The British in India. The Spice Trade Pepper, cinnamon, rice, tea, cotton, indigo etc. all were in great demand in Europe Very expensive due to taxes.

The British The British in Indiain India

The Spice TradeThe Spice Trade

Pepper, cinnamon, rice, tea, cotton, Pepper, cinnamon, rice, tea, cotton, indigo etc. all were in great demand indigo etc. all were in great demand in Europein Europe

Very expensive due to taxes and Very expensive due to taxes and tariffs by Italians and Turkstariffs by Italians and Turks

1515thth and 16 and 16thth centuries centuries

Vasco da Gama sailed round Cape of Good Vasco da Gama sailed round Cape of Good Hope and finds new trade route to IndiaHope and finds new trade route to India

British and French set up trading postsBritish and French set up trading posts

Trading posts become centers of power Trading posts become centers of power – not established by govt., but by trading not established by govt., but by trading

companiescompanies

British ExpansionBritish Expansion

British East India Company British East India Company – Monopoly over trade in India, China and East Monopoly over trade in India, China and East

IndiesIndies

– Had power to sign treaties, maintain armies and Had power to sign treaties, maintain armies and govern itselfgovern itself

– Attracted Indians to work for companyAttracted Indians to work for company

– Sepoys – Indians serving in the army of European Sepoys – Indians serving in the army of European countrycountry

Reasons for British SuccessReasons for British Successin Indiain India

British brought all of India under their British brought all of India under their control:control:– Collapse of ruling Moghul empire-Collapse of ruling Moghul empire-

disorganizeddisorganized

– ““Divide and conquer” policy – played on Divide and conquer” policy – played on weaknesses of local rulersweaknesses of local rulers

– Superior military and Superior military and naval powernaval power

Drastic ChangesDrastic Changes

Made English official Made English official languagelanguage

Abolished SutteeAbolished Suttee

Stopped female Stopped female infanticideinfanticide

Set up postal and Set up postal and telegraph systemtelegraph system

Railroads, canals for Railroads, canals for irrigation, roadsirrigation, roads

Education in every Education in every province, higher province, higher education in English education in English

Private ownership of Private ownership of land introducedland introduced

Great Uprising of 1857Great Uprising of 1857

Immediate causes: Immediate causes: – New cartridges were greased with animal fat New cartridges were greased with animal fat – Requirement that sepoys must serve outside of Requirement that sepoys must serve outside of

IndiaIndia– Forced ChristianityForced Christianity– British were destroying Indian traditional British were destroying Indian traditional

cultureculture

Meerut army post, the sepoys killed every Meerut army post, the sepoys killed every European man, woman and child… spread European man, woman and child… spread to other posts as wellto other posts as well

Sepoy Sepoy RebellionRebellion

Mutiny defeated after 1 Mutiny defeated after 1 yr., British reprisals were yr., British reprisals were brutalbrutal ie: Entire population driven ie: Entire population driven

from Delhi and thousands from Delhi and thousands slaughteredslaughtered

Both Indians and Both Indians and Muslims fighting Muslims fighting side by sideside by side

South India did South India did not join, nor did not join, nor did Sikhs in the North Sikhs in the North

The British RajThe British Raj

After revolt, British After revolt, British Parliament passed “An Parliament passed “An Act for the Better Act for the Better Government of India” – Government of India” – completely takes over the completely takes over the East India Co.’s empireEast India Co.’s empire

British govt. of India is Raj British govt. of India is Raj – the Hindi word for – the Hindi word for kingdomkingdom

Government of IndiaGovernment of India

India divided into 2 unequal parts: India divided into 2 unequal parts: – British India – 3/5 of subcontinent in most British India – 3/5 of subcontinent in most

productive areasproductive areas– Native India – 1/3 of land in princely states Native India – 1/3 of land in princely states

scattered all overscattered all over Some ruled by Hindu leaders, Some ruled by Hindu leaders, maharajahsmaharajahs Some ruled by Islamic rulers, Some ruled by Islamic rulers, nawabsnawabs or or nizamsnizams British official advisor, British official advisor, residentresident

Princes could control schools, courts and Princes could control schools, courts and soldierssoldiers

British controlled foreign affairs and British controlled foreign affairs and internal relations internal relations

ColonizationColonization 1876, Parliament makes Queen Victoria 1876, Parliament makes Queen Victoria

the Empress of India and ruler over all the Empress of India and ruler over all parts of Indiaparts of India

British India ruled by a Viceroy, with help British India ruled by a Viceroy, with help of other British officialsof other British officials

Indian govt. positions mainly given to Indian govt. positions mainly given to selected men from the Indian Civil Service, selected men from the Indian Civil Service, (most were British)(most were British)

Under Raj, Indians had almost no voice in Under Raj, Indians had almost no voice in their govt.their govt.

Benefits of British RuleBenefits of British Rule

Pax Britanica – law and order Pax Britanica – law and order creates political unity previously creates political unity previously unknown in Indiaunknown in India

Best railroad system in Asia, 4,000-Best railroad system in Asia, 4,000-40,000 miles40,000 miles

National Postal and telegraph National Postal and telegraph systemsystem

Canal system irrigates millions of Canal system irrigates millions of acresacres

Public health measures against Public health measures against cholera, smallpox, etc. lower death cholera, smallpox, etc. lower death raterate

Benefits of British RuleBenefits of British Rule Famine relief system aided millions when Famine relief system aided millions when

harvests were poorharvests were poor

New schools at all levels – English is used in New schools at all levels – English is used in higher levels of ed. – study ideas of higher levels of ed. – study ideas of democracy and nationalismdemocracy and nationalism

Equality before law regardless of statusEquality before law regardless of status

Industrialization, Industrialization, shipping and banking shipping and banking facilities expandedfacilities expanded

Limitations of British RuleLimitations of British Rule

Many profits drained from India go to Many profits drained from India go to benefit Britainbenefit Britain

The improvements mentioned were paid The improvements mentioned were paid for by Indian taxes, (one of reasons for for by Indian taxes, (one of reasons for American Revolution)American Revolution)

Famines caused by British production of Famines caused by British production of commercial crops instead of foodcommercial crops instead of food

Limitations of British RuleLimitations of British Rule British manufactured goods sold cheaper than Indian British manufactured goods sold cheaper than Indian

hand-made goodshand-made goods

Taxes collected in cash, bad for poor, increases debt Taxes collected in cash, bad for poor, increases debt and povertyand poverty

Separation of ruler from ruledSeparation of ruler from ruled Indians treated as inferiors Indians treated as inferiors socially, morally and socially, morally and

culturallyculturally– British segregated society British segregated society further, “Europeans Only”further, “Europeans Only” signs for public facilities signs for public facilities