, etc. Lunch at Paschal'swith Mr. Howard.

4 to 7 p.m.: Free time.7 p.m.: Mr. Warner picked up visitor, took him to Morehouse College and in-

troduced him to faculty members and other regular participants in Africa SeminarSeries chaired by Dr. Arthur Banks, Jr. Dr. James Gibbs of University of


Minnesota spoke on "Overview of African Culture." The visitor found thelecture interesting, plls being impressed by Americans taking serious interest inAfrica.

10:30 p.m.: Returncd to hotel.Wednesday, October 2

10 a.m.: Mr. Warner picked up visitor to attend discussions at SouthernRegional Council, with Mr. Vernon Jordan and others.Noon to 6:45 p.m.: Free time.6:45 p.m.: MIr. Warner picked up visitor at hotel and took him to home of Mr.

and Mlrs. Ilarold Graham for dinner. After dinner, some guests came in forgeneral discussion. (Guests included Miss Katherine IPalham of College Park, areturned Methodist missionary who had spent many years in the Congo and whospeaks Swahili and French fluently. Mr. Yav knew of hbr and said his wife stillspeaks of Miss Parhain very often. The discussions dealt with racial problems,and Mr. Yav was enabled to get an exposure to the deep-seated but nonhystericalsegregationist viewpoint. lie felt this was extremely valuable as he had talkedpreviously with persons sympathetic toward integration.

11 p.m.: Returned to hotel.Thursday, October 3

11:20 a.m.: Tour of Stone Mountain, including a hike up the mountain; Mr.Forrest Jacobs, of Burke Dowling Adams Inc arranged for tour and picnic lunch.

6:05 p.m.: Dleparted on Delta No. 724 for Washington, D.C.

(FILE 101)Schedule arranged for: D)ean Moeljadi Banoewidjojo. (Country: Indonesia.)Coordinating chairman: Mrs. Joseph-lHas.Sent by: Council on Leaders and Specialists.Reservations: Biltmore (canceled by visitor).

Dean Moeljadi is the dean of a small agricultural university inIndonesia. As his interests were chiefly in agriculture and forestry,the U.S. Department of Agriculture was responsible for the pro-fessional part of the visitor's schedule. ACIV was asked to arrangehome hospitality.

Thursday, May 14Dean Moeljadi was picked up in Athens, Ga., and brought to Atlanta by Dr.

Hardjosworo, an Indonesian who works at the Communicable disease Center andhas been in America long enough to adjust to our different culture. Dr. IHardjos-woro and his Indonesian friend, who share an apartment near Emory, invited thevisitor to stay with them in their apartment, both because Dean Moeljadi isuncomfortable in American hotels, and because the doctors were anxious to hearabout their homeland. The reservations at the Biltmore were then canceled andthe group went to the bus station to head off anyone sent to meet the bus (anIndonesian student at Georgia Tech).Friday, May 16

8. a.m.: Dean Moeljadi taken to the U.S. Forest Service by Dr. Hardjosworo.Visitor spent the day with Mr. Sidney McLaughlin, assistant regional forester,a forest supervisor, and a recently retired district forest ranger.

2 p.m.: Dean Moeljadi brought to the office of the ACIV to disowis his program.5 p.m.: Visitor met in the hotel garden by Mr. and Mrs. Robert L. Henry and

taken to see the Farmers Market, surrounding rural areas, and to dinner.Saturday, May 16

11 a.m.: Picked up at Dr. Hardjosworo's apartment by Mr. and Mrs. WilliamBrown and taken to see the Roswell, Ga., area and to lunch and spend the dayat the Brown's home. Dean Moeljadi and the Brown children shared the-children's tempera paints, and the visitor painted several Indonesian landscapes,and an Indonesian dancer.

5 p.m.: Returned to Dr. Hardjosworo's apartment so his countrymen couldtake him shopping to purchase a pressure cooker.


Sunday, May 17Taken to the airport by the Indonesian doctors. Departed on Atlanta Delta

No. 941 at 12:55 p.m.

(FILE 149)Schedule arranged for: Mr. N. D. Sundaravadivclu (Vein). (Country: India.)Coordinating chairman: Mrs. E. M. Dunstan.Sent by: Council on Leaders and Specialists.

Mr. Velu is the Director of Public Instruction and Public Librariesin the Madras State in India. He was particularly interested inseeing persons connected with public school administration, and invisiting schools.

Wednesday, September 23Arrived Atlanta 11:18 a.m. and met by his cousin, who is on a teaching fellow-

ship to get his doctorate at Georgia Tech in a specialized area of chemistry, Dr.N. S. Gnanapragasan. Sightseeing with cousin in the afternoon, and visit withhim and his family here.Thursday, September 24

10:30 a.m.: Dr. Elizabeth Stack, chairman of the Education Department ofAgnes Scott College, and Dr. Thomas Fillmer, assistant professor of educationthere, took the visitor to tlhe office of Superintendent Jim Cherry, DeKalb Countyschool system, for a conference at which Dr. Harold I)ennis, director of instruction,was present. With Dr. Dennis, the visitor made calls on several schools: IndianCreek Elementary, DeKalb County Technical, DeKalb County Junior College,and Briarcliff High School.

Afternoon: Conference with Dr. Claude Purcell, superintendent of the Depart-ment of Education, the State of Georgia, and several of his administrators. Dr.Stack returned the visitor to the home of his cousin, where he was staying.Friday, September ,5

9:30 a.m.: Dr. Stack-and Dr. Fillmer took Mr. Velu to the office of Dr. JohnLetson, superintendent of the Atlanta Public Schools, for an appointment. Whilewaiting to see Dr. Letson, a delegation arrived from Kirkwood School, protestingintegration policies of the Board. Mr. Velu expressed his satisfaction at havingbeen able to talk with parents of this group and with Dr. Letson.

Visit to Winona Park Elementary School, where Mr. Velu had pictures taken ofhimself with the children. He gave the school a banner proclaiming friendshipwith India. Appointment with Dr. Paul West, superintendent of Fulton CountySchools and a visit to the Fulton County Services Building.Saturday, September 26

Sightseeing with friends of the cousin of Mr. Velu: to Stone Mountain and theCyclorama.Sunday, September 27

2:45 p.m.: Departed Atlanta by Greyhound bus to Tuskegee, Ala. Taken tothe bus station by Dr. Gnanapragasam.

Obviously, men and women volunteers who are well qualified byboth personality and background are essential to the success of foreignvisitor programs. More than a sincere interest in meeting visitorsis required. Resourcefulness and deep knowledge of the local com-munity are major requisites, for instance, because of the frequencywith which plans for the visitor must be changed at a moment's notice.The Atlanta committee has not sought general newspaper publicity

to elicit volunteers. Instead, it has added volunteers primarily onthe basis of personal recommendations of those already active in itswork. The chairman responsible for the local schedule of each visitoror group submits an evaluative report after the visitor's departurewhich includes names of suggested new volunteers, host families,escorts, and community resources. As a result of this form, for


instance, the committee learned of a Chlinese-speaking teacher in thelocal school system, a woman whose volunteer services can frequentlybe called upon to good advantage.

1)espite its brief existence, the committee already has developedextensive card files listing hundreds of Atlantans who are aiding orcooperating with its work. One file lists home hospitality hosts alongwith such information as tleir individual backgrounds and languageskills, as well as notations regarding the extent of their entertainingof foreign visitors. A so-called categorical file lists, among manyothers, 10 advertising men and women, 20 architects, 10 dentists,245 educators, 190 government officials, 40 labor leaders, 30 lawyers,20 recreation experts, and 25 Atlantans specializing in youth work,all of whom are ready to meet and be helpful to visitors. Thesefiles also include 35 residents of smaller towns near Atlanta who havevolunteered to assist foreign visitors.

MI any of these active or potential volunteers are also listed in anotherfile of Atlantans with skill in a particular lan guage or special interestor experience in another country or region,;f the world. Early in196(5, analysis of this file indicated the following range and diversi-fi(cation:Arabic------ ..---------------

Afghanistanl.--..----- ..-Africa ..---------.-----. -

British Isles .------- ---------

Cnllta da --------------- ..-------Chinelse --_-----. ---------------Colomlbial---- ----- -..Czechoslovakia -----------------

I)ctmark ..----------------..---.)Dutch -.----------------------Flemish--------.-------------French-- -----------.--- ..-

German------------------------Greek------------------------Hungary----------------------India ----------------------Indonesia -..-------------------Iran (Farsi) -----------------Italian-ll-----------.---.-----Jnpanesc ------------------

51050

51025

()

510152

3025155

2055

2515

Korea --------------------__-_-Malaysia ------------------

IM iddle East- --_..._-_--_----___New Zealand -_--------_____---_Nigeria-----------------___---Norwegian ----------.._-----__-Panama-- -------------.----Perll _----------_-_ _-__________

Polish--.} --___-._ ._

Portuguese------------------_IllRmantia -----------.__----.-Russian...--_-----_ ____- --

Spanish ----------__--_____-__-Sweden -- - ------------_________Sweden.Swiss--.-__----_-____________Thailand -----------

Turkish-------------_------_-__Venezuela -...---------Yugoslavia

55

15455

21035

65105651555

In Sioux City, as we have seen, new volunteers are acquainted withtheir responsibilities by attendance at the local committee's breakfastmeetings and by working in collaboration with more experiencedvolunteers to schedule foreign visitors. In Dallas monthly meetingsbring together new and experienced volunteers for an evening discus-sion of recent experiences, current problems, and suggested solutions.At these meetings the organization's leaders informally appraise thevolunteers.

In Atlanta, in contrast, about 65 volunteers were trained in October1964, at 3 successive morning sessions arranged by the Atlanta Com-mittee for International Visitors in cooperation with the local unitof the American Association of University Women. This trainingprogram, called "Know Your Atlanta," was intended to acquaintvolunteers with various aspects and elements of their communitywhich they must frequently show or interpret to visitors. At oneof the training sessions, for example, speakers discussed education,civil rights, urban problems, and city, county, and State government.

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At another, the volunteers toured their ownlcommunity in at bus,learning to see it through the eyes of a foreign visitor.

IThe committee is not yet called upon to serve all the purposeflllforeign visitors directed to Atlanta by the many national agenciessponsoring short-term visits. 'rile Soutthern egional Colllncil'slocal affiliate, the Human Relations Council, is frequently asked tosche(lule visitors who1are particularly interested in clhanging racerelations, although the committee also las made satisfactory arratlgo'-mients for many such visitors. In 1964, however, the council wasresponsible for 137 visitors, many of whom were not l)rimarily or evellpartly'interested in race relations. 'he council introduced a Ytgoslavisitor to local labor union officials, for instance, and arran(rged for10 young Belgians to meet, simultaneously, tan official of the GeorgiaAFL-CIO and the vice president of anl Atlantat bank. The councilwis also asked by national agencies to aid a French public opinionexpert and other visitors who wished to visit Atlanta oi election dlay,1964.Many volunteers and host families-are active in both the Atlanta

committeeee for International Visitors and the AtlantaHmti nll Rela-tions Council. Quite a few also aid Atlanta's International StudentBureau, which in 1964 served some 600 foreign students from 77nations attending the city's 13 colleges anld universities, as well as120 visiting students.

Before time creation of the Interlnational Student Bureau, theAtlanta Women's Club gave parties eaclh year for foreign students,but as their iumilbels increased, the club decided to abandon theactivity. 'IThe Junior League then began taking an interest in foreignstud(lents and for ta time considered establishing an InternationalHouse to serve Agnes Scott College and Emory University. At tilispoint, a young lady on the world fellowship staff of tlhe YWCA, wvileattend(ling a regional conference of the National Associatiom for ForeignStudent Affairs, discussed the Junior League's 1)lams witl tanl officialof the Houston office of the Institute of Ilternational Education(IIE).As a result of these stirrings and contacts, the IHE joined with

the Atlanta Junior League to start the International Student Bureau,which began its work in June 1963 with at small midtown office, 1paid employee, and 20 very active volunteers. 'lhe former YW(CAstaff member is now the bureau's chairman. Her 35-member steeringcommittee includes a vice president and 5 "activities chairmen,"each of whom recruits its manlly committee members as necessary.Approximately 225 Atlanta families are active in the bureau's work.

'lThe bureau attempts to obtain thle names and addresses of allforeign students in the Atlanta area from the foreign student, advisersof the local colleges. This -year, it has begun to seek names andaddresses of foreign interns, residents, and student nurses on tmhestaffs of local hospitals and to work cooperatively with foreignersin training for relatively long periods of time at the Comimunicablel)isease (Center of the U.S. Public Health Service, located il subml)rlbaChamblee, Ga.A monthly newsletter issued by the bureau is sent to all foreign

students. 'I his publication, "'The Atlanta Courier," lists all culturalactivities in Atlanta for the month, publishes articles by students,

I. Doc. 880, 89-2--5

23

24 IlNTE1:NATIONAL EDIUCATIONAL ANI) CIUTURAL AFFAIRS

ad1,( gives special ainInounicemen ts .pertinent to foreign stLilcelnts.Thle )mllreail's activities also iclullde:

l)istribution of donated tickets to concerts landl other ent!r-taillinmelts.

('onl \versational Eniglishi opportunities with volunteers.Sightseeing tours, especially to places anid events inaccessible

to thle average student.lHomie hospitality offered by 150 to 200 local families. In 1964

some 90 students were in "repeated contact" with familiesthrloughotlt the school year, 3 times as many as ill tile pre'viosyear.

I'roI'gralns for stlllents visiting Atlanta on vacation or duringtravel through the tUnited States. About 100 visiting studentswere assisted last year.

''he b)llreau, whose 1964 budget was $9,200, is now beginning tolodvelolp programs for wives and families of students, who often(encoulter hl11nguage problems and difficulties il caring for youngchlildrenl. It lia;s also given a party for married students and theirwives. 1Ho.it fatmlieis are obtLtined by word of Iioouth alndlthroughspeeches to selected groups, tile bureau agreeing with tile Atlanta(Commtlittee for International Visitors that it would be "ilmpractical"to i)11lbliciz.e tlle -b) reau ill anl effort to locate Inore host families. A)aIlcity of Negrlo ho(st families is ac(knowledge(l amid lelored( in bothorligaIiziations.

IThe l)lureal is also trying to arrange for students to spemdl weekendsMaway f'roI Atllllata, visiting r'ral 1' sIiall-towIl families elsewhere il(Georgia. It.s leadership) is alsoco(,nsiouls of the possibility of servingforeign stuIdeints at )tiher colleges ill Georgia, nlll its (hairlllan liasvisited (Chattallnooga, 'Tenn.,nand C(ollubia, S.C., to meet with localpeo),le interested ill starting a similar service. The bureau does niotserve refugees r' exchliange students; in this area the Rotary (Clubsairrangel for college student, exchanges and the Amlerican FriendsService (Comlnmittee for hiigl school student exchanges.In major metropolitan area.s-

In tlie communities previous described, it is feasible to serveforeign visitors and students with relatively simple volunteer organi-zationis led mainly by one or at most a few individuals, employing no

Iniore tlihanl one staff member, if any, and meeting their rudimentaryb,)I(lgets by "passillg tie hat"' among a few local institutions orindividuals. As we have seen, organizations of this type by tlhe score

--are admirably introducing lhundre(lds of foreign visitors to Americanlife eachl year. When tdie number of purposeful visitors to a conm-munity aj)l)roachles or exceeds 1,000 annually, however, assuilning1miost come singly or in sn1all grouI)ls, quite a different, order of organi-zatioIn is required.

Nearly one-thir(l of tle foreign visitor organizations responding tothe (lomlllimissionl's 'questiolnnalires are ill communities of a million ormore )ompulationl. 'lThese metropolises attract foreign students andvisitors by tle tens of thousands each year-several are ports of entry.Fi'ortlnately a larger segment of their popllaltion usually has tlelanguage skills land overseas experience to help serve foreign guests.Instetid of onle organization active in the field, there are certain to beseveral, Ierhlaps (izens. Thus, the p)ro)lemn in the major mIetro-

INTERNATIONAL EI)UCATIONAL AN'D CULTURAL AFFAIRS

politaia areas seems to be not, so much one of organization alone b)lt1,of coordination of the activities of various groups whose functions, of(course, should he complementary rather than competitive. iThisasIpect, especially, of the foreign visitor work was examined( in SatlF'rancisco and in Philadelphia.

'a'n, IFrancisco, ('lif.The chief local volunteer organization serving foreign visitors

to Sain Francisco is the International Hospitality Center, which islhouised in commodiouls third-floor quarters in theheheart of the city'sshopping and hotel district, a few steps away from Union Square.On the center's board of directors are 6 officers and 39 other persons

in community leadership positions. The executive committee of15 board members directs and supervises the activities of the center.There are five salaried employees, whose efforts are augmented by alarge volunteer corps of men and women who drive, entertain in theirhomes, work on committees, and assist in the office. Of its more than800 volunteers, 20 serve at least once a week, 500 every few months,and 300 abolt once or twice a year. Together they served over3,000 visitors in 1964.

Thle original important source of financing for the center caine,from a local foundation grant of $18,000 in 1954. Current financingis through membership dues, a $5,000 grant from the city of SanFrancisco's publicity and advertising fund (derived from a municipaltIax on hotel room rentals), and an annual fundraising event . In1!)94 the center's budget exceeded $31,000. Meinhberslip classifica-t ions are:

Individual (orIIoat.e

eoRllu rh--.--i-- .---------$--------- $7.50..-----.--.-----. -..---.. .. . $25 to $100.Contributing-.-..----..-..-$10 to 0 100 to $00.Suistalilng $50 or more ..--j------ --- $200 or Illore.

'lTwo committees functioning throughout the year are charged witllcontributions and membership solicitation. A finance committee ofIusinesslnen enlists corporation support. Thle women's membershipcommittee works to increase the number of individual dutes-payingmembers, to interest more people in becoming volunteer workers, and,with the help of the speaker's bureau and the public relations coim-nl.ittee, to publicize the activities of the center.The center arranges professional appointments for relatively few

visitors, but it will coordinate a visitor's appointments and possiblyescort him around the city. It will aid trainees of local business firmsbut not other visitors with business connections, since these are con-sidered the responsibility of the World Trade Center or of individualfirms. Foreign tourists, on the other hand, are the responsibility ofthe San Francisco Convention and Visitors Bureau.The center does,- however, work with interns, residents, and foreign

physicians at the University of California Medical Center and at tlheLetterman General Hospital of the U.S. Department of Defense.Some of the hospitals in the bay area also maintain their own pro-grams for foreign residents and visitors with the volunteer help of-wives and their staff or attending physicians.

25

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'l'T(e center's SO() volllteers, iall of wllol atre dlles-paying Imieimbers,(coire fromlitroighoil tihe bay area. Each is interviewed atI homeIbwfre aclcept(Inlle of their volunteer service. Frequently thly are

recrulitled is1a resl1lt, ,of ivlliltaions to atltetd informal gatherings inlI1(e 1h,,,oe of Ia Ileii)(lr of tile S1an Francisco consular corps...Infornlltll recepltions aIre sponsored for groups of uitern1 tional\isiltors4s, t1hat Iiheyrmyl lmeetl, memblCers of the center who have in-lerest s 11and Ilnlagilge ability sillilar to their own. Representatives of

tI hI c(onsslair co0rls anld tlle center's board of directors serve as hostsf, r Ilese receptionls.A Illm thllly newslletter describes tlle (center's current' tactacltiities, lists

new imeelnbers, lan(l prints letters received from visitors after reltuirto thlleir homelandn. Here, for example, are the coining events listedilu tile April 19}65 issue:April 1.4 (4 to 6 p).m.): Sherry party at. the cenitter for 14 visiting librarians repre-selting thll Ilritish West Indiies, Colonibia, Haiti, lonrig Kong, India, ,Jaliaiea,J;lalll, Spailn, Taiwan, alnd Yugoslavia.

April 21: A mlornlinlg coffee hour for p)rosl)petive CIIembers of the IInternationalIHosIlitality Crenter (IllC) at the home of iMr. J. A. Vanllouten, wife of theconisuil gn(liral of the NetIhe(rlanrds.

.1pril 27 (6 to 8 p).in.): Wine-tasting reception at thle e10 Young Mutiseum honoringmeieui)(rs of tie(, Sian Francisco consular corps. Attractive young hostesses iniirtivi (Il.ress will presentt carnlations to Imlembers of the corls and their wives.Invil:ations to all H111C mnnbers are on their way.

,I / 2.6: A colfe'(e! partly for p)rosplectivce IiIC mieibers at the home of MIs. ()villA1. Ault, wif(e of (tlme (consul general of Canladia.

./tint'24.: Inlited Nations coinimmemorative anniversary nwecting. IlC is supplly-ing lhost coul)l's for the opening reception at the Palace of the IJegion of Ilonor.Other voluintee(rs, both eIin 1and1 womneti, will welcome guests at the airport onarrival.In San Francisco, as elsewhere, volunteers soon learn that imany

visitors are unlifaiiliar with tChe concept of volunteer communityservice tlat, is so 1111u(h ta part of the Am1eric(an scene. Thle letterfronl tile center thaIt welcomes each visitor upon arrival at his hoteltherefore includes the following explanation on an attached sheet:

Vo itJ N'TE EItS

Wihat is a voltinteer? This terilln as come to have a particular meaning ill theI'nited Stitl(s vhei1ts18(id ill onnection with comniminity services. A volunteeris a pIerson \\ Ito willingly offers his time and services without pay ill support of aniorganization or cause ill which he believes. Many volunteers work with moretillill oli( agency.

Voltitteer services are a basic, part of American life. The vast social servicesof this cotlllltiy wolll(l I)e unable to continue without these volunteers. Hospitalsandc1linies, e(hticational institutions of all kinds, political parties, prisons andreformatories, all have their volunteer committees. The Red Cross is probablyhe best, known example since it operates onl a worldwide basis.Tme Inlternatiotal Hlospitality Center has a very large volunteer corps-over

700) as of ,January 196l2. They act as drivers for sight.Seing tours, they entertainIthe visitor in their holmes; they spend hours inl office work, they serve on membler-ship, finance, pIiblicity, entertainment, Christmas, interpreter, and resourcecotiiimittees-what ever tihe job, a volunteer can be found qualified to fill it.These volunteers represent a cross section of our community and come from all

walks of life and all age groups. Among them are representatives from mostreligions and from various cultural groups.Over 35F0 volunteers are fluent in languages other than English. These include

African, Arabic, Armenian, Chinese, Danish, Dutch, French, German, Greek,Hlebrew, I1iungarian, Italian, Indonesian, Japanese, Norwegian, Polish, Portu-glieso, IRussiati, Spanish, Swedish, Serho-Croatian, I'urkish, and Yiddish. Theinterests of thlie inimebers of this volult.tter corps are as varied as their language


skills, bI)lt they are all alike in the emphasis they place oin the importance ofilltertlational friendship.

It is important to remember that the driver wlio took yout on a tour receives nomay from any source. lie spends his own money for gasoline because e(welcomesII(h opportunity to meet you andl to learn about your country aind its people, andlie enjoys showing you his city. This isi equally true; of the hostess who enter-tained you in her home, the office worker wlo made your hospitality arrangements,tadl the many committee members who put in hours of effort, to make this wholeprogram a successful one, equally rewarding to the visitor and to center members.We hope youth have enjoyed yourself in San Francisco alnd the bay area and wiill

come again soon.

In San Francisco are located regional offices of many nationalplilate organizations and Federal agencies. Hardly a one has notworked ott,la schedule of appointments for a foreign visitor, sincette International Hospitality Center attempts to limit its servicesto providing hospitality instead of extensive programing of visitors.'The Asia Foulndation, the Institute of International Education, andthe International Student Service, for example, all arrange schedulesfor many foreign visitors, as do the California Federation of Labor,the San Francisco World Trade Center, and many other focal organi-zations.One local volunteer group that is notably active in this respect

is the World Affairs Council of Northern California, which servedabout 60 foreign visitors last year. A member of the council's staffarranges professional introductions and appointments for thesevisitors, who are usually of senior status, and home hospitality incertain instances. The host families are members of the council'sboard with special interest or competence in the visitor's field orcountry of origin. On occasion, the council also arranges appropriatehospitality for chiefs of state who visit San Francisco.San Francisco is one of six 'gateway cities" in which the Bureaul

of Educational and Cultural Affairs of the Department of Statemaintains reception centers for Government-sponsored foreignvisitors. Last year its staff of 7 provided port-of-entry assistancefor more than 1,000 Department and AID visitors arriving fromoverseas, and arranged local programs for about 1,600 Department-sponsored visitors traveling about the country. The reception centerregularly calls upon the universities, school systems, labor organi-zations, foundations, and trade groups for specific programing help.It also depends upon volunteers of the International HospitalityCenter, the Women's City Club, and other groups for hospitality andsightseeing arrangements. Unfortunately, however, there have notbeen enough volunteers to provide all the services desired for theIlanly international visitors referred to the center. Almost wistfully,the (enter director reported: "We-have so far been unable to obtainsufficient volunteers (1) to meet visitors arriving on domestic flightsfor local programing or (2) to escort guests to appointments in theoutskirts of San Francisco and outlying cities and towns."

IPhiladelphia, Pa.Volunteers at Philadelphia's Center for International Visitors soon

find that they must sort through the morning mail with considerablecare. So well-known is the center that many letters addressedcompletely and correctly to other individuals and organizations inPhiladelphia are delivered to the center instead, simply because theword "international" appears on the envelope.

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28 INTE'NATEINATIOL EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL AFFAIRS

The (enter for Internaltional Visitors is joititly sl)ponslcred by the'hiltlelphlia (ivic (Center of the departmentt of( Cmmler(e of theity of hil(adelp)hia afnd the Philadelphia( councill for In terilationall

Visitors, a voluntary organization. The council, founded ill 1954,consists of 60 privatee ol,ilmunity orgtaizations 111nd 1,000 volunteers.It is governed)y a board of directors composed of community leaders.

Trhe IPhilalelpliln (Civic.( Centeir llas assignIed 11 >rofessi('Tlnl staffleml)ebr to assist with visitor programs anid also provides tile splendidqIuarters iln whichtle ('en ter for Interntiontil Vtisitors is located, aswell as its major administrative expenses. This contribution consistsof $5,000 annually in appropriated funds and $35,000( in municipal-services. The council, which raises $30,000 to complemennt the city'ssupport, provides an executive staff to develop major com(,mullnityresources for visitors, to direct the volunteer efforts, and to coordinatevisitor services.The center'i primary purpose is "to develop at coordinated service

program for short-term international visitors in thl I'Philadelphlia area."The center has an active auxiliary unit in Burlington County, N.J.,with more than 300 host families, land( a second(d auxiliary orgallizedearly in 1965 in Chester County, Pa.

Traditionally tlie center has served only sponsored visitors. How-ever, in cooperation with thle "Americans at lHomne Programi" of tlheU.S. Travel Service and the city's director of tourism, nomisponsoredvisitors with serious program interests, introduced b)y recognizednational agencies and furnishing satisfactory )ackgroundl information,are also extended most services provided to sponsored visitors.

Ini its first decadee the number of visitors served by tlme centerincreasedl in every year but one:

!954-. .. 31 8 1958,. I,275 1)()1_ . 1, I!S1955-... . 670 159 1,322 19G2. ...... 2,43115 ....- 850 190J10- .1..).I.1, 395 1!)906 .- . 3,1791957- - - ..-.. 1,000These figures d(o nlot reflect thie regular services to foreign med(lical

graduates or to visitors whlo (,cae. duringg an International HealthEducation (Conference in 1962.

In 1964 the center served 2,579 short-term visitors and 775 medicallvisitors," i.e., foreign )physicians anid nurses stiudyinlg at lPhilLadel)hiahospitals and other institutions. Services to these 3,354 visitors werenot provided at a constant rate throughout the year. Nlost, newmedical personnel arrive at tile beginning of July. Distribution ofshort-term visitor arrivals through 1964 was:Jlantuary ------- ...--- --- .------ 133: July ---------------- .-18!)F(hbrmry .------------..--.--- 146 Augtst . -..-...................... 5Mar.-----.----- --. ..- (1 eptebr.................r --- 214April-..................--...- 474 ( ctober- 26..2G7Mty-4.... ,424 Nov(ember ...................1

I.une ..--.-------------....... 155 )ecem ber ................... 87

Tihe center arranged for home hospitality to visitors onl ,6B91oIal-sions ill 1964, compared to 1,417 occasions in the previous year. Itprovided 500 escorted sightseeing tours and 2,500 professionall iplpoint-mensH, plant tWours, seminar disctssionis, stand admissions to culturalevents. In addition, in 1964 the center and its auxiliary units:

Arranged home stays of a week to a month for numerous visitorson programs of the Experiment in International living, Inter-national Student Service, and other "home visit" organizations.

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Distributed thousands of kits of sightseeing materials oilPhiladelphia.Repeated a 2-week study-seminar Christmas lloliday for 35

African and Asian agricultural trainees.Arranged hotel reservations for several thousand visitors.Counseled scores of organizations and corporations such as

General Electric, American Instit ute of Architects, and suburbanschool systems on programing visitors who were not thedirectresponsibility of the center.

Arranged many luncheons and teas for such groups as 70 Imem-bers of the World's Fair staff, :35 United Nations delegates,and 70 French civil engineers.

The center has ample facilities for providing hospitality on all butthe largest scale, since it is housed in specially designed quarters inPhiladelphia's Commercial Musem, near the University of Pennsyl-vania campus and not far from the center of the city. A large kitchenand tastefully decorated lounge space have been provided in additionto well equipped offices.

In 1964, visitors were referred to the center from more than 80national and local organizations, public andt(1 private. Tllese visitorswere in the following fields:Education:

Administration---- -------- ------.----- 226Professors and teachers ---------------------------.-------------- 297Students ..-------- ------------ ..-.---.-------- ...-------- 500

Technical fields and engineering -..-------- 164Government, law, and politics- --. ...-.. 146Business atnd economics ..... . 741 humanities andarts- .------. ()Medicine -------..-----------------.-----.-.. ...- ---.. 13Miscellaneous -------- --------------------------- 38

liuincss, industry, and banking (including 182 I)usinemsmelen traveling astourists) ----- --------- -------- -------------------------- .-----.------ 738

governmentnt officials (including 32 members of parliaments) )-...---------- 390Planning officials .....----------------------------------------- 126United Nations diplomats ----------------------..------ 38Lawyers and judges.---------....-----------------. 25

Military-------------------------.--- ---------------------------- 177Communications-....------------ 142Social welfare------------------------.----------------------------- 51Fine and performing arts and sports--------------------------------- 60Labor leaders and workers -------------------------------..----------- 66Scientific workers -.---------------. --------------------------------- 22'Miscellaneous fields, including medicine -..--------------------- 190With a center-city population of 2 million, and a metropolitan area

population of 4.5 million, Philadelphia is so vast and varied a com-munlity that it is impossible to schedule escorts, as does the Dallasgroup, for instance. One volunteer would not be familiar with thepart of the city or thle specific community activity that a particularvisitor was to visit, whereas another would be the ideal escort in thatsituation. In Philadelphia, therefore, volunteer escort-drivers areassigned as necessary.One experienced volunteer is writing a "Volunteer's Handbook" for

the center--i.e., a notebook of job descriptions and miscellaneousinformation needed by volunteers who do office work. Later, anotherhandbook will be prepared for escorts and on aspects of the communityof special interest to visitors. A directory of organizations in thePhiladelphia area that provide services to foreign students and visitorsis also in preparation.

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As a reward, the center secures invitations for its more actiVevolunteers- in groups of 20 or so at at timle--tto openings. of 1new ex-hibits at the Commercial M useuml , which are usually rather galaaffairs. Of the center's 1,000 volunteers, only 64 becalne inactive lastyear. Its training sessions for volunteers, held on two or threesuccessive Satturday mornings, are so popular that registration ullst )belimited. Here is the program for the "preparation course for (CIVvolunteer escort guides" in the fall of 1964:

SATIHItDAYS, OC(TOBER 24 AND 31, AND NOVEMBER 7, 1964

(10 a.m. to 4 p.m.)This course is similar to the one given last fall and is scheduled on Saturdays

for the convenience of volunteers who are free only on weekends. All volunteers,however, are cordially invited to attend the entire series or part of the course.Registration will be limited to 40 persons.Saturday, October 24 (at CIV, Commercial Museum)

10 a.m. to 12:3( p.m.: A session on "Escort Techniques" conducted by JohnIReichard CI V executive director, and "Tips on Escorting" by a panel of experi-enced CtV escort guides. Meeting visitors, driving and parking problems,materials for escorts and visitors, ''playing by ear," policies on admisisio fee;,I ax-deldct ibility of volunteer activities, etc.

12:30 p.m.: ,lllucheon at CIV.*I to 4 p.111.: generall bus tour of the city led i)y Mr. lRichardl (oggin, directorr of

tourisin, Convention ,iand Visitors Bureau-Providing visitors with a generalview of the city in 3 hours.Saturday, October 31 (at CIV, Commercial Museum)

10 a.lm.: Briefing on historic Philadelphia-"What Really Interests the Inter-national Visitors?" by Mr. Win. 1. Noble, secretary, Philadelphia Museumim ofArt, formerly director, Fairmeount Park Commission.

11 a.m.: lhis tour through Fairmnount Park to Valley Green Inn.12 p.m.: Luncheon att Valley r(een Ilnn-a lovely old inn (dating from 1S4I1),

situated on Wissahickon Creek in Fairmount Park. Luncheon: $2.1:30 p.m.: (:lii(de(d tour through Fairmount Park including brief stops at

Cedar ( rove(, Mount Pleasant, anmd other places of interest.4 p.m.: Touir entis at Commercial Museum.

Saturday, November 7 (CI V, Commiercial MNuseum)10 a.m.: Briefing on contemporary l'hilad(lphia--housing, redevelopment,

distinctive views, afnd special attract ions of the city by Mr. F. K. S. actor, of the'ledeve(lopmelnt Authority.11:30 a.m.1: Discussion of l)rincipal sightseeing attractions outside the city.12:30 p.m.: Luncheon at CIV.*1:30 to 3:30 p.m.: Walking tour: "The New Face of the University" by Miss

Lillian Burns, associate, coordinator of planning, University of Pennsylvania,aind secretary of the West Philadelphia Corlporation.

*Luncheon at CI V.-- 1)lease bring sandwich; beverage an!d dessertwill be provided.

R1cgistration.--$2 for the series or $1 per session. Includes tourtransportation, refreshminilts at. CIV, and Escort Guide Kit.

Free parking will be available in the lot next to the CoImlliercialMuseum off (Convention Avenie if you register before ()ct.ober 20.

We Hope You Can Attendl

An enterprise as large and intricate as thle (C1enter for InternationalVisitors naturally requires thoughtful reevaluation at intervals. Aftera drafting committee had spent a year considering it, the center'sboard recently adopted the following "statement of principles":

1. Ignorance breeds hostility. People who know and understand(ach otherare more likely to live in peace with one another.

INTERNATIONAL EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL AFFAIRS 312. CIV aims to bring about meaningful contacts between Philadelphia and

international visitors. Not all contacts add to mutual understanding. Indeed,some subtract. The word "meaningful" is meant to convey i,. adding to mutualunderstanding.

3. The number of contacts arranged for visitors is less important than thequality. CIV should accommodate as many visitors as possible, but alwayskeep in mind that it is better not to arrange an experience at all than to arrangeone badly.

4. Although CIV exists to serve international visitors, mutual understandingimplies that both they and Philadelphians gain through meaningful encounters.

5. CIV aims to bring international visitors a great understanding of the UnitedStates as a whole, and of Philadelphia in particular.

6. Traditionally, CIV has served sponsored short-term visitors. If such visi-tors are served in the qualitative manner suggested above, there is no inherentreason why other visitors, including unsponsored and long-term, should not beassisted if adequate services are not available through other organizations.

7. Since it may not always be possible to serve all visitors equally well, it isobviously important to establish priorities. These might be based on suchfactors as the professions of visitors, nature of sponsorship, or national needsin a given period.

8. Since CIV was created through the communitywide efforts of many privateagencies and the city of Philadelphia to act as a central programing service forshort-term international visitors, CIV has a continuing responsibility to promoteinteragency cooperation and maximum coordination of visitor services andprograms.The center's executive director, who is one of a handful of pro-

fessionals in the new field of volunteer community service to foreignvisitors, has pondered the future of the organization. In a 10thanniversary report to council members, he wrote:

If a half million Europeans-leaders in industry, arts, government and evenplaneloads of students-will soon be coming to the United States on their own,what Europeans should national agencies continue to invite officially? Or, sinceCIV's responsibility is to serve visitors at the local level, what visitors among thethousands who apparently want service should we serve? Only sponsored ones,or also independent educational travel groups-or even tourists? And if we areasked to serve two or three times as many people as at present, what kinds anddegrees of service can we offer? Maps and cordial advice are one thing. Elabo-rately structured and interrelated professional programs are quite another andrequire extensive staff and volunteer attention. Often the program of oneindividual requires some major staff attention for many days.

Should we distinguish between Europeans and visitors from other parts of theworld-giving primary attention to those from the less economically developednations? We do not hesitate to ask what might be an even more embarrassingquestion: Should we accept only those visitors able to stay in the city sufficientlylong to have a program of some substance and recognized educational character?Should we consciously move to a more formal "educational" program-or contentourselves with mass arrangements for pleasant but essentially very brief, perhapseven superficial, experiences?

In 1957 the Council for International Visitors organized a Committeeon Medical Visitors. Physicians and nurses working in Philadelphiahospitals are served by this auxiliary program, which is supported bythe Subcommittee on International Medical Graduates of the Phil-adelphia County Medical Society. The center gives a reception eachyear for foreign medical personnel, and about half of those knownto be in the community receive some hospitality in the course of ayear. The medical sbclety's subcommittee sponsors such projects asdevelopment of a professional lexicon for foreign-trained physicians,who must learn the vernacular terms used by many of their Americanpatients when describing their symptoms.

Introductions to American families are offered to about 2,700foreign students and medical personnel in the Philadelphia area by


lte Foreign Student Commnittee of the Greater Philadelphia Councilof (tllurches' Department of United(Church Women. It is a memberof the Collncil for International Visitors. 1The committee, which wasstartc(l in 1953, has 1 part-timle paid employee and 20 active members.Its budget. was $3,00( in 1964, when its roster included 930 volunteerlost families.

'T'lie comllllittee's program of continuing home hospitality reachesfa reltit\vely high proportion of the foreign students temporarilyresident in the coinutlllllity, as indicated by the following statisticsfor 1964:Letters of invitation sent to foreign studelntH and Inedical personnel----- 2, 706

Foreign students participating in host family progra ------------.------ 627Foreign physicians participating in host family program --------.------ 183Foreign nurses participating in host family program11------------------ 186

Total------------------------------------------------------ 996

In April of 1964 the annual spring tea for host families and foreignstudents brought together some 650 persons at the PhiladelphiaCollege of 'Textiles and Science for all afternoon of congeniality.The committee's full-time volunteer chairmall is assisted by a

part-time secretary and 28 "area chairmen," e(ach keeping in touchwith abollt 25 host families 1who arle usltally associatted with 1 church.Shie recruits host families through publicity in church and de-nomlinational publications as well as by word of mouth, and alsoworks closely with the campus pastors. The committee is oftenasked to locate foreign students for church suppers and other occasions,bIut it. is suggested, instead, that students attend such events withtheir host families.

Volunteers representing the committee contributed 160 hours ofwork to the foreign student office at tlhe University of Pennsylvaniaduring fall registration in 1964. Other volunteers assisted at thehousing office, meeting foreign students and helping them to findapalrtmlents or rooms. Last year the committee also participated inthe "Meet aindl Greet" program at the University of Pennsylvania,assuring responsibility for students from India. This involved a

workshop for host families that emphasized cultural patterns ofIndia, letters from host families to students before they left theircountry, meeting students upon arrival, and assisting them in findinghousing, and in registering. 'LTenty-eight host families participatedin this program.The chairman and secretary of this committee find themselves

.coping with a great diversity of problems. Telephone calls on atypical day might concern:

A host family whose nurse-guest has moved to Chicago and ishomesick. ('hey write to the Hospitality Center in Chicago,which will supply the nurse with a host family there.)A host family worried about the living conditions of a student.

(They put the family in touch with the housing office at theschool.)A host family getting no response from their student. (They

check with the college or hospital to see if he is still enrolled andlearn his new address.)

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A student whose host family has not contacted him. (Theycall the family, find they have had illness, and reassign the studentto another family.)A host family wondering whether they should accept the

responsibility of bringing the wife of their foreign student tothis country. (They say NO!!I)A student wants to work for a month in the summer. (They

will give the request to employment committee on which thechairman of the foreign student committee also serves.)

The complexities of the committee's work and the unfailing tact,understanding, and discretion that must be employed are sometimeswearisome, to be sllre. Yet, there is deep satisfaction in bringingtogether American families and students who are far from their ownfamilies. Both will benefit, as all those familiar with this work willaffirm. Dozens of letters in the committee's files also attest to themany intangible but nonetheless enduring rewards that accrue to theforeign student as well as his host family. For example:

SUNDAY, APRIL 3, 1960.I)EA\t lMns. -- : I feel I must write to thank you very much for the really

motherly hospitality you gave me during the brief time I was your surprisinglyguest last week. Although I did not inform you of my coming, for %which I mllsorry, the way you met me at the door, the way Walter and Linda :ipoke to, andaccepted me, showed me I was at home. How refreshing it is to feel at home ina foreign land-and so soon too--I leave for you to fancy!

I walt to be frank with you. I hate to remember that after six months in thiscountry, this should be my first experience with a coloured family il this country.During my stay here, I have been invited along with other foreign stud(lents todinner with some white families on a number of occasions. Never had I beeninvited by a coloured family. I had already concluded that the coloured peopleare very cold towards the Africans.

I must say, my short stay with you has proved that I was wrong. I neverthought that any coloured people here would take as much interest iln my peopleand me as you did. That is perhaps why I very fervently look forward to spelndl-ing the Easter recess with you. I am sure it will be most enjoyable.

I was struck by the size of the house you occupy and how you manage to furnishit so elegantly. The room you assigned me is just so magnificent. And whenI come home for Easter on Wednesday, 13th April, please, Mum, let's have thatvegetable we had for dinner last Friday.

I am sorry I was unable to return home after our meeting last Friday. As Itried to explain to you over the phone, it was quite late to call when I met one ofthe students from here who was driving. Without much hesitation, I thought itwise to return to school with him and save you the trouble of driving me to theBus Terminal the next day. I am very sorry if I caused you so much anxiety.However, it worked out well.Once more thank you for your hospitality and invitation to spend Easter with

you. And until I meet you next Wednesday, my very best wishes.Most sincerely,

International House of Philadelphia, founded in 1908, provides aresidence for about 110 foreign graduate students; port-of-entry orien-tation, home hospitality, employment counseling, and placement serv-ices available to the 3,200 foreign students in the Philadelphia com-munity; a social center for Americans and foreign students; and avariety of other services. Its women volunteers operate a year-roundthrift shop which enables students to furnish their quarters inexpen-sively and purchase used clothing. Its gift shop and dining room inits midtown building are open to the public, and in the dining roomthe silverware is arranged at each place setting in European style.

33


With the permission of the Immigration and Naturalization Service,foreign students may seek part-time or summer employment. TheInternational House staff works intensively during tlhe early part ofeach year to counsel and place students in summer jobs. Of the 451who registered for this assistance in 1964, jobs were found for 142students, or about 31 percent. In addition, about 12 percent foundemployment through other agencies.

Unsatisfactory performance by the students was reported in sixinstances, of which three were found to be clear-cut cases upon sub-sequent investigation by International House. There were but twoepi!odes of exploitation by employers--in both instances the studentsterminated their employment on advice of International House. Thesummer employment program was supported by a $7,500 grant fromthe Institute of International Education, which also provided $1,200for emergency assistance in hardship cases.

Like its counterparts in other cities, the Philadelphia InternationalHouse lhums with a round of activities for residents, other foreignstudents, American students, volunteers, and the house's own list ofhost families, which does not duplicate that of the Philadelphia Councilof Churches. Here is the schedule for one week in May 1965:13 Thurs.

11 a.m. to 2 p.m.: International-wives party. Cooperative lunch. Bring asandwich, we will supply the rest. Children are welcome. (Auditorium.)

8 p.m.: Experiment in International Living. All are welcome. (Auditorium.))9:15 p.m.: Residents' study break. (Library.)

14 Fri.No program scheduled because of lihevy weekend schedule.

15 Sat.10 a.m.: Yoga class. (Auditorium.)6 p.m. to 1 a.m.: Brillig Ball: Sturrting with dinner in dining room and a dance

and show later in auditorium. Iance starts around 8:30. (Dining room andthen auditorium.)

ABINGiTON TOWNSHIP DAY

Residents: You can visit Abington Township today, MIay 15, asguests of the Kiwanis Club of Glenside and the Abington Communityfor a wonderful day of sightseeing and ftlu topped off by a buffetsupper and entertainment in the evening. Leave IH at 12:30 p.m.and return to city by 10 p.m. Offer limited to 20 students. CallProgram Office at L() 8-7250 if you want to go.

16 Sun.8:30 p.m.: Candlelight ceremony. All III members, foreign students, and

friends are invited to come. Foreign students arc urged to wearl national dresswhere possible. There will be a reception with refreshments following ceremony.(Auditorium.)20 Thurs.

8 p.m.: LASA Pan American lecture. All are welcome. _(Auditorium.)9:15 p.m.: Residents' study break. (Library.)One purpose of the all-day outing to Abington was to enable the.

students to see how a township works-local government, publicservices, etc. After a picnic supper there is a ride on a hook-and-ladder, bell clanging and siren blaring, to the Willow Grove Amuse-ment Park, where the students have the run of the park for the restof th } evening. The automatic pinsetter of the park's bowling alleywas a fascinating attraction to many.

34

INTERNATIONAL EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL AFFAIRS_ 35

Teaching and practicing ballroom dancing is an important programat International House, many students being eager to acquire these"Western social graces." Efforts are also made to stimulate volun-teer services by American students. Under capable student leader-ship, for example, Negro students at Temple University developed asuccessful program of activities with African students affiliated withInternational House; but as the original student leadership graduated,this program waned, which is, of course, a perennial problem in utiliz-ing student volunteers.

International House provides some student speakers to the schoolsand other institutions through its speakers' bureau. Use of foreignstudents in the schools through a speakers' bureau usually enrichesthe curriculum, but International House's "Ogontz Plan" is supportiveof the curriculum instead. In this highly structured program, a teamof five students from as many countries-which are selected by theschools themselves-visit a school for three half-day visits. Theschools pay the students as if they were substitute teachers.

In the first year, four teams visited as many schools. Last year(1964-65), 17 teams composed of 62 students visited 16 junior andsenior high schools and 2 elementary schools, all in the Philadelphiasuburbs. In the coming school year, 40 schools will be visited, noneof them in the city school system, although some Wilmington, Del.,schools will be served. The Ogontz Plan, which is administered by aretired elementary school principal, is supported by Rotary Clubsand the PTA's, as well as by International House.One student brought the flag of his homeland to show the pupils.

"Look how carefully he carries his flag," one of the children exclaimed."Why, he is as proud of his flag as we are of ours." And thus an

elementary school class learned a significant lesson in internationalrelations.The World Affairs Council of Philadelphia also offers a vigorous

student-teacher program for the public, private, and parochial schoolsand colleges. Like similar groups in other cities, the council is anonpartisan organization working primarily to develop an informedpublic opinion, to urge citizens to participate in the formulation ofAmerican foreign policy, and to prepare young people for responsibleroles as citizens.The council presents seminars, debate discussions, and outstanding

series of speeches, all of which are open to international visitors.It coordinates the annual United Nations Week observance for the cityof Philadelphia, maintains an Education Center and Speakers Bureaufor the United Nations, and serves as an official publication distribu-tion center for the U.S. Department of State. It also has an activespeakers' bureau serving civic, religious, service, labor, and profes-sional organizations within a 50-mile radius of its midtown head-quarters.With more than 200 schools and colleges throughout the Delaware

Valley participating, the council presented 55 programs reaching atotal student and teacher audience of over 43,000 during 1963-64.Programs were in two categories: interscholastic meetings presentedunder council auspices, and meetings provided by the council foreducational institutions.Some 300 students of 40 junior' high schools attended monthly

meetings during the school year in the auditorium of the administra-


tion building of the public schools. The central theme of the program,which was designed to interpret cultures of countries representativeof all continents, was the Peace Corps. The faculty sponsors adoptedthis theme to give youngsters a sense of participation in the work ofPeace Corps volunteers and to encourage school-to-school projects,especially in countries where Philadelphians were serving with theCorps. Each school adopted one of the countries to be presented inthe year's program for its world friendship project. The projectincluded preparation and distrilut.ion to the audience of a fact sheeton the chosen country or participation in the monthly program.As a result, students joined with guest experts to present eight pro-gramns wlhicli effectively interpreted world cultures:

The JPelce Corps.-- Mary Both Schaub, Executive Committee, Peace CorpsService Organization; and Stanley Field, faculty sponsor, Fels Junior High School,Former Peace Corps volunteer in Nigeria.

('h anal. ---ElnlGmanulclIIyde, Ghainaian graduate student, University of Penn-sylvaniat;ianldt1y V. Sp)riggs, teacher, Wanamaker Junior Iigh School, formerPeJace Corps volunteer in Ghana.

'Trke/.--l)r. Ohran I[. Alisbah, Rutgers University; Mrs. Lamnia Tanyol,formerly teacher of English, Istanbul, Turkey; and Mrs. Ruth Iunter, authorand lecturer.

India.---'Paul V\rki, program director, St. Martha's Settlement House; Indianl)ance, Audenrcid Junior Iligh World Affairs Club; Quiz Program, SulzbergerJunior HIigh Worll Affairs Club; Song and Dance of India, AVaux Junior HighWorld Affairs Club; aind Indian Classical Music, Mrs. B. Sita Babu.

EJhg/pt (United Arab {Republic.).---Mrs. John V. castings, III, member, councilBoard of l)irectors; l)r. Mohamned S. El-Garh, visiting lecturer from Egypt, Uni-versity of Pennsylvania.

Greece.---Spyros )iamessis, instructor, University of Pennsylvania; Quiz Pro-gram, Beeber Junior Iligh World Affairs Club; Greek Dances, the Goya GreekYouth Group, St. George's (.reek Orthodox Church; Music of Greece, EliasSpagadoros.

The Philippines.-Francis Froeschle, former Peace Corps volunteer in thePhilippines, teacher, Jones Junior lI gh; Filipino Dance, Sayre Junior IHigh WorldAffairs Club; Filipino Folk Dancing, Dance Club of Leeds Junior High; TV QuizProgram, Jones Junior I ligh World Affairs Club.

Venezuela.--Emmltnuel 5M. Kramer, teacher of sociology, Cheltenham HighSchool; Quiz Program, Bartlett Junior High World Affairs Club and 10 partici-pating schools; Venezuelan Dances, Taggart Folk Dancers.

Both the Center for International Visitors and International Houseadvise the World Affairs Council of incoming foreign students. Theyare then involved in the council's programs wherever possible, espe-cially in the schools. Recently, for instance, Asian students attendeda "Five O'Clock Forlm" debate on Vietnam, sponsored by the counciland attended by some 700 Philadelphians. The attendanlice and inter-est displayed at this meeting was "a revelation," one of the studentslater admitted. lie had never before understood that Americansdebated s5ucli issues, disagreeing among themselves and on occasionwith their Government.In academic communities

Thie larger universities of the United States are perhaps closer tobeing truly international communities than any since the days of thewandering medieval scholars. Most are heavily committed to specificprograms of technical assistance in other nations. Many offer evenundergraduate instruction in other countries, and all enroll largenumbers of foreign students on their homine campuses. Their ex-

plorations and other research activities are dispersed across the faceof the globe. Their faculty members are accustomed to attending


international scholarly conferences and lecturing at foreign universi-ties. Thus in service, teaching, and research, the principal universi-ties are as worldiniiided as any major Anlericlan ilstitutilon and con-

siderably more experienced international imtters than many others.The leading American universities nlow attract so 1nlanly foreign

-visitors, including their stl(dents from abroad, that special organiza-tions and institutions have been created to serve them. Thev havebeen included within the scope of the present report because thie uni-versity-based groups serving foreign visitors are typically staffed bymany volunteers from the sulrroundling coilimlllunity rathler1 than fromamong the faculty families alone.

Before describing representative volunteer activities serving foreignvisitors to university comnlunities, it wolIl(d be useful to indicate theprincipal categories in which these visitors may b)e classified. In thelargest category, of course, are the foreign stldents--includingmedicalinterns and resident physicians anl(d nurses-whio areI often accoli-panied by their spouses and young children. Foreign flculty mell-bers make up the smallest group and the one requiring the leastattention from the volunteer organizations.

In recent years a. third type of foreign aca(denlic visitor has becomerather numerous on the lar[,c' campuses. Called senior scholars atsome universities, they are nl.(wvay between the customary categoriesof students and faculty. Senior scholars ma.y be either graduatestudents or faculty meml)ers in their own honmeland(s. I'hley maycome to American universities to confer with world-renowned au-thorities, to pursue research in specialized libraries or unique col-lections, or to participate in seminars and symposia. They may bepurposeful or merely browsing, spending only a (lay at each of severaluniversities across the country or perhaps lingering for months at oneor another. In any event, they often require special assistanceand frequently desire opportunities to meet Americans whom theywould not otherwise encounter i tlieir academic journeys aroundthis country.

Palo Alto, Calif.At Stanford University many of the activities in behalf of foreign

students, visitors, and scholrs are housed in the Bechtel Inter-national Center, a commodious but overloaded building that providesoffices, patios and dining rooms, lounges and meeting rooms, andindoor and outdoor nursery school facilities. All are in use tlhrough-out the day and evening.

Five hundred volunteers pay $3 annually to join the CommunityCommittee for International Students (CC(IS), the major voluntaryorganization aiding the staff of the Bechtel Center. Composedchiefly of nonfaculty families, CCIS is affiliated with the communityorganization section of the National Association for Foreign StudentAffairs. With a budget of $2,960, it, served from 800 to 1,000 students,scholars, and visitors in 1964, entirely through volunteers, most ofwhom were women.CCIS has about, 20 board members, who serve for only 3 years

and then are not eligible for reelection until another 3 years havepassed. Former board members become CCIS associates, a newgroup that undertakes such projects as the active board assigns.The associates are planning a followup study of former foreign students

38 INTERNAT4ONAL EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL AFFAIRS

at Stanford, for example. Another leadership group is a coordinatingcouncil of CCIS board members and leaders of U.S. and foreign studentgroups that meet weekly at luncheon.

Since homesicklness is the foreign student's main problem, CCISattempts, first of all, to provide many opportunities for contacts withan American family. There is a 10-day homestay with one familybefore the university's registration period, and the family then"adopts" and keeps in touch with the student through the schoolyear. In 1964, 173 of Stanford's 800 foreign students were servedIn this way. Casual hospitality by families and intermittent con-tacts are discouraged.CCIS members also drive, arrange sightseeing and educational

tours, and provide several other forms of hospitality. A Wives andFamilies Committee gets in touch with dependents of foreign studentsand operates a daily play-school group ait the Bechtel Center which isso well1 attended b)y foreign and American children that each child ispl)eritted to at,teld only 1 day per week. CCIS also helps foreignstudents find liousing, as does the university, CCIS alone aiding some200 st(ludents each fall.

Regularly scheduled events at tlie International Center, in many ofwhlichl CCIS volunteers are deeply involved, were these in the springof 1965, as recorded ini the newsletter that is mailed to all foreignstudents at Stanford:

.lontldays10:30 Io 12 p.m.12 nomll to I p.m.

12 Inoon to I l).II..1:30 to 6 p).1.8 p.m.

10 a.m. to 12 noon

12 noon to 1 )p.m.7 to 9:30 )p.m.

0:30 a.m.12 noon to 1 p.tm.

12 noon to I p.m.4:30 to 06 ).lm.5 p.m. to 12 mid-

night.8 p.lm.

10 a.m. to 12 noon

8 p.m. to 12 mid-night.

10:30 to 11:30 a.m. Brunch.7 p.m. Supper.

,alt coffee break.L,111uheon discussion groups.

TuesdayLuncheon discussion groups.(.Curreint events coffee hour.F'olksingers.

I'ednesdaysInlerinational dames (wives of students) coffee hour.firing the children.International Coordinating Board.Religion and the American People Seminar.

ThursdayScholars' wives coffee hour (third Thursdays).Luncheon discussion groups.

FridaysLuncheon discussion groups.International coffee hour.Theater group (every other Friday).Party or social evening.

Saturday

Tape recording of eth:ic' mnii;ic, making taped letters tosend lomle.

Evening abroad.

Sundays

9.869604064

Table: [No Caption]

460406968.9


Foreign students, especially those with wives and children, arealso invited to various off-campus events and activities in which theywould be interested-free Red Cross courses for expectant mothers aswell as such occasions as United Nations Week celebrations andYWCA International Fairs. (It should be noted that only 12 percentof the foreign students at Stanford are undergraduates, and more thanone-third of all the foreign students are married.)Upon registration at the university, foreign students are asked

whether they would be willing to speak at schools and meetings ofcommunity groups. The CCIS Speakers Bureau then arranges thesespeaking engagements, collecting a $5 fee from the host group, whichis paid to the student speaker. In the most recent year for which dataare available, the Speakers Bureau supplied 129 speakers, representing30 nations, for 40 schools, 27 churches, and 24 community organiza-tions. In the course of 150 speaking engagements involving more than200 student speakers, only one foreign student reported that oneparticular audience proved unworthy of the time and pains he hadtaken.The students are also encouraged to see something of American life

away from Palo Alto by a variety of special events in the InternationalCenter's schedule. Here, for instance, is the 1964 Christmas vacationprogram planned for foreign students:Friday, December 18

Party for everyone, $1 for men, women free, sponsored by I-Club, at home ofSusie Hunt in San Carlos at 2823 Majorca Way.Friday, December 18 to Thursday, December 2/

*Ski Trip to Sierraville, for beginners, intermediates, and advanced skiers.Limit of 40 persons. Total cost each, $79.Saturday, December 19Open House with informal program and refreshments and conversation.*Overnight Tree-Cutting Party to Mendocino.

Sunday, December 20Tree-Trimming Party.

Monday, December 21CCIS Annual Christmas Party for all foreign students and scholars and hus-

bands or wives, 8 p.m., at the home of the C. H. Woodhams, 601 Melville Avenue,Palo Alto. If you need transportation, please leave your name at the downstairsreception desk in the I-Center.Tuesday, December 22

*Vocational Dinner, by professional groupings, at the Center. Folk Singing.Wednesday, December 23

Art Museum Trip to the "Man-Glory, Jest, and Riddle" Exhibits in SanFrancisco.Thursday, December 24Open I-ouse, followed by caroling, visits to homes, and midnight church services.

Friday, December 25*Christmas Day. Dinner at I-Center ($1).

Saturday, December 26Open House and International Folksing.

Sunday, December 27*California Mission Trip, including San Juan Bautista and San Jose missions.*Reservation needed.


Monday, December 28, to Wednesday, December 30*Thlree-Day Trip to Sonoma-Marin, staying at delightful Marshall Hotel and

visiting such places as PIoint Iteyes, Tomales Bay, Nicasio. About $25.Monday, December 28

Harpsichor(l Baroque Music Evening with Erick Schwandt.Tuesday, December 29

*Wilnery 'our to Saratoga and Moltalvo.IV'cdnlte.(da, December 30

*Nightlife Tour and I)inner in Sani Francisco.Thursday, IDcember .'3New Year's l)iscotheque Costume Party att the( Center.*I're-party lilnlers ill homes (sign up in ladvallCC).

'riday/, Jan uary 1New Year's 1)1a. Recuperation.

Saturday, January 2*Walking Tour of San Francisco Nei-ghborhoods, with lunch at Fisherman's

Wharf.I international Folksing.

Sunday, January 3lIecul)peration.

'Restrvt:tlon :neded.

'The (Comiiinity Education Comilittee of (CIS arranges toursproviding anll educational experience for foreign students and scholars.These are limited to 30 participants, U.S. and foreign students andscholars, so that, the greatest benefits may be gained. One trip peracademic quarter is arranged to such places as nearby farms, electricutility installations, an automobile assembly plant, and on electionday to polling places, party headquarters, and newspaper offices.American students also come into closer contact with foreign stu-

dents at Stanford through their staffing the information desk of theInternational Center and attending the center's many events.

Typical of those events are the International Luncheon DiscussionGroups, a project primarily of the Menertons, a local volunteer group,in association with CCIS. Six American students, six foreign students,one International Center staff member, and two Menertons sit at eachhlncheon table, and two tables are filled each Monday, Tuesday,Thursday, and Friday. The individual Menerton hostesses serveevery other week and provide the luncheons. Student fees (60 centsper lunch) cover costs and guests. The same people meet for an hourof luncheon and discussion on the same day of each week for 8 weeks.In the springg of 1965 the tables could choose from the following list ofsuggested discussion topics:African affairs Socialism, capitalism, and develop-East Asian affairs - mentEuropelan affairs War versus peaceMiddle Eatt affairs Campus affairs-University edu-Iatin American affairs cationUnited States affairs Religion and human dignityNational interest and international Men and women

responsibility Open endThis program now serves 104 students per quarter, half of them

Americans, and has a large waiting list.


English-in-Action is a CUIS program in which a volunteer con-verses on a regularly scheduled basis with a foreign student, scholar,or wife who uses English as a second language. Sessions are scheduledfor 1 hour per week unless more time is needed, in which case asecond hour is-scheduled with another volunteer. For example, onecouple-both physicians at a local hospital-come in during theirlunch hour to improve their English.

'The 250 English-in-Action volunteers at Palo Alto include a formercollege president, a retired school superintendent, and nlany other well-educated and highly committed people. All are interviewed beforevolunteering. If the student, who may be a faculty lecturer, his aspecial problem-e.g., pronunciation-a speech teacher is utilizedand tape recordings are Ilmade. But tile program basically offersconvI\ersation, not tutoring or teaching.

Volunteers cvan meet several students or vice versa, but no onevolunteer Ineces any one student for more than 1 hour per week.Volunteerr; are not pIermitted to initiate religious or political topics(liring their meetings with students. When it develops that tripsto shops, galleries, or museunls would be helpful, these are arrangedin addition to the scheduled hour for conversation.

lThe English-in-Action program served 50 foreign students at theoutset, grew to 135 in a few semesters, and then doubled. Surveysindicate that, as a result of this program alone, about half the studentsare offere(l home hospitality.

Stanford -(urrently attracts some 200 senior foreign scholars, abouthall'f of whom are professors and all of whom are matitre, establishedindividuals for whom the services available to tile university's 800foreign students would not be appropriate. The scholars may stayat Stanford from 1 month to an academic year. Since their sponsor-ship varies, their stipends also vary from $350 per month (which isminimal for Stanford) to $2,000 per month.

If the scholar's academic department sees to his needs, then theInternational Center staff does nothing, but if the department isunable to make the necessary arrangements, then the foreign scholaris helped with such problems as housing, transportation, iand language.Locating suitable housing is a significant problem, especially fordark-skinned scholars.

Another continuing problem is simply learning the current addressof the scholars to compile a list which is then furnished to the "Inter-national Wives" section of the Stanford Faculty Wives Club. Amonthly "coffee" for wives and child reon and also evening get-togethersfor both husbands and wives are sponsored by the club. rThe list ofvisiting scholars also goes to the international student groups atStanford, CCIS, and other helpful organizations.

In the 1956-57 academic year Stanford established at the Interna-tional Center an Office for Foreign Visitors, which serves only short-term visitors, not those temporarily resident at Stanford. In 1964the office's budget wvas approximately $18,000, while its staff consistedof two full-time people, one half-time person, and no regular secre-tarial or clerical assistance. With these resources and the help of afew volunteers, the office served 788 purposeful foreign visitors to thecampus-arranging appointments, providing occasional home hospi-tality, frequently providing transportation and escort services, andsecuring tickets to athletic contests, plays and concerts. More than

41


half of these visitors wore sponsored by the Federal Government.The office's full-time coordinator reports:"I would like to have time to organize and train a group of volunteers, but the

visitor lo,(d has tbeen so heavy it has been impossible so far. * * * The overloadin the fall of 1964 was very serious; if visitors are not better-spaced in tho future,we will have to turtll down some, particularly the last-minute requests which createsuchlpresslure. We must have reasonable advance notice. * * *"

Stanlford lUniversity makes systenemtic and effective efforts to keepin touch witll its foreign alumni. In the winter of 1965 its foreignstlltludet adviser visited Hong Kong, Bangkok, New Delhli, Madras,'Trivartll(irlnl, Iydebad,Bombay,Lyahoere, KLarachli, Teheran, Beirut,C(airo, anid Paris in tile course of tan 11-week trip that included a 2-weekseinliar oi InI(lian society.

Aliiumni also corres.pon(d with their classmates, faculty members,and friends, their letters often indicating tlhe lasting impact upon theirlives of their brief university experience in the United States. Here,for example, is a letter received by Mr. and Mrs. R. J. Dunham fromOleg Bazirukov of Leningrad:

lRecentlly I received a letter from you, andl I felt so ashamed that during sucha long periodl since( I camlle home I couldn't write you a letter. I guess you realizethat this is partly a result of "homlllsickness" (Iirch trees, wife, etc.). Now I amtotally recovered froln this sicknels but I've got another one--I feel a little bithomesick about California.

I can see without closing my eyes magnificent cliffs of Point Lobos marchinginto roaring Pacific, breathtaking vistas of .San Francisco from the hills of MarinCounty, beautifull s('llenic drives to Palo Alto and so oil, and so on. I often recollectthis (1!(dles. record of (Californiia sights. ullt I thiink the most, impressive wastlle hospil)itlity and hetrtredn(ess of Califoruilinls. It. was utiforgettalb)le.

Soon after my arrival home we flew to the Crimea, to the most; remote part ofthis )ellninsula at(nd Spl)' t. the wholemont.lh there- swimming, skindiving, and sun-bathliig. The \\ea-ther was excellent, the sea was warmiI11 l(l (cl:r.Now I am back to my experiimei(ts. Onl weekends Eleanora nnd I are usually

out. of the city. This vear we had a sunny and dry autumn anl(l a sudden begin-ninjg of good winter, witil lots of snow an(i mild temperature.

]'romi time to tilme we have parties at our home. My friends are listening toAmierican music (I bought some records with Joan Baez, .eeger, Lami,,mrt, ()Odetta)anl( to my "fairy tales" about California with movies and slides. Yokir folk musicis similar to ours, and it's very popular here at home. Seeger and B(aez remindme also of the meetings at the "I Center" with students singing A:\merican folk-songs. I appreciated the whole atmosphere of these parties. It seei(ld to nmethat. I was feeling the most sacred and deep parts of the American soll which ishidden from a foreigner * * *.

Berkeley, Calif.The number of foreign visitors to the Berkeley campil)s of the

University of California is notably high-1,517 from 85 countriesregistered with the central International Visitors Service in 1964.(This total does not include those served by the separate foreign visitorstaffs of the Lawreince Radiation Laboratory of thle College of Agri-culture.) l'he International Visitors Service's staff of 2, who operateon an annual budget of $17,000, are assisted by 36 volunteer "aluimnaehostesses."The service schedules professional appointments, campus tours

(through the alunmnae hostesses), and other university activities.Because of limited staff the service does not meet trains or planes,provide escorts or interpreters, or make off-campus arrangements.'he table on page 43 indicates the sources of visitors other than those

referred by units of the university itself.


In addition to its assistance to visitors, the service provides valuableresources to the university. For faculty and staff members planningtravel abroad, its files yield names of visitors from various foreignnations as possible contacts in those countries. It also offers facultynelmbers opportunities to meet visitors in anticipation of futurevisits abroad and maintains a file of faculty and staff members recentlyreturned from trips to foreign nations.

Cumunlative report--External agencies sending visitors to the International Visitors-

ervice,-University of California (it Berkeley, July 1963 to June 1966Private agencies:

Individuals_..-------------------.----._ ---------.- - -..-_--_.___ 106Japan Productivity Center _-------------------------.--------_._ 99Institute of International Education -.----______---_ ___-__.._._.__ 65International IIospitality Center -,-..-------------------..__, __ ... 51Mills College ----------------------- 40Asia Foundation --------------------- ------- -------- .-- - 26Harvey Mmld College------------------------------------------ 18Committee on Friendly Relations Among Foreign Students --------_- 11Fortune Magazine ------------..-_---------_--_ --_ --- 11International Engineering Co - _----.--------___-____.__..-_ 11Stanford- University..- --------------------_-------------- --- ---_ 9Friends ofIndia7---------------_------_ --.------__ _,------_-_ .-. 7Halo Corporation -------------.-------- .-----.- --------.-- --- 7World Affairs Council-------------------------------- ._-_- 7Eisenhower Exchange------------------------------- ------- 4Bank of America-.. --------- ---------.----- 3British Consulate--------------------..- 2Columbia University ---------------.-----. - ..-------- 1Netherlands Embassy----- -------

English-Speakihg Union--------------- 1University YWCA..1------

Total--------------------481

Government agencies:Department of State: American Council on Education, Experiment in

International Living ---.--------------......-- 172* Governmental Affairs Institute---------- -162Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs, Department of State ---- 33

* African American Institute -----------------.------ --- .-__ 30Department of Labor------------------..--........26

* National Social Welfare Assembly..---------_----------------- 25United States Information Service----------.-----.--.--- 18Department of State -------------------------...- 17Housing and Home Finance Agency---.-----.--------.-.-._ 14Agency for International Development------ - 2Department of Health, Education, and Welfare-- 2

Total ------------------------------------ 501' Contract agences of the Department of State.

International House is a social and residential center at the Berkeleycampus for both foreign and American students and for visitingforeign scholars and postdoctoral fellows. It provides living accom-imodations for about 530 men and women students, chiefly graduates.Some 60 countries are represented among the residents, half of whomare Americans. There are 2,600 foreign students at Berkeley and300 visiting scholars.About, 400 of the 1,000 incoming foreign students each year areinterested in the hospitality program offered to all new arrivals.From 350 to 400 local families, four-fifths of whom are not university-connected, maintain contact with the student for a year. Interna-

9.869604064

Table: Cumulative report--External agencies sending visitors to the International Visitors Service, University of California at Berkeley, July 1963 to June 1965

460406968.9


tional lIhose has ta briefing session for the families at the start of theschool year'and an evaluation session in the spring. This programhas ,operated for more than a decade.

'l1'he Committee for Foreign Students of the Faculty Wives Clubenables International H-ouse to offer:

Housing information.Rental of small household appliances.

-EnglishI language classes outside the university.English conversation groups for wives of foreign students.Couples Club for just-arrived married students.Speaking engagements for foreign students.Luncheon invitations from bay area Rotary Clubs.

The work of the Commuunty Program- Office of InternationalHouse is particularly significant. A well-structured educationalprogram of field trips and community visits, it focuses on the firstyear of the student's stay at Berkeley.The Colliniinity program Office draws on community resources

in planning programs that helthhlhe student fro abroad in his effortsto understand the American scene. This type of programing callsfor the interest and cooperation of a large nunlbier of civic, service,and professional organizations, each reflecting tllrough its activitiessome specific part of the total community. The programs includeinterpretive field trips, community visits into areas away from thecampuilis, and specialized seminars.

Visits to cormluniities away from the bay area offer the studentfrom abroad an opportunity to meet Anericans and to experiencelife in smaller rural cities and towns. The students stay in homesand visit inlldstries, farms, and places of historic and scenic interest.I-ere is the schleduile of community visits in the fall of 1964:

September 18, 19, and 20--Sonoma Vintage Festival.-Site of historicSonorna Mission and Jack London State Park. Festival includesexhibits, parade, and evening pageant. Hosts: Soroptimist Cluband Mission Inn. (Depart Friday 3:30 p.m. Return Sunday noon.Cost $2.)

October 2, 3, and /- Durham (small village in Sacramento Valley).-Guests of Rotary Club. Tour includes rice harvesting, almondpackaging, modern dairy, alld a communIinity dinner. (Depart Friday,2 p.m. Return Sunday afternoon. Cost $3.)

Saturday, October 10-- Ialnrut Creek.--Your host is the WalnutCreek Rotary Club. Trip includes visits to vineyards, walnut grove,dairy; dinner with Rotary families. (Depart 8 a.m. Return afterdinner.)

October 16, 17, and 18.--Livingston (in San Joaquin Valley).--Visit includes harvesting of grapes, almonds, potatoes, ginning ofcotton. Guests of Rotary families. (Depart liriday, 3:30 p.m.Return Sunday afternoon.)

October 23, 2t, and 25-Placermille (in gold-mining country 160miles east).-Tour includes Coloma, site of gold discovery, redwoods,Lake Tahoe. Your hosts, families of American Association ofUniversity Women. (Depart Friday, 2:30 p.m. Return Sundayafternoon. Cost $6 for bus.)

Recognizing that the primary purpose of the foreign students' staythere is acatleillic achievement, a serious effort is made to assure thattt imetie spent on informal learning in these community programs is

44


truly productive. The following recent programs reflect this specialconcern:

Seminar on American foreign policy-with special emphasis onthose aspects concerned with international responsibility. This3-day seminar was coordinated by the Community ProgramOffice in cooperation with the Council on Religion and Inter-national Affairs and the Carnegie Endowment for Peace. Fullscholarships were available to 23 foreign students of graduate orpostdoctoral status who had been nominated by their departmentadvisers and selected by an interviewing panel. Papers on suchtopics as "The Political Heritage of the United States," "TheUnited Nations: Problems and Prospects," and "The Role ofEthics in International Affairs," were read by specialists; eachreading was followed by several hours of discussion.

Program on labor unions-with emphasis on problems facinglabor and management. This series was added to bring balanceto the extensive list of field trips to industries and businesses.Members of the Institute of Industrial Relations staff assistedin planning a series which included a talk by a faculty member onlabor unions in America; visits to Alameda County Central LaborCouncil, with briefing preceding each meeting; opportunities toobserve local labor unions; and opportunity to attend a conferenceon "Unemployment and Collective Bargaining" presented by tileInstitute of Industrial Relations.

Visits to San Frantcisco Museums-to view significant artexhibits. At both the San Francisco Museum of Art and theCalifornia Palace of the Legion of Honor, the group met withmuseum staff members who gave a brief history of contemporaryAmerican painting and then discussed the current exhibit withinthe historical setting.

In the 1963-64 academic year approximately 2,400 students par-ticipated in activities planned or coordinated by the CommunityProgram Office. (Many participated more than once, of course.) Ofthis number, some 950 were residents of International House. As in:former years, the majority of the participants were newly arrivedstudents from southeast Asia, Europe, and the Middle East, in thatorder. Many of these activities were open to American studentsliving at International House but, understandably, those involvinghome hospitality or communLity home visits were restricted to studentsfrom abroad.A problem that the office describes as "serious" is its inability

to include more American students in these programs. Both tileAmerican student and the foreign student derive substantial benefitsfrom the type of intercultural exchange which shared experiencespromote. However, when organizations provide transportation,coordinate a program, or offer to arrange community hospitality,.they seldom include the American student. Efforts are made tocompensate for this by including both groups in activities where thisis possible.the activities of the office have had substantial impact, not only

within the university, but also in many of tile smaller communities inwhich the foreign students make field trips and community homnestays.For example, after the Institute of Industrial Relations arranged forseveral foreign students to witness a latbor-management arbitration,

45


session, tlle educational )ellefits were so notable that such an experi-el(ce is niow part of tile noriiial program for all stidel( tis inllthis field.

hlore tlltan a decadee agoI, when foreign stluldeits at Berkeley firstbegann orgaiiize(l visits of I to, I (lays in stimall ( aliforlifrnia c(mmlllunities,host, families usually in(licated( their preferencee for students fromnortlli ll1rop))eala couliltries. In re(cemilt years, though, host familieshave b)een willing to offer lihome tospiltality to any foreign stulllelts.Moreover, a large proportion of these (oimliinllities s directlyy involved(ill tlle student, visits. 'Th'e most recent (linlcer given for the visitingstudelnts in Yreka. ()population 4,759), for instance, was attended by400 )pelole.In the State.sA statewide program serving foreign visitors tlhrotighl one major

vollT11ary111 o)rgalnizlatioln is tlie Ipattern found in Connecticlut, IMlainle,New I liaLpshlire, and( Vermonlt. 11 regionn , which ihas more than one

organization serving foreign visitors, so mulchl coordlilation aidcoopleration1ias been achieved, land visitors are welcomed il so manyco11mili estihi rrougliout the State that the pattern of organizationait(l services miaylbe flikene(l to the unitary operations inr tihe more(coilmpact,1 States. Tle ()Oregoii patternn' is signifi('cant, too, because1111uc o(f tlhe foreignr visit' work, though by no Ineanls all of it, stemsprillarily fromn tlle State's colleges anld ulii versities, which is alsotrue of Vermonl.

OregonOne interesting factor in the statewide nature of foreign .visitor

programs inl Oregon is the facilitating role of the Pacific NorthwestBell' Telephone Co., whose system of wide area telephone service(WATS) permits conversations throughout most of the State for aboutthe cost of a local telel)hone call.

In Port.laid the International Visitor Program of the World AffairsCouncil of Oregon aids visitors and students. Some 300 volunteerstare listed in its files, and most actively involved in its work are about20 women. The Portlanhd volunteers lament that they literally havemore volunteers than visitors, for the city currently receives less than200 foreign visitors per year who are known to the World AffairsCouncil group.

Portland )has organized a council for all groups in the city that areinvolve(l in any way with foreign students. The International VisitorProgram also extends to Hood River, Astoria, McMinnville, and othersmaller communities. Many Americans of Finnish background residein Astoria, which is therefore especially popular witlrFinnish visitors.(One resident of that city has been decorated by the Government ofFinland for his volunteer services to foreign visitors.) Anothercommunity, near Redmond, has many residents of Yugoslav originand eagerly entertains visitors or students from that nation.The foreign student advisers of Oregon's several colleges and uni-

versities meet regularly in Portland to exchange experiences andinformation; their colleagues from the neighboring State of Washing-ton also attend these sessions. The Oregon State University, Corvallis,wisch has 400 foreign students among its enrollment of 11,000, isperhaps typical of the State's other institutions of higher education inthle special efforts it makes to enhance the foreign students' under-standing of America during their stay on its campus.

INTERNATIONAL EDUCATIONAL AND CULT'URAL AFFAIRS

The foreign student counselor at Corvallis'has, for the past decade,broadcast a weekly program of interviews with foreign students at theuniversity. The broadcasts, which are heard throughout Oregon,have a large audience which responds with considerable correspondence.Partly as a result of these broadcasts, about 100 families operatingsmall farms in all parts of Oregon regularly offer home hospitality toforeign students and visitors. A group of youth leaders from Kenya.for example, recently spent a week with Oregon farm families, and allwanted to remain for a longer period. Visitors frequently commenton the closeness of family life on Oregon farms, how everyone workstogether, meeting at mealtime, and on the role of the mother in thesefamilies. They are usually amazed at "how hard Americans work."The foreign student counselor's office links students up with host

families in Corvallis and nearby places. The families are encouragedto contact "their" student at least once a month, and the universityoffice reminds each family, which may take responsibility for as.inanyas three students, of the student's birthday, as it approaches. Ashappens elsewhere in programs of this kind, close ties develop betweenstudents and "their" families. The mother of one Corvallis familymade a quilt-which required hundreds of hours-to send to themother of the Japanese student who was regularly visiting her home.The university at Corvallis has developed excellent fact sheets

about their homelands which are given to foreign students when theyaddress Oregon groups,. as they do with some frequency. Thesesheets were pretested with students to assure their acceptability.Other publications present suggestions to American students interestedin meeting and understanding foreign students, advise host familiesentertaining foreign students, and explain various specific aspects ofthe American scene, such as "Football-Our Fall Pageant" andnational holidays. Here, for instance, is the Christmas greeting sentto all students by the foreign student counselor:

SEASON'S GREETINaS To ALLAnother great season in the United States is about to .begin. Christmas is

almost here. And although there is only one Christmas Day, yet the entiremonth of December is set aside for festivals, parties, services, musicals, andgeneral celebration of the Christmas spirit, deep in its significance yet gay in itsmanifestation.Some people regret the commercial content of this month of joy, yet this feature

also is but a result of the impulsive surge of affection that is displayed almost inabandon at this time.

This is the season in which most activity is 'directed toward the building andstrengthening of treasured friendships. This is the time wheu we have a rightto give gifts symbolic of gratitude or admiration to many. At any other time,these gifts would be inappropriate or indiscreet.At this time, we can plan to satisfy the secret Wishes of our more beloved friends

and our families. These gifts, both simple and elaborate, are symbols of the goodwill that makes us wish that everyone's dreams could come true.Community groups give each other small presents. Men's student groups

give parties for orphans and other lonely children. Women students wrap giftsfor patients in hospitals. Firemen collect and mend toys for poor families.The theaters give a free show to all community children. Merchants give presentsto their employees, and lodges fill baskets of food and toys for the needy.

Decorating for this month of celebration is equally important to the gift giving.Nearly all of the stores are elaborately arrayed; the display windows are gay withmany Christmas symbols. The service club members cooperate with firemento hang the Christmas lights in the streets. Many homes have outside as wellas inside trees. Huge community trees are lighted in almost every town, howeversmall.

47


Tile final mark of the 'season is the great expression of joy and exuberancethrough music. You will hear Christmas music everywhere you go. Carolersgo out at night from house to house; the hospital halls awaken with songs; thechurch climes give oult Christmas melodies. It is as though the air were filledwith the feeling of good will to men which is so much neeede.

All of us need to be reminded that, if we are to have a durable peace among allmen, we must learn to express our good will in ways that will answer all humanneeds the world aromud.

M\ hope is that you will feel rewarded as you share a Christmas season in ourcommunity.

Very sincerely,CLAIiA L. SIMEIRVILE,Foreign Student Counselor.

Happy New Year.The Chatter Club began in the fall of 1964 as an effort to build

friendship among the wives of foreign students and long-stay visitorsto the Corvallis carnps and other local wives and mothers, few ofwhom are associated with the university. The group holds a monthlyplenary meeting plus numerous meetings of various special-interestgroups. At the monthly Ineetings, for example, the program mightinclude a panel discussion of family life in various countries, includingthe United States. The Chatter Club has nearly 100 Americanmembers already, of whom 75 to 90 attend the monthly meetings.About 80 foreign wives are involved.

Since many of the foreign wives are shy, invitations are extendedrepeatedly and car pools organized to take the wives to and from themeetings. The special-interest groups include English language' in-struction and practice, sightseeing tours, cooking, baby care, and useof American products and services. - The groups meet in the eveningsas well as during the day, and babysitting can: be arranged. Inaddition, infortntJl get-togethers are springing up among the group.

Yet., the American wives learn from their guests as well. When anEgyptian wife entered the local hospital for her baby's birth, her(Chatter Club friend called to extend congratulations, but was toldthat her friend was not a patient. Later, the American learned thatit is the Egyptian custom, in these circumstances, for the mother toregister at the hospital under her maidea name.The College of Agriculture receives most of the academic visitors

to the Corvallis campus. Nearly all come from the eastern part ofthe United States, having made their way across the continent, al-though a few arrive almost directly from Japan. (Spokesmen for thePortland visitor group, like others interviewed elsewhere in the West,remarked upon the difficulties of programing a visitor "at the end ofthe trail," i.e., after he has visited many other places across thecountry.) These visitors usually come to Corvallis for 1-day visits;if their stay is longer, faculty members usually take them home todinner. If the visitors wish to see Portland, they are passed alongto Portland State College.

In addition, AID-sponsored groups come to the campus for as longas 1 month. Through the agricultural county agents and the foreignstudent counselor's contacts, they stay for a time with farm families,although the itineraries arranged by AID for its visitors are said tomake it difficult to arrange home hospitality in many instances.The dean of agriculture maintains a cumulative list of all former

visitors and students, by name, country, home address, and field ofagriculture, which is revised annually and sent to all members of the

?,

48


faculty-which includes the Extension Service county agents-andothers. This device encourages continued contact between returnedvisitors and their American hosts, teachers, and friends.

Since 1952, groups of foreign educators have been visitors to theOregon State University for 3 months under the international teacherdevelopment program of the Department of State, which is adminis-tered by the U.S. Office of Education. The teachers meet in Wash-ington for about 3 weeks in August, then travel across the country toOregon, stopping in Chicago and at Yellowstone National Park.After Corvallis, in 1964, they went to San Francisco and Los Angeles,Grand Canyon, Chicago again, then split into two groups-one goingto Columbus, Ohio, and the other to New Jersey. There each groupvisited and observed a number of schools and were guests of localeducators for about 6 weeks. Then the entire group gathered inWashington again for about 2 weeks of evaluation.The Science Education Department of Oregon State University has

arranged much of the program material and activities for theseforeign educators, and other departments of the university assist inother ways. In 1964, for example,, the group of foreign educatorsincluded 3 teachers of technical and vocational subjects, 3 teachersin agriculture, and 18 in the various science fields. The program forthe agricultural teachers was arranged by the university's departmentofagricultural education and for the technical-vocational teachers byits department of industrial education. Special seminars were pro-vided for these teachers in addition to the general seminars in scienceand American education arranged for the entire group.The foreign student counselor assisted by arranging a trip to the

Governor's office, providing invitations to homes at Thanksgiving,arranging contact with various national groups of foreign students.All the teachers were housed in the graduate dormitories at OregonState University and thus had an opportunity to get acquainted withmany American graduate students. The university food serviceprepared the few special diets that were necessary.

All foreign educators were registered for a program of studiesrelating to their academic preparation and teaching background. Topermit more flexibility in the program, these subjects were carried onan audit basis rather than forcredit. A special course in English wasprovided for those who needed help in the language, about two-thirdsof the group.A local school teacher was assigned to each educator as an American

"sponsor." The sponsors provided a fine contact with Americanhome and community life and in many cases warm friendships devel-oped as a result of this arrangement. Places visited by the foreigneducators, their sponsors, and faculty members included CraterLake National Park, lava beds, Mount Hood, Bonneville Dam, his-toric Astoria, logging operations, lumber mills, and many interestingindustrial and business establishments. The educators took thesetrips on days that did not interfere with the normal class program.In the fall, all foreign students and visitors at Corvallis and,the

other Oregon institutions make their "Capital Caravan," a journeyin private autos to Salem, where they tour the capital, spend quitea bit of time with the Governor, visit the State's leading departmentstore, are guests of the store for dinner, and then ask the firm'sexecutives many, many questions, which are all answered franklyand cogently.

49


Salem receives a number of foreign visitors in such fields as highwaysand engineering. Their Salem hosts have been calling Corvallis tolocate families for home hospitality and foreign students interested inmeeting their countrymen. Now Salem is starting to organize a for-eign visitor service group of its own, following the pattern of emergingawareness and program development observed elsewhere throughoutthe Nation.An interesting and unique program resource is the basket of color-

fll, polished Oregon pebbles of many kids that Oregon State Uni-versity's foreign student counselor keeps in her office. Each visitorand each foreign student is encouraged to select one of these beforehis departure from Corvallis. This becomes his touchstone, toremind him always of his stay and his friends in this part of theworld.

THE STATISTICAL FINDINGS

Of the 266 commune ity organizations responding to the surveyquestionnaire, most (82 percent) are voluntary groups, while 5percent represent partnerships of public and private agencies. Ofthe 13 percent thatt are governmental in character, only 4 percent arebranches of Federal agencies.

Precisely half report that they are only local in scope. Regionalor statewide organize ions are found in very few instances. However,nearly a third of the organizations indicated affiliation with nationalgroups. Of the 266 community groups whose completed question-naires were analyzed, 188 are not members of COSERV; however,many would not qualify for membership because of their limitedscope.

Nearly three-tenths of the 266 organizations are committees orcouncils that help coordinate various services to foreign visitors.Others describe themselves as service organizations (20 percent) or as

being linked with an educational institution (21 percent). Among tlheother organizations serving international visitors are foreign policy orinternational affairs groups (8 percent), church-related organizations(7 percent), social welfare agencies (6 percent), and a few socialclubss (2 percent).Of tle 266 groups, 42 percent were formed primarily to provide

services to foreign visitors. Their ranks include 82 peIcent of thecoordinating conmnittees, 31 percent of the educational agencies, 40percent of the service organizations but only 3 percent of the businessgroups.

In this survey, the four major regions of the United States are repre-sented by very similar proportions of respondents. About half theorganizations work in communities with fewer than 250,000 inhabi-tants. At the other extreme, three-tenths of them work in cities withpopulations of a million or more.

Governmental agencies are more prevalent among the organizationsfrom the smaller communities. Business and trade groups are slightlymore likely than others to be located in the smaller communities. Onthe other hand, coordinating committees, educational agencies, andservice organizations are concentrated in the more heavily populatedareas.As many as a quarter of the organizations in this survey have been

helping, smce the late 1940's or even earlier, to welcome and assist


visitors during their stay in this country. In general, groups fromthe larger communities have a longer record of service to foreign visi-tors than those from the smallest ones. Early participation is par-ticularly characteristic of the educational agencies (44 percent).However, foreign-visitor activities began to accelerate in the 1950's;

nearly half the organizations began their participation in 1955 orlater. Coordinating committees, in particular, tend to belong to thislatter period (60 percent), followed closely by the service organiza-tions (53 percent). The role of the business groups is more difficultto trace, since a fifth of them were unable to report when they beganassisting foreign visitors.Range of servicesThe table below indicates the range of services, direct and in-

direct, offered to foreign visitors by volunteer community organiza-tions. Educational and business agencies are primarily concernedwith organizing the visitors' programs of appointments, meetings, andtraining. Substantial proportions of these agencies, however, alsotake an active part in providing home hospitality. Coordinatingcommittees and service organizations tend to be equally active ineach of these activities.Services provided or secured for foreign visitors by voluntary community organizations

Organization was formed-

Primarily Primarilyto serve for otherforeign purposesvisitors

Percent PercentArranging appointments with professional persons in the community -----.-- 86 78Arranging attendance at lunches, dinners, etc., with professional, civic, orservice groups .-.-----_------------------------...-____-- 84 77

Providing personal hospitality in the iomne:Meals only --- ......----- -- .----- .---..--.--------------------...- 83 59Overnight sleeping accommodations.1----------.....---......... ....71 51(luest stays for ia full weekend --------------------------------.--- 65 41Stays of a week or more-........-.......----..---.---.-.........-.....54 28Special holidays ..--- ...--- .. ..... ... ...... 73 33

Providing English languageinstruction-.---------------.---.---------...-- 38 14Performing as nn interpreter ------------------- ....-- 49 29Organiz ng the visitor's program or schedule--------------------------- ...- 81 80Providing transportation and/or escort service in the community:

To appointtments-.. - --------------------------.....-- 70 65Front the point of arrival in the community ----------------..---------- 71 (54Sightseeing tours -----------------....- .--.....-...-..-----...- . 81 73

Providing olllce or stalf sup)lort -- ....-....-----..---------..----------.- 53 46l'roviding visits to rural areas------------------- 72 54Providing tickets to cultural events .---- .-----.------.-------....---- 67 44Providing tours of facilities, demonstrations, training sessions, etc ---------. 1 3Other services ..,. -....- ... .... ...... .......------------------- ----- 8 10Types of services not ascertainable-------.....--. ..- .........----1

Number of respondents (N 100 percent)-.--------..... ...............(112) (153)

NoTE.--''ercentages add to more than 100 percent because most organizations provide more than 1service to foreign visitors.

To some extent, the services available to visitors depend upon thesize of the community in which an organization is located. In themore heavily populated areas, for example,. visitors are more likely toattend various cultural, events in the city and to be entertained inprivate. homes during special holidays. They are also more apt toreceive help with language difficulties.

9.869604064

Table: Services provided or secured for foreign visitors by voluntary community organizations

460406968.9

52 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL AFFAIB8

In the smaller communities they are more likely to be taken onvisits to outlying areas alnd to be given general assistance with trans-portation problems. Yet the large majority (from 78 to 84 percent)of these organizations, regardless of the size of their community, areactive in organizinri the visitor's schedule and in providing introduc-tions to the professional groups or individuals that he wishes to meet.

In general, tile organizations composed of approximately equalnumbers of men land women offered the widest -variety of services toforeign lgests in their communities. They are somewhat better pre-pared to provide help in alleviating languagee difficulties and to provideentree to various. cultural events, for example. Moreover, they are1as likely to offer Ilomne hospitality as tie organizations that are com-prised )predlominantly of women and as likely as those comprised pre-dominantly of 1men to offer assistance ill developing a visitor's schedule.To some extent, the broader scope of tleir services stems from ttlefa(c that groups colmlosed equally of women and men are thle onesthat also tend to lbe located in the larger communities, where a some-whitt wider range of activities is usually more feasible.Among the interesting findings of the survey, therefore, is the fact

that organizations ill which women predominate are in the minority(16 percent). Members of both sexes participate in fairly equal pro-portions in 48 percent of the groups. A balanced ratio of this kind isesm)ecially characteristic of the coordinating committees (80 percentn,although it is typical, too, of those that operate tas part of an educa-tional lstit tition (62 percent).Groups comprised primarily of men tend to be those that have been

formed for some purpose other than providing services to foreignvisit ors. Nearly seven-tenths of the business or trade organizations,for example, have memberships that are predominantly male. Whenwomen are in the majority, they are likely to be associated with serviceorganizations. Even among these, however, men and women usuallyl)articipatCe ill equal numbers.Respondents were asked to estimate the numbers of people who

participate in s:peeific but less directt capacities-such as consultants,for example, or b 'oard members or fundraisers. Almost half the organ-izations (45 percent) failed to report any persons in these capacities.The range represented by tile others is very wide. Seventeen percentgave estimates of from 1 to 20 persons, another 17 percent gave esti-mates extending to 50 persons, and a slightly smaller proportion gaveestimates that went well beyond tllis number.Blugets and staffsAbout a fourth of the organizations operate without either paid

employees or any formal budget. Such funds as are available for localforeign visitor organizations are mainly contributed by individuals,firms, and community foundations. Approximately half the respond-ents in this survey estimate that their organizations operated on a

budget of $5,000 or less during 1964. At the other extreme, a tenthenjoyed budgetary support of more than $50,000. A fifth of therespondents-particularly educational or business organizations-were unable to answer this question.Most of the coordinating (58 percent) and service organizations

(53 percent) reported that either they had no formal budget or it did-not exceed $5,000 in 1964. Response from the educational and busi-

INTERATIONAIL EDttCATIONAL AND COLTURALA AFFAIRS 53ness organizations was sparser, but among those who did reply,'therepresentatives of educational groups were much more likely than thebusinessmen to quote figures in excess of $5,000. The size of an organ-ization's budget is closely related to the size of its community. Inthose having at least 250,000 residents, 42 percent of the organizationshave budgets of more than $5,000. This proportion drops sharply inthe smaller towns.The typical organization has only a few paid employees working

with foreign visitors. Half the organizations report that they havebetween one and five employees of this kind. The likelihood of havingpaid employees, however, increases with the size of the communityin which an organization is located.The 266 organizations were supported by no less than 70,000 volun-

teers in 1964. About a fifth of the groups included from 6 to 20 volun-teers, a quarter reported figures ranging up to 100 volunteers, approx-imnately another quarter involved up to 500 volunteers, and a tenthgave even higher estimates.

Together, the 266 voluntary organizations represented in this surveyserved a total of approximately 287,000 visitors in 1964. At the lowerend of the scale, 17 percent of thlI groups ser'vo(d up to 20 visito.s. Atthe opposite end, virtually the same proportion served numbersrtnning into the thousands. Most of the remainder reportedly servedhundreds of foreign visitors-to their communities.

Organizations formed primarily for this purpose served many morevisitors than the others. Three-quarters of them, for example, servedat least 100 people during the year, whereas the comparative figurefor other kinds of groups is 37 percent. Women's organizations alsorank extremely highly in this respect, with 60 percent serving between1 00 and 1,000 visitors and 7 percent serving even larger numbers. Ofthe organizations enlisting equal numbers of men and women, 39percent served between 100 and 1,000 visitors, while 27 percent servedmore than 1,000 foreign visitors or students in 1964. Organizationscomprised primarily of men, however, tended to serve smaller numbersof visitors-usually (63 percent) fewer than 100.The number of visitors served may also be coiTelated with the size

of the organization's budget. Most of the agencies (65 percent) thatoperated in 1964 without a formal budget were able to accommodate amaximum of 100 visitors and, as a rule, the number was quite a bitsmaller. However, in the case of groups with budgets running froma few hundred dollars or so to $5,000, the situation is virtually reversed.Most of these (67 percent) served several hundred visitors in 1964.The Yisitors servedWhen asked to describe the kinds of visitors that were helped by

their organization in 1964, organizations were most likely to mentionvisiting leaders or specialists (80 percent). Students-either studyingat American universities (68 percent) or touring the United States(58 percent)-also rank high on the list, as do various kinds of in-dependent visitors. In addition, more than half the organizationsprovided assistance to visiting professors and. research scholars, toelementary or secondary school teachers, and to persons hn the UnitedStates as participants in technical training programs.A few more than half the voluntary organizations served visitorsrepresenting more than 20 different nationalities. Fully three-t'enths.


of them were in contact with visitors from more than 50 differentcountries. Organizations in the largest cities served the greatestrange of nationalities. As the size of the community diminishes, thereis a tendency for the number of countries represented by its visitorsto (diminish also.The organizations responding to the survey questionnaire reported

widespread contact with persons from the Far Eastern and the NearEastern nations as well as with Western Europeans and Latin Amer-icans. Each of these regions is mentioned by at least eight-tenthsof the responding agencies. Roughly equivalent proportions pro-vided assistance to persons from North Africa (62 percent) or sub-Sahara Africa (64 percent), and exactly half were in contact withtEastern Europeans. A quarterr of them met also with visitors fromthe Soviet Union.There atre no important deviations from tins overall pattern when

the organizations are grouped a)nd compared in terms of their ownregional locations within tle United States. To the extent thatdifferences nmay be traced amlonsg them, organizations in the North-teast were somewhat more likely than those in the north centralpart of the country to receive visitors from Russia and somewhatmore likely than those il the West to receive visitors from sub-Sahara Africa.Limnitntions of the data

It mllst be remembered that these data have certain inherentlilriotat ions. This survey, for example, reports the activities of asmall committee, manned and operated almost entirely by a marriedcouple, as well as those of one of the largest organizations on thenational scene. The organizations serving foreign visitors have nostandard set of rules or system of recordkeeping. Moreover, suchrecordlsss are kept are apt to reflect much the same diversity thatcharacterizes these organizations in other respects.

It seems clear, however, that no single yardstick can be appliedwith equal validity to all the foreign visitor organizations. Measuresthat mllght 1be used with absolute precision in a less fluid situation-for example, tlie amount of budget allocated in support of foreignvisitor activities, and the number of persons participating in them,either directlv or indirectlv-are the very ones that respondentsfound most difficult to estinlate, and also the ones that were mostelusive in the task of classification. Moreover, gradations in termsof directt or in(ldect sources of support, differences in definitions ofstaff and volunteer, t;he fine line that sometimes must be drawnl)etw(een respollsil)ility tilt is shared with other organizations anflthat which is asslued indepon(lently-all these matters complicatedboth the job of respondents il framing their replies ard the work of(qlanti lfying tlle replies that they lave.

EVALUATION OF EXPERIENCE'The. voluntary organizations 'serving foreign'visitors were asked xI

the questidinnaire not only1 td'proVide the facts anld figures needed tobuild a ,gehrali'ed(l'picture of What. the have' ddie but alo to gi*epersonal impressions of the obstacles found most'trblei6me in thecrse of their efforts tb provide sberic' s to the' visitors tWho come asguests to their communities.' A review' of their repi'es leaves little

Iiti]RNATitONAL EDUiCA1'IONAL AND ULTURAL "AFFAIRS 55

dohbt that' a substantial proportion of the organizations inevitablyhave to Cope With certain problems that they all share ih comnmon.

Chief problems encountered by voluntary organizations''~~,rl{',-·~~ Percent

Getting the volinteers necessary to do the niost effective job' (e.g., irob-lems in rcruittnriit, selctidcn,' And 'traininrig)--,- --------- 24

Need for adequate' advance notice (e.g.,:about times of arrival; numbers ofvisitors, lengths of etay.s,. etc.)__-_. ;_ ,i.*..-..,,-L....;--,_- 24

Need for advance information, more information,, abouAt perpiial char-.acteristics and/or expectations of the visitors (e.'g., personal interests,cultural characteristics, customs, previous program in the United States) 14

Inconsiderate timing (e.g., last-minute changes in schedules, cancellationswithout notice, inconvenient times of arrival) -.--------------------. 9

Problems stemming from an uneven flow of visitors- _- ,. ... 7Difficulty in providing suitable accommodations during stay (e.g., finding

suitable homes, large homes, homes available for sufficient periods oftime) ..-.................-........ 7

Problems ofhadlin larg groups; oerload of visitrs------------ 3Difficulty in arranging fbr long stays---------------.. --3---------Lack of time (e.g., hard for people to find enough time when they are

needed; disruption of other activities'on which the organization mustspend time) ....-------------.------------------...- 21

Getting specific kinds or groups of people to participate (e.g., lower middleclass people, Negroes, men) .------ --..---------- 6

Lack of interest within the community -----------------6-------------6Ultraconservatism, prejudice, hostility toward foreigners----_ ---------- :3Difficulties in meeting transportation requirements (e.g., finding enough

drivers, drivers for long trips) ---------------------------------- 6Financial problems (e.g., lack of sufficient funds, burden on some individualswho must use personal funds) ------------------------------------ 24

Need for better or larger facilities (e.g., equipment, office space) ------ 4Problems stemming from language differences-.------------------ 12Need for better orientation of visitors (e.g., some visitors are poorly pre-

pared for visit, come with misconceptions, expectations that cannot befulfilled, lackcourtesy)-- 10

Need for more coordination, more cooperation among agencies (e.g., clltni-nate duplication of effort)---------------------------------------- 13

Need for office staff, professional staff, skilled or trained personnel----- 12Other difficulties --..--...---- ......-------------------------- --------- .......- 14"There are no difficulties"-------- ----------------.---------- ---- 14No difficulty mentioned ..-------..- .------. . -------- 6

Number of rebpondent.3 (N = 100 percent) ----------------------- (266)I Percentages add to more than 100 percent because some respondents mentioned more than one problem.

Before discussing these comments, however, itmight be useful tonote that answers elicited by questions of this sort-questions intendedto encourage general and spontaneous discussion of a subject-must beregarded differently from those that provide, from the, beginning, amore or less "structured" set of alternative responses. Perhaps themost basic difference between the two is that, in the latter case, only acertain number of relevant answers are possible-such as "yes,""maybe" or "no"-and these limits are largely predetermined. In thecase of questions .that provoke general discussion, though, a muchwider variety of alternative responses is possible. Thus, the propor-tions of respondents who give similar answers to any appreciable degreemust be considered with particular care.

In this survey the problems that.attracted the most attention fromrespondents seemed to fall into a few general patterns; One of themost important of these was the task of recruiting enough people, andthe appropriate kinds of people, to deal with needs as they arose.

9.869604064

Table: Chief problems encountered by voluntary organizations

460406968.9


The problem of finding enough people seemed to be primarily a matterof finding the ones who were able to contribute time when it was mostneeded. The problem of finding people who would be able to bringspecific skills to the task of serving foreign visitors was one which,while important, played a somewhat secondary role in the opinion ofmost respondents. Altogether, approximately a quarter of the re-spondents mentioned some aspect of the need to find the right volun-teer, at the right moment or with the necessary characteristics.Examples of their comments:The main problem is to find [volunteers] whose schedules are flexible enough to

help u.s with short term visitors.* * *

difficultyy ] in finding which volunteers are best suited for certain assignmentsand when available for specific tasks.

.* * *

I)ifficulty of allocating staff people to a program which cannot be scheduled insuchl ai way as to give us an indication of when visitors will come in large numbers.

* * *

lack of information from sponsoring agencies as to what they want and whenthey want it.

* * *

Buss, active life of hosts leave little time for entertaining.An important proportion of these organizations comment also on

their feeling of inadequacy when they are expected to provide properlyfor a visitor whose arrival has been scheduled without sufficient ad-vance notice. The problem of advance notice is one that is felt ratherkeenlly by many organizations. Moreover, it is closely related to anlumier of other obstacles that they feel must be overcome if they areto perform most effectively. For example, it has a great deal to dowith their success in recruiting volunteers who have the time toparticipate.The problem can take a number of forms. Some respondents, for

example, emphasize the need to know when a certain number of visitorscan be expected and in precisely what numbers; others want to know-more in detail who will be arriving and how their interests can best beserved. Closely connected to this are the frustrations expressed byrespondents who have been forced to make hasty adjustments becauseof last-minute cancellations, or of those who have had to arrange tomeet visitors at inconvenient arrival times. Much of this is viewed asa difficulty stemming from problems in communication and under-standing between the sending and the receiving agencies. To somerespondents, however, it suggests the specific need for more clearcutbriefings to visitors about what they should expect in the communitiesto which they will be sent:We need to have opportunity to plan ahead andlhave knowledge of special

interests of visitors. The biggest problem, which does not occur often, is the"drop-in" visitor. While we welcome all visitors, particularly foreign visitorswhose time may be limited, we can make their visit,much more worthwhile if wecan know their name, their country and their special interests before their arrivalas well as when to expect them.

Frequently foreign visitors do not know or understand that ours is a Volunteerservice and they, are; put out or indignant that. we have not'given them :all theserviQe Ythey think they. de$rve. * * , .

.. . .. t .. . ... .. & ~~~. . . .


Of equal importance is the problem of developing the financialresources needed to support local voluntary organizations servingforeign visitors. Some relevant comments:

Concrete suggestions are difficult. Our situation, where park visits are desired,create extra heavy expenses. In our case here, if travel allowance could be madefor mileage and if local accommodations and meals could be billed, it would help(guest expenses only, of course). The per diem arrangement actually doesn'twork too well for us. It would seem better if they received less per diem, exceptwhen actually en route to host points, and the host then had more flexibility inexpense here. It is difficult to be a good host and hand them a bill for accom-modations or individual meals when we're away from here or when eating here.

* * *

Many of our faithful day volunteers find it embarrassing that they or the organi-zation cannot pay for the lunch cost of a visitor while out for a day of sightseeing.Most of them arc retired and cannot afford the cost, especially when they assistfrequently * * .

* * *

Lack offunds to maintain a continuing office with cumulative files and expandingnumbers of trained volunteers. It is naive to think that a city the size of-.-- ---------can do this job adequately with only $300 a month for an executivesecretary who has a dual role.

* * *

Unfortunately, the foreign visitor program consunmes too much of the energyof the organization which, if devoted to the foreign policy educational aspects ofthe work, will bring in revenue and Inembership.A fifth of the voluntary organizations that mentioned problems that

are of concern to thier reserved opinoins about ways in which theymight be solved. An equal proportion had little to say in this con-nection because they lacked any problems that they considered worthdiscussingg. With respect to the others, however, a little more thana fifth feel that the answer to their problems lies in a somewhat moreclosely regulated relationship between the sponsoring and the receivingagencies-a more carefully developed understanding, in other words,ofwhat is desirable and what is possible on both sides. To quote onerespondent:We are sonlewhat different from most receiving groups Iand thus require different

proceedures on tihe part of the sending agencies.()1ur biggest problem is getting till the senldill agencies to refer to the COSElRV

paeL' on ------ and to abide by the rules we set out for their use.'ihe problem * * * could be corrected:

1. By the government threatening to (iscontinue their grant to them ifthey (lidn'l take more care in meeting requirements of local groups in sendingroutines.

2. By strengthening the interagency liaison, so that Labor, USIA, Com-merce, and all the others who are always springing new staff members onus for us to educate, could be forced to become infornmd on what we aretrying to do at the local level.

And, to quote another:We look to COSERV increasingly to provide materials, conferences, communi-

cation, influence in sensitive places, to correct and improve nimny of these prob-It ms.

It would help greatly if the Federal Covernment would stop encouraging every-one to become involved with visitors and suggest that major responsibilities becentered at the local level in relatively sniall numbers of committees or councilsthat can have widespread recognition, :develop a high degree' of expertise, andmaintain the high volunteer standards.: .. ' ..The Peace Corps is recognizedus a vital, yolunteeor effort, but not everyone

qualified. Similarly the work of seivitg visitors ought gradually to bei organized'aindl (irecte( by leadership which meets highertestihthan tthoe generally acceptedby programing agencies today.


A similar proportion of respondents hope for solutions to theirproblems thronlgll increased financial support from various sources.'Ilhe specific sources singled out most often were either the FederalGovernment (11 percent) or private sources such as foundations,business organizations, or private citizens (11 percent). Othersolutions, mentioned by approximately a tenth of the respondents ineach case, included: the need for a more intensive effort at the locallevel---either by gaining the cooperation of indivillual citizens orcementing relationships among various local agencies; the need forfinding ways to acquire sufficient appropriate staff; more publicityconcernling the meaning and tli overall goals of tile foreiri' visitorprogram; inore attention to the briefing and selection of visitors whoare sent to the various communities; and morIe attention to thatfine line between tlle enjoyable anid nmultu ally rewarding scheduledand the one tllhat loses meaning because of anl accumulation of fatigueon the part of tle visitor.When asked about tle extent to which they had been prepared to

accolmmo(late the nullmber of visitors who had been sent. to then duringthe past year, tile majority said either that they had received justabout the niluber that they were set up to absorb (31 percent) orthat they might have handled an even larger number (30 percent).A little less than a fifth (17 percent) are somewhat undecided in thisrespect, in the sense that there had been some occasions when theyhad been too pressured and others when they felt they could haveserved a larger number of visitors. Fourteen percent, on the otherhand, said only that they had sometimes been overburdened.

Persons whose organizations hadb1eenl either overpressured or under-active at someC time during tlhe past year were asked to pinpoint thespecific times of year. The early months of the year, particularlyJanuary or February, seem to be the ones during which organizationsare most likely to be operating below their capacity. This lulldiminishes through spring and, with the coming-of the summer months,it shows signs of diminishing altogether. Taking regional differencesinto consideration, if May to September can be accepted as a generallyapplicable definition of summer, the proportion of organizations whofelt overburdened during this period is approximately double theproportions -who felt themselves overburdened either in the monthsthat preceded it or in the ones that followed it.

All things considered, nearly two-fifths of the volunteer groups(37 percent) reported they would like to work with approximately thesame number of visitors in the coming year as they have worked withduring the past one. About half (49 percent) say that they wouldwelcome the opportunity to service an even larger number. Only ahandful (4 percent) state that the activity has been more than theywould like to handle on the average. There is virtually no differencein this respect between organizations that have been set utp specificallyfor the purpose of serving foreign visitors and those that have otherpurposes. Nor is there any important difference between those thathave served fairly small numbers of visitors during the past year andthose who have served larger numbers. Moreover, there is relativelylittle difference among organizations that have operated with differingamounts of money at their disposal.


When asked to evaluate the impact of the foreign visitors on theircommunities, a quarter of the respondents made very general, favor-able comments. Roughly the same proportion feel that the visitorshave helped to promote a better understanding of people from variousnational backgrounds and an increased interest in the countries theyrepresent. Similar proportions (20 percent) describe the benefitsof the program in terms of the way in which it has broadened view-points in general and in terms of the pleasure that Americans havefelt in showing visitors the surroundings and the traditions that aremeaningful to them:We have always felt the richer for having entertained these visitors. Ours is

it truly "cosmopolitan" small town which takes much pleasure in meeting thesepeople so that we may have a better understanding of them, and they of us.

* * *

We feel that the members of our club, as well as the community have benefitedgreatly from association with the women who have resided in the house, throughbecoming better acquainted with the natives of countries around the world, be-coming aware of their living habits, their cultures and their desire for intellectualadvancement. It is considered in the community as one of the best possiblemeans of promoting better understanding and good will among peoples of allnations.

* * *

The foreign student program and the foreign visitor program in this city havecaused the people to become better informed, to become less provincial, to bend alittle from staunch conservatism, to be more tolerant. It played more of a partin making school desegregation possible than most people realize. It has madebetter citizens of a great sector of our populace. * * *

The visitors, too, have expressed their opinion of the work of tilevolunteer organizations. "As a stranger who stepped into the landof the United States for the first time in my life, I might have beenutterly helpless like a man who landed on a different planet if it werenot for the kind help offered by you," the chief justice of an Asiannation wrote in his bread-and-butter letter to one group. A prominentAsian editor wrote: "My whole tour was most enjoyable and I havegot a good picture of your great Nation and its great and most lovinglife of people. What I saw in your country was really wonderful."

Said a European advertising executive, in an article published ina local American magazine long after his return to his own country:The visit to ------ --- gave me more knowledge about the American

social activities than anything else experienced in the United States. Considerthis list: discussions at a press conference, at the ad department of the ----------

Journal, at radio and television stations, at a couple of ad agencies, at differentoffices in the City Hall, visits to three most hospitable private homes, an earlyBreakfast Club, local Advertising Club, United Fund Publicity Committee,Public Safety Committee of the Mayor, Inter-Professional Club, and finally aCandidate Dinner in connection with the Governor election campaign. Whendoes a man visit all these places in a foreign city, so many of them, so swiftly andin so good hands?An Indian social welfare administrator who visited the United

States for 4 months as a participant in the Philadelphia InternationalProgram for youth leaders and social workers'-which has its counter-parts in Cleveland, Chicago, and the twin cities of Minneapolis-St.Paul-has perhaps the most -memorable single impression of hisreception by the American people. Upon his departure, he recalledthe frankness with which his colleagues in this country were willing


to acknowledge and discuss their professional shortcomings., Heremembered his surprise and pleasure at seeing how friendly andinformal American judges could be in their courtrooms without losingtheir dignity.But the most startling aspect of American life, one for which his

foreknowledge and preconceptions of this country had in no preparedhim, was simply the way in which all Americans replied to his "Thankyou's" with the words-so familiar to us, so memorable to him-" You're welcome!"

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THE CHAIRMAN, THEU.S. ADVISORY - State Department

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