Hannah Research Institute The four ”C”s of nutritional management: The four ”C”s of nutritional management: Creating Consistency, Coping with Challenge Creating Consistency, Coping with Challenge Chris Knight [email protected]
Hannah Research Institute
The four ”C”s of nutritional management: The four ”C”s of nutritional management: Creating Consistency, Coping with ChallengeCreating Consistency, Coping with Challenge
Chris Knight
Hannah Research Institute
Nutritional Consistency and ChallengeNutritional Consistency and Challenge
Challenge: seasonal Challenge: seasonal food supplyfood supplyCoping: migrationCoping: migrationChallenge: crossing Challenge: crossing oceans/desertsoceans/desertsCoping: create energy Coping: create energy reservesreservesChallenge: weight Challenge: weight compromises flightcompromises flightCoping: timingCoping: timing
Hannah Research Institute
Challenges facing the dairy cowChallenges facing the dairy cow
Reproduction
Heterospecifics
HealthEnvironmental
Conspecifics
Production
Composition
Parturition
Nutritional
Hannah Research Institute
ChallengesChallengesBiologicalBiological
•• Surviving infancySurviving infancy•• Seasonal food supplySeasonal food supply•• Water conservationWater conservation•• Temperature extremesTemperature extremes•• GrowthGrowth•• CompetitionCompetition•• DiseaseDisease
•• ReproductionReproduction
•• PredationPredation
ArtificialArtificial
•• Excessive productionExcessive production•• Management transitionsManagement transitions•• Poor housingPoor housing•• Economic decision makingEconomic decision making•• Specialist productsSpecialist products
Negative effectof selection
Positive effectof selection
Hannah Research Institute
ConsistencyConsistency
NutritionalDay to day
Time of year
Within day
National
Herd
Lactation cycle
Cow
Lifetime
Reproduction
Hannah Research Institute
ConsistencyConsistency
NutritionalDay to day
Time of year
Within day
National
Herd
Lactation cycle
Cow
Lifetime
Hannah Research Institute
Nutrition, genetics, growth & development: Nutrition, genetics, growth & development: beyond “production”beyond “production”
Barker:
Fetal undernutritionprogrammes adult metabolic disease
Healthybaby LGA
“Best” Healthygrowth
Long-termhealth
SGA
Overfeeding
Overweight
Disease
Hannah Research Institute
ConsistencyConsistency
NutritionalDay to day
Time of year
Within day
National
Herd
Lactation cycle
Cow
Lifetime
Hannah Research Institute
Challenges facing the dairy farmerChallenges facing the dairy farmer
Preparing the cowfor lactation
Feeding thelactating cowNutritional
Hannah Research Institute
Transition periodTransition period
Far-offClose-up
NEB
High yield
Transition period
Calving
Hannah Research Institute
Transition period, in transition!Transition period, in transition!
Far-offClose-up
NEB
High yield
Transition period
Calving
High fibre
Fertility
Hannah Research Institute
Reproduction dietsReproduction diets
Far-offClose-up
NEB
High yield
Transition period
Calving
Fertility
Insulinogenic
Hannah Research Institute
Transition periodsTransition periods
Far-offClose-up
NEB
High yield
Calving
High yieldTransition period
Transit
ion pe
riod
Hannah Research Institute
Continuous lactationContinuous lactation
Far-offClose-up
NEB
High yield
Calving
Lactation dietHigh yieldTransition period
High yield
Transit
ion pe
riod
Hannah Research Institute
((Dis)continuousDis)continuous lactationlactation
High yield
Calving
Lactation dietDepressed yield
Hannah Research Institute
Seasonal breeding and food supplySeasonal breeding and food supplyBronson, FH (1985) Biol. Reprod. 32 1-26
Hannah Research Institute
The cows view of transition?The cows view of transition?
Unreliable food supplyClose-up
NEB
High energy
Transition period
Calving
Far-off
Mobilizationis desirable
Reproductionis a luxury
Hannah Research Institute
Cows are programmed to mobilizeCows are programmed to mobilize
M3 M6 SU30
40
50
60
70
Peak
milk
yie
ld (k
g/d)
M3 M6 SU16
18
20
22
24
DM
I (kg
/d)
M3 M6 SU0
-20
-40
-60
-80
Bod
y w
eigh
t los
s (k
g)
Milk yield Feed intake Weight loss
Intro 7
Bar-Peled et al (1995) J Dairy Sci 78 2726-2736
Hannah Research Institute
Seasonal breeding and food supplySeasonal breeding and food supplyBronson, FH (1985) Biol. Reprod. 32 1-26
Hannah Research Institute
Food intake patternsFood intake patterns
-24 -18 -12 -6 0 6 12 18 24
Week relative to parturition
4
8
12
16
Dry
mat
ter i
ntak
e, k
g/d
0
10
20
30
Food
inta
ke (g
/d)
0 5 10 15
Pregnancy day
50 10 15
Lactation day
Heifers
DepositionMobilisation
Hyperphagia Hyperphagia
Mice(Data from Ingvarsten)
Hannah Research Institute
So how long is So how long is biologicalbiological transition?transition?
-24 -18 -12 -6 0 6 12 18 24
Week relative to parturition
4
8
12
16
Dry
mat
ter i
ntak
e, k
g/d
Transition period
Transisition
Hannah Research Institute
Challenges facing the dairy farmerChallenges facing the dairy farmer
Preparing the cowfor lactation
Feeding thelactating cowNutritional
Hannah Research Institute
Lactations will get longer!Lactations will get longer!
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Lactation day
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Reb
reed
ing
valu
e $
Heifers
Cows
Hannah Research Institute
Extended lactationExtended lactationConventional lactation:3 risk periods
Extended lactation:2 risk periods
Milk
yie
ld
Autumn Autumn Autumn Autumn
Milk
yie
ld
Autumn Autumn Autumn Autumn
Increased persistency!
Hannah Research Institute
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Week of lactation
0
5
10
15
20
Hal
f-udd
er m
ilk y
ield
(kg/
d)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Lactation week
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
SCC
AMS can enable extended lactation
Hannah Research Institute
Extended lactation will require better Extended lactation will require better nutritional managementnutritional management
Can sudden yield Can sudden yield depressions be depressions be avoided?avoided?
Can they be Can they be reversed?reversed?
Which is more Which is more important, energy important, energy or protein?or protein?
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
standardised lactation week
0
5
10
15
20
Hal
f-udd
er m
ilk y
ield
(kg/
d)
Hannah Research Institute
Experimental manipulation of protein Experimental manipulation of protein supplysupply
Experimental diet deficient in histidine, methionine and lysine
Hannah Research Institute
Recovery from amino acid deficiencyRecovery from amino acid deficiency
In early lactation amino In early lactation amino acid deficiency acid deficiency compromised milk yieldcompromised milk yieldThere was complete There was complete recovery when recovery when deficiency endeddeficiency endedThe responses were The responses were independent of stage of independent of stage of lactationlactation
Hannah Research Institute
Experimental stimulation of Experimental stimulation of mobilizationmobilization
Frequent Frequent milking does milking does not stimulate not stimulate mobilization of mobilization of body proteinbody protein
2X 3X 2X 3X 2X 3X20
22
24
26
28
Milk
yie
ld (k
g/d)
Deficient Adequate Adequate + ME
n.s. n.s.
P<0.05
P<0.05
Hannah Research Institute
Mobilization of protein is possible, Mobilization of protein is possible, but strong stimulus requiredbut strong stimulus required
Frequent Frequent milking milking effective only effective only with adequate with adequate dietdiet
BST effective BST effective irrespective of irrespective of dietdiet
2X 3X 2X 3X 2X 3X 2X 3X8
10
12
14
16
Milk
yie
ld (k
g/d/
half
udde
r) Deficient Adequate
n.s.
+BST +BST
n.s.
n.s.
P<0.05
P<0.05
P<0.05 P<0.05
Hannah Research Institute
SummarySummary
ShortShort--term lactation inhibition caused term lactation inhibition caused by protein inadequacy is reversibleby protein inadequacy is reversiblePerhaps not surprisingly therefore, the Perhaps not surprisingly therefore, the cow is reluctant to mobilize proteincow is reluctant to mobilize protein
Is the same true for energy?Is the same true for energy?
Hannah Research Institute
The Hannah Research The Hannah Research InstituteInstitute
Evolution
Institute becomes Trust.Research contractor becomes research funder.
www. hannahresearch.org.uk In 2006the Hannah
closedwww.strath.ac.uk
Hannah Research Institute
Creating Consistency, Coping with ChallengeCreating Consistency, Coping with Challenge
Actually, Consistency can become too much Actually, Consistency can become too much of a good thing,of a good thing,
and Challenge can be rather stimulatingand Challenge can be rather stimulating