The Cell The Cell All Living things are composed of All Living things are composed of cells cells All Cells have/contain the following: All Cells have/contain the following: Cell Membrane - Lipid Bilayer Cell Membrane - Lipid Bilayer - Separates inside from outside - Separates inside from outside
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The Cell All Living things are composed of cells All Cells have/contain the following: Cell Membrane - Lipid Bilayer - Separates inside from outside.
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The CellThe CellAll Living things are composed of All Living things are composed of cellscells
All Cells have/contain the following:All Cells have/contain the following:
Cell Membrane - Lipid BilayerCell Membrane - Lipid Bilayer - Separates inside from outside - Separates inside from outside
CytoplasmCytoplasmCytoplasmCytoplasm - everything but - everything but DNA/NucleusDNA/Nucleus
Two Cell typesTwo Cell types
ProkaryoticProkaryotic Cells Cells1.1. Primitive cells – include bacteriaPrimitive cells – include bacteria
2.2. No nucleusNo nucleus
3.3. No Membrane-bound organellesNo Membrane-bound organelles
4.4. Very Small 1-10 micrometersVery Small 1-10 micrometers
5.5. Single Strand of Circular “naked” DNASingle Strand of Circular “naked” DNA
6.6. Contain Contain RibosomesRibosomes
Typical Prokaryotic Typical Prokaryotic CellCell
All Your Base Are Belong To Us
EukaryoticEukaryotic CellsCells
EukaryoticEukaryotic Cells Cells
1.1. 1.1. Contain a Contain a NucleusNucleus which protects DNA / which protects DNA / ChromosomesChromosomes
2.2. 2.2. Much larger than prokaryotic cellsMuch larger than prokaryotic cells
3.3. 3.3. Have many different types of Have many different types of Membrane boundMembrane bound organellesorganelles - - compartmentalization = efficiencycompartmentalization = efficiency
Eukaryotic CellsEukaryotic Cells
Animal Animal Eukaryotic CellEukaryotic Cell
Plant Eukaryotic Plant Eukaryotic CellCell
OrganelleOrganelless
Membrane-Bound organelles only Membrane-Bound organelles only found in found in EukaryotesEukaryotes
Localize Chemical Reactions Localize Chemical Reactions making the cell far more efficientmaking the cell far more efficient
Major Organelles of the Eukaryotic CellMajor Organelles of the Eukaryotic Cell
The The NucleusNucleus““eukaryotic” means “true eukaryotic” means “true nucleus”nucleus”
Contains & protects the Contains & protects the cell’s DNAcell’s DNAHelps coordinate the Helps coordinate the division of cellsdivision of cells
Surrounded by a Surrounded by a Nuclear Nuclear EnvelopeEnvelopeEnvelope is double layered Envelope is double layered with with an an Inner & Outer Inner & Outer membranemembrane
Has perforations called Has perforations called Nuclear PoresNuclear Pores which allow which allow large molecules to pass large molecules to pass in/out of the nucleusin/out of the nucleus
Contains a Contains a NucleolusNucleolusRibosomesRibosomes are made in are made in this regionthis region
Contains DNA packaged in Contains DNA packaged in structures called structures called chromosomeschromosomes
ChromosomChromosomeses
MitochondrMitochondriaia
Serves as the Serves as the “powerhouse “powerhouse of the cell” by of the cell” by generating generating chemical chemical energyenergy
Has it’s own Has it’s own DNA*DNA*
Can divide on Can divide on its own*its own*
Chloroplasts (Plant Cell Only)Chloroplasts (Plant Cell Only)Is the “cell’s farm” - Is the “cell’s farm” - meaning food is meaning food is generated here.generated here.
Does this by Does this by photosynthesisphotosynthesis - - the conversion of the conversion of COCO22, H, H22O and O and
sunlight into sugarsunlight into sugar
Contain Contain ChlorophyllChlorophyll - a - a green pigment - green pigment - which does thiswhich does this
Has it’s own DNA*Has it’s own DNA*
Can divide on its Can divide on its own*own*
Ribosomes
Are NOT Are NOT membrane-bound & membrane-bound & also exist in also exist in prokaryotesprokaryotes
Are used to Are used to manufacture manufacture proteinsproteins
Granular in Granular in appearanceappearance
Often found on Often found on “rough” “rough” endoplasmic endoplasmic reticulumreticulum**
Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic ReticulumAre folds of Are folds of membranes used to membranes used to package & modify package & modify proteins made by proteins made by ribosomes. They ribosomes. They also make lipidsalso make lipids
2 types2 types““RoughRough” - which ” - which is usually near is usually near nucleus and nucleus and covered with covered with ribosomes giving ribosomes giving it its “rough” it its “rough” appearance. appearance. (Finishes proteins)(Finishes proteins)
““SmoothSmooth” - which ” - which is usually away is usually away from the nucleus from the nucleus (produce lipids)(produce lipids)
Examples of Endoplasmic Examples of Endoplasmic ReticulumReticulum
Smooth ERSmooth ER Rough ERRough ER
Golgi Golgi BodiesBodies
Are the post offices of Are the post offices of the cellthe cell
Modify (address) Modify (address) proteins & lipids and proteins & lipids and send them in send them in packages (packages (vessiclesvessicles) ) throughout (or out of) throughout (or out of) the cell.the cell.
LysosomesLysosomesSmall Vessicles which serve to digest particles and clean-up cellsContain Lysozyme – a powerful digestive enzymeDigests food particlesDestroys worn-out organellesSelf-Destructs worn-out cells
Serve as Serve as construction/organization construction/organization points for cellular points for cellular microtubulesmicrotubulesOrganize and transfer Organize and transfer chromosomes and other chromosomes and other organelles during Meiosis & organelles during Meiosis & MitosisMitosisOccur in some prokaryotes, Occur in some prokaryotes, protists & animals. Do not protists & animals. Do not occur with fungi and plantsoccur with fungi and plantsTube like structures usually Tube like structures usually at right angles to each at right angles to each other.other.Some animals have Some animals have centriole-like structures at centriole-like structures at the base of flagella called the base of flagella called basal bodiesbasal bodies..
Cell membrane is Cell membrane is innermost layerinnermost layer
CytoskeletoCytoskeletonn
Network of fibers Network of fibers which help organize which help organize the internal the internal arrangement within arrangement within cells.cells.Three basic types of Three basic types of fibers compose fibers compose cytoskeleton:cytoskeleton:
Actin FilamentsActin Filaments Thinnest fibers ~7nMThinnest fibers ~7nM Formed from protein Formed from protein
ActinActin
MicrotubulesMicrotubules Largest component Largest component
of cytoskeleton ~25 of cytoskeleton ~25 nMnM
Formed from protein Formed from protein TubulinTubulin
Intermediate Intermediate filamentsfilaments
Intermediate in size Intermediate in size and can varyand can vary
Form from several Form from several proteins inluding proteins inluding vimentinvimentin & & keratinkeratin