Top Banner
THE BOURBON DOLPHIN ACCIDENT The Bourbon Dolphin capsized with the loss of the lives of eight of those on board, while carrying out anchor work at the Transocean Rather on 12 th April 2007. The accident was investigated by the UK Health and Safety Executive, the Norwegian maritime authorities and a Norwegian Royal Commission, which reported on 28 th March 2008. The Royal Commission report extended to 208 pages without appendices, and was hampered by a lack of anchor-handling expertise amongst the Commission members. These words attempt to summarise the work of the Commission and to point out where, in the view of the writer, an alternative view might have been valid. The Bourbon Dolphin was an Ulstein A102, a design which was unique at the time of the accident and one which remains unique at the time of writing, the spring of 2008. The vessel was of similar dimensions to the Rolls-Royce UT722 but was, at the request of the future managers, Bourbon Offshore, provided with a larger winch with more wire storage and greater pull, giving it the ability of working in deeper water. It was marketed as being capable of 194 tonnes bollard pull from its 16,000 odd bhp. This extremely high specification made it suitable, so it seemed, for moving the Transocean Rather which was drilling a prospect for Chevron, West of Shetland in 1100 metres of water. The Rather was provided with a chain wire combination to allow it to work in deep water, but to conform to the POSMOOR requirements modifications to this system were required to prevent anchor uplift in the worst of the prospective winter weather, and as a consequence 916 metres of chain were added to the rig’s own 900 metres, this being deployed from the chain lockers of the attendant anchor-handlers. Some members of the Norwegian Commission found fault with this modification to the mooring system, suggesting that pre-laid moorings would have been more appropriate, but even in hindsight, this does not seem like much of a plan, and is typical of the approach taken by some investigators – decide what went wrong first, and then make the facts fit. At the time Shell had recently completed a well with the Transocean Rather further to the south-west utilising the first prelaid moorings ever to be used for an exploration well in the UK sector. Although details of the operation were never made generally available, the job took weeks and the marine community in Aberdeen were aware of the difficulties. A video taken from the bridge of one of the Gulf Offshore UT722s, and subsequently circulated, showed a pennant wire breaking at the roller, and snaking back with vicious force towards the bridge windows. This alone would have put anyone off. In fact this operation resulted in the irrepairable damage to several of the Rather’s anchor wires, so the rig had to visit the repair base at Invergordon before starting on the Chevron project. This was described in the Commission’s report as “technical problems with the departure from the Shell field”.
31
Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript

THE BOURBON DOLPHIN ACCIDENTThe Bourbon Dolphin capsized with the loss of the lives of eight of those on board, while carrying out anchor work at the Transocean Rather on 12thApril 2007. The accident was investigated by the UK Health and Safety Executive, the Norwegian maritime authorities and a Norwegian Royal Commission, which reported on 28thMarch 2008. The Royal Commission report extended to 208 pages without appendices, and was hampered by a lack of anchor-handling expertise amongst the Commission members. These words attempt to summarise the work of the Commission and to point out where, in the view of the writer, an alternative view might have been valid.The Bourbon Dolphin was an Ulstein A102, a design which was unique at the time of the accident and one which remains unique at the time of writing, the spring of 2008. The vessel was of similar dimensions to the Rolls-Royce UT722 but was, at the request of the future managers, Bourbon Offshore, provided with a larger winch with more wire storage and greater pull, giving it the ability of working in deeper water. It was marketed as being capable of 194 tonnes bollard pull from its 16,000 odd bhp.This extremely high specification made it suitable, so it seemed, for moving the Transocean Rather which was drilling a prospect for Chevron, West of Shetland in 1100 metres of water. The Rather was provided with a chain wire combination to allow it to work in deep water, but to conform to the POSMOOR requirements modifications to this system were required to prevent anchor uplift in the worst of the prospective winter weather, and as a consequence 916 metres of chain were added to the rigs own 900 metres, this being deployed from the chain lockers of the attendant anchor-handlers.Some members of the Norwegian Commission found fault with this modification to the mooring system, suggesting that pre-laid moorings would have been more appropriate, but even in hindsight, this does not seem like much of a plan, and is typical of the approach taken by some investigators decide what went wrong first, and then make the facts fit. At the time Shell had recently completed a well with the Transocean Rather further to the south-west utilising the first prelaid moorings ever to be used for an exploration well in the UK sector. Although details of the operation were never made generally available, the job took weeks and the marine community in Aberdeen were aware of the difficulties. A video taken from the bridge of one of the Gulf Offshore UT722s, and subsequently circulated, showed a pennant wire breaking at the roller, and snaking back with vicious force towards the bridge windows. This alone would have put anyone off. In fact this operation resulted in the irrepairable damage to several of the Rathers anchor wires, so the rig had to visit the repair base at Invergordon before starting on the Chevron project. This was described in the Commissions report as technical problems with the departure from the Shell field.At the beginning of the job the Transocean Rather was moored with eight anchors at what was known in the Norwegian report as Rosebank G, utilising approximately 1500 metres of wire connected to 900 metres of 84mm rig chain and 900 metres of 76mm insert chain, the latter having been deployed from the chain lockers on the anchor-handling vessels. At the end of the insert chain was an 18 tonne Stevpris fabricated anchor. In common with most mooring systems four of the eight anchors were primary anchors. These were Nos 1,4,5 and 8 the numbering starting from the starboard bow. The secondary anchors were Nos 2 and 3 on the starboard side and Nos 6 and 7 on the port side. The mobile units are generally considered to be safe in marine terms when moored with the primary anchors and able to drill when all eight anchors are deployed.

The rig was fitted with a permanent chasing system, which consists of a collar which is installed round the mooring, and attached to a wire pennant. Normally the anchor-handling vessel will attach its own very long work wire to the permanent chasing pennant (PCP) and then set out for the anchor, lowering away its own wire. This process works in any water depth, the variant being the length of the wire on the ship.To allow it to work in deep water, the Transocean Rather uses a combination of chain and wire. The chain is used to prevent anchor uplift and the wire allows the rig to work in deep water. At the point where the chain is changed over to wire some guys on the rig stand on a platform below the winch, suspend and disconnect the chain, and make the connection to the wire. This is known as the transition. In order for the chasers to be able to run down the wires without damaging them, they are fitted with rollers in the lowest part, and during the mooring of the rig at Rosebank G these rollers had been damaged, and so an alternative technique was to be used to recover the moorings.The alternative technique was to be to use vessels designated as the main anchor handlers to J-hook the wire close to the rig and run out to the secondary anchors, and then to recover the anchors to the stern roller. A J-hook is just what it sounds like. It is a shepherds crook shaped piece of cast steel weighing several tonnes which is dangled over the stern of the ship.Once the main vessels had reached the anchors and had recovered them to the roller the assisting vessels were to be required to grapple for the chain astern of the main anchor-handlers, and once this was done, the main vessels were to recover the anchors to their decks, remove them and stow the 900 metres of chain in their chain lockers. The reason for the use of the assisting vessel was to reduce the weight on the chain, and so minimise the possibility of damage to the anchor. This was in accordance with the requirements of the anchor-manufacturers manual.Once the secondary anchors had been recovered in this way all four vessel were to be used to lift the main anchors. Here the tasks are exactly the same, whether the ships were designated main or assisting. Of course the assisting vessels were equipped to do this work.Once all four vessel were at the primary anchors they were to lift them until they were at the rollers and the rig was to recover its wire to the transition. The fifth vessel which was provided with less wire was to connect to the towing bridle. In this configuration the rig with all five vessels was to transit the 2 nautical miles to the new location. If all went well the four primary anchors would then be deployed in opposite pairs and the rig would be moored.Load sharing procedures had been written for the deployment this involved, the tow vessel being released from the bridle and taking the weight of the chain just to seaward of the transition. The two ships would then run out, with the rig paying out its wire until the anchor point was reached and then the main vessel would lower away, the grapple vessel would be freed and the anchor would be put on the bottom. The grappling vessel would move on and so on. This was an adjustment from the original procedures because the brakes on the rigs winches had proved to be unequal to the task of restraining the wire against the weight of the chain and the pull of the vessels.Once the primary anchors had been deployed the main anchor-handlers would move on to the secondary anchors. The assisting vessels could now be used to take the weight of the chain at the rig end, and once the wire was deployed they could move to a position astern of the main vessels and take some of the weight while the anchors were launched, once more to reduce the possibility of damage.

In the event the operation commenced with only the Olympic Hercules and Bourbon Dolphin on the location and so the Bourbon Dolphin recovered two of the secondary anchors, and was therefore required to run them on arrival at the new location.The Bourbon Dolphin was designated in the rig move procedures as one of the assisting vessels and much was to be made of these designations during the witness testimony. Later the Highland Valour, the Vidar Viking and the Sea Lynx were hired, the last being the least powerful solely as a towing and grappling vessel.Before the vessels left Aberdeen they were briefed on the operation by the Trident Offshore Superintendent, and according to the report there was a disagreement between him and the Captain of the Bourbon Dolphin about the content of this briefing. The Captain claimed that he had disputed the capability of the Bourbon Dolphin to run anchors in the depths of water where the job was to take place, and with the forces envisaged. The Trident man said that no such discussion had taken place, and that it was going to be necessary for every ship to run at least one anchor. This is obvious if the rig move procedures are read. During and after the enquiry it was often claimed that the Bourbon Dolphin was unsuitable for the work which is had been hired to do, but if this was so, why was it that the owners advertised it as having a bollard pull of 194 tonnes and why did the winch have a wire capacity of 5000 metres?On 27thMarch the Olympic Hercules and the Bourbon Dolphin started to recover anchors, each acting as, primary and assisting vessel, until 29thwhen the Bourbon Dolphin was sent off to Scrabster for a crew change. It may be worth saying here that the charterers of supply ships and anchor handlers in the North Sea have come to realise that it is much better to have a focused crew working for them, than one which is thinking about why they are still out there working when they really should be home on leave. Hence when crew change time comes, if it can possibly be managed the ships are sent off to a suitable port.The crew change for the Bourbon Dolphin took place before dawn on 30thMarch, and took one and a half hours. The new master had not sailed on the ship before, although it is claimed by Bourbon that his usual command the Bourbon Borgstein, was more or less the same. The leaving master said that he had told the joining master that the ship should only be used as an assisting vessel, but what-ever else was said, the hand-over could hardly have been adequate, and this was observed by the Commission. Bourbon themselves had hand-over procedures, which appear not to have been followed.The ship returned to the field on 30thand continued to work with the Olympic Hercules. On 2ndApril the Highland Valour, the Vidar Viking and the Sea Lynx arrived and the work continued. It was not an easy job. Fabricated anchors dig into the seabed, and are so effective that they are difficult to free. The extremely powerful winches fitted to modern anchor-handlers are capable of destroying the anchors if not used with care. J-hooking is usually a little more time consuming than using a conventional chasing system because the ships have to locate the mooring, get the hook to engage and then run out to the anchor. During the recovery phase two ships were often required to run out and then tension up the mooring at and close to the anchor. Even though the anchors were all eventually recovered there was some damage, and several J-hooks were broken. These factors, together with some winch failures and some weather downtime, meant that all the anchors were not recovered until 8thApril. The original plan, to lift the four primary anchors at the same time and move the whole set-up the two miles to the new location without recovering the chains had long been abandoned, and so all the anchors were to be run from scratch. It may at this moment be worth describing the running of one of the anchors. Because of the winch problems at the first location it had been decided to use two ships in two parts of the operation. The primary vessel, with chain in its chain locker would take the chasing pennant from the rig and pull then end of the rig chain aboard, it would then start out on the line towards the anchor position and the rig would deploy its chain until all 930 metres of 84mm chain had been run out. A second ship would then grapple the rig chain close to the rig and the transition would take place. The assisting vessel would release the grapnel, the primary vessel would then connect up the additional chain from the chain locker and run out all 915 metres. It would then be necessary for the assisting vessel to grapple the chain astern of the primary vessel, this to allow the anchor to be launched. All of these activities are preliminary to the load sharing part of the job. This required the rig to run out its anchor wire and the ship to run out its workwire, eventually putting the anchor on the seabed at the correct distance from the rig on the correct bearing. To assist with the positioning, the rig and the ships were provided with a navigation system which showed the whole operation on a computer screen. All the ships had to do therefore was keep their image on the screen on the line until they reached the anchor position.The mooring operation at the new location started in the morning of 9thApril, the ships following the process described, but before long, with worsening weather forecast, the management decided to send three of the vessels to Lerwick to re-arrange their equipment, and in the case of the Bourbon Dolphin to exchange two twelve tonne Stevpris for two eighteen tonners. The ships arrived in port on the morning of 10thApril, and the Commission, and the others carrying out investigations into the disaster, had the advantage of being able to access many digital photographs. The first, taken from a ship spotters site, showed the Bourbon Dolphin travelling from the South harbour to the North harbour in Lerwick on 10thApril. Since there were no changes to the load condition of the ship, other than the replacement of two 12 tonne anchors with two 18 tonn ones, this allowed the stability experts to read the draught and estimate the trim. Later photographs taken from the Highland Valour shortly before the accident provided undisputable information about the state of the deck of the Bourbon Dolphin.In the very first session where witness statements were taken the First Officer testified that on departure from Lerwick, he had been told to write the GM in the logbook and that the figure had been 0.29 metres. This would have raised concerns in the mind of an experienced deck officer who was aware of the work that the ship was about to carry out, but the First Officers experience was very limited. In the event none of the stability experts could replicate this condition no matter how they loaded the ship, so one assumes that it was a figure picked out of the air by either the Chief Officer or the Captain. This in turn would suggest that the stability computer had not been consulted prior to departure, although this point is not raised by the Commission.At 0745 on 11thApril the three ships were back on the location and the job continued. The Commission chose to look in detail at the running of No 6 anchor since it was directly opposite to No 2. This anchor was run by the Olympic Hercules starting at 0242 on 12thApril. The rig paid out its chain and the within the hour the transition was carried out and the Hercules then paid out the insert chain. The master of the Olympic Hercules testified that his vessel was being constantly set to the east by the current and during the overboarding of the anchor he ended up 700 metres away from the track, despite using most of the vessels considerable thruster power. He felt that the current was more than 2.5 knots although this estimate is not supported by the current data obtained during the investigation. In the end, after some discussion with the rig, the mooring wire was paid out which allowed the ship to gain headway and set course for the anchor drop position. This was the penultimate anchor and so at 1130 the Vidar Viking, which had been assisting with No 6, was instructed to de-tension its workwire and leave the field. The Commission took this instruction to be an indication of an unwise attempt on the part of the operator to save money. No 6 anchor was landed on the seabed at 1233.Meanwhile, the last anchor, No 2, was being run by the Bourbon Dolphin. By this time the weather was getting up a bit. Wind speed was about 30 knots, and the significant wave height was said to be about 3.5 metres. The wave height may have been a little more, late in the afternoon. These conditions were generally agreed by everyone on the location although there is some disagreement about the strength of the current. There is no doubt that if the current speed was anything like 2.5 knots this would pose serious problems, and wind speeds greater than 30 knots in the same direction as the current would, in oilfield terms, make conditions marginal. Out in the Atlantic to the West of the Shetland Islands the currents are extremely variable both in strength and direction.At 0920 the PCP (Permanent Chasing Pennant) was passed to the Bourbon Dolphin, and once it was secured the ship took off on a course of 340 degrees, in the direction of the No 2 anchor position with the rig paying out its chain. At 1000 all the rig chain had been paid out, and the transition took place. According to the towmasters log this was completed at 1015, however the ship did not resume its course in the direction of the anchor position until after 1200, and this resulted in the Commission assuming that the rig chain had not been completely deployed until 1215. Probably during the disputed two hours the ship was connecting up the insert chain. The insert chain was then paid out, the ship keeping on track until about 1400, when at a distance from the rig of about 1100 metres it seemed to falter and start to drift off to starboard. Between 1300 and 1400 the witnesses indicated that the engineers considered that the thrusters were overheating, and had even tried to cool one with a pressure hose.The watch had changed at 1200, the Captain and one of the First Officers being relieved by the Chief Officer and the other First Officer, and it seems likely that the Chief Officer, who had limited experience in the drivers seat, was relying entirely on the joystick, and therefore solely on thruster power to get the ship back on the line. It may be a feature of modern offshore ship operations that the transverse thrust available is so great that even quite experienced drivers are surprised when the required manoeuvre cannot be achieved simply by pushing the joystick over. Old hands could probably propose two or three alternative techniques which would have brought the ship back onto the line. The Commission however, felt that the rig should have registered this loss of position and have provided assistance, or abandoned the run altogether.In the event, the Bourbon Dolphin asked for assistance and the Highland Valour was sent over with instructions to grapple the chain astern of it, to take some of the weight, and therefore allow it to move off towards the anchor position. The Highland Valour started to grapple at about 1500 and after some effort seemed to have made contact with the chain at 1610. Very soon after this there was a close approach between the two ships. The testimony regarding this event is confused, and much was made of it by the press after the witnesses had described it, however it seems most likely that the Bourbon Dolphin drifted astern towards the Highland Valour, and in order to avoid collision the latter quickly lowered away the workwire, and disengaged the grapnel from the chain.The rig issued an instruction that no further attempts to grapple should take place and the log stated that Both vessels instructed to move away from No 3. At 1640 the Bourbon Dolphin was nearly 950 metres to the east of the line and was getting close to the No 3 anchor wire. The Commission took it as an indication of poor communication that neither the OIM of the rig, the man formally in charge of the rig move, or the Barge Supervisor the senior marine person, were informed of the near miss.After the near miss the Captain of the Bourbon Dolphin returned to the bridge and it appears that he took over in the drivers seat, and the Chief Officer started to transfer ballast to correct a list of about 5 degrees to port. The ship wanted the rig to start to run out its wire, but as an alternative the towmaster proposed that the ship should start to run out its workwire, which was still connected to the chain. The chain was, at this time leading between the starboard towing pins, and was tight up against the inner pin, apparently preventing the bow turning to port. It was reported that the towmaster requested that this pin be lowered to allow the chain to move to port, however he denied this. The Commission considered that in some way the possibility entered the thinking of the bridge team, and that as a consequence they lowered the pin. The witnesses testified that they saw the chain smack over against the port outer pin, and that they heard a loud bang.Shortly afterwards the ship listed heavily to port and then, after about 15 seconds returned to upright. The Chief Engineer warned the bridge that the starboard engine had stopped, and the surviving First Officer testified that he saw the winch tension increase to 330 tonnes. As the ship listed again the First Officer activated the winch emergency release and left the bridge. The ship continued to list to port and at 1708 rolled over.This moment was caught on the mobile phone of the Transocean Rather crane driver, and the accompanying soundtrack, in broad Scottish and full of old English expletives, is a chilling reminder of the distress of the event. While the soundtrack was clear it was almost impossible to see the ship, but despite this the Commission have chosen to rely on it for possibly its most major finding. This was that the angle of departure of the chain was between 40 and 60 degrees from aft, and that while it was unlikely that the tension reached the 330 tonnes claimed by the First Officer, a tension of 200 tonnes if the angle had been 40 degrees, or 180 tonnes if the angle had been 60 degrees would have resulted in the margin of stability being overcome.After the ship capsized the OIM immediately raised the alarm, and in accordance with the communications documentation for the contract, the managements of both Transocean and Chevron were informed within minutes. The crew members who had managed to escape from the ship were now either in the sea or had climbed onto a rescue float or a container. The Highland Valour approached the casualty and launched its MOB boat at 1730. It immediately went to the container on which three of the survivors were, and recovered them to the ship. The ERRV (Emergency Response and Rescue Vessel) Viking Victory which was assigned to the Transocean Rather launched its two fast rescue craft and picked up the cook, who was floating in the sea. The FRCs also picked up the three survivors who were on a rescue float, as well as the body of the Chief Officer. All the vessels then began to search for survivors, although it was not until 1839 that the numbers on board were confirmed as being 15.In the hours of darkness the search continued, although the helicopters were detached to take the survivors to the Sheltlands, to bring out navy divers and to start to downman the rig. The Grampian Frontier arrived on the location to provide ROV services and to act as a base for the divers. By 1545 on the following day the coastguard informed the rig that the nature of the operation had changed from a rescue to a salvage operation. Eight of the crew of the vessel had died including the Captain and his fifteen year old son, who had been on board undertaking work experience.The Commission went on to review the salvage activities, which themselves were problematical with a divergence of views as to what should be done, when, and how, but they are not reported on further in this summary.All aspects of the operation up to and after the capsize were investigated in depth by the Commission, and also by Transocean, the owners of the rig, and by Chevron the operator, who hired the ships. The Commission discovered that the ship had had a previous incident where it had taken a serious list when an anchor had moved on the deck, but that this had not been reported. It discovered that the Stability Book, which, although it was supposed to be readily accessible to the master, extended to more than 500 pages, only conformed with the stability criteria because a smaller winch than that installed was used, and the work wire was retained between the inner towing pins, an impossible situation. The Stability Book also failed to provide instructions on the use of the stability tanks, which was prohibited during anchor-handling, although the experts determined that in fact the stability tanks had been in use. The examples of stability conditions in the book also required more than 500 tonnes of fuel to be carried at all times, limiting the theoretical operating period for the ship to a few days. The master who had been relieved on at the crew change testified that on two occasions he had requested clarification on stability from his company, but that none had been forthcoming. The Stability Book, despite its defects had been approved by the Norwegian Maritime Directorate.To many it must therefore seems pretty clear that if the stability of the vessel had been paramount in the minds of the crew of the ship, and if they had been provided with the appropriate information presented in the appropriate way, there would not have been a disaster. Bourbons formal procedures should have ensured that this happened, but even when it was evident that maintaining the stability of the Bourbon Dolphin would require more that the usual level of attention, nothing was done to ensure that the master who joined on 30thMarch was fully informed. If he had been it is possible that the ship might have been fuelled in Scrabster on 30thMarch and in Lerwick on 10thApril. Whether No 2 anchor would have been run on 12thApril, or whether contact with No 3 anchor would have been avoided remains debatable, but it is pretty certain that the vessel would have remained upright.Of course, any investigation into an operation as complex as the one being carried out by the Transocean Rather would be bound to find many defects in the manner in which the activity was being carried out. This is the way of the world, and sure enough the Commission made a large number of recommendations which were directed at the IMO, the NMD, DNV, Bourbon, Chevron and Transocean and some to the industry in general.Those of us who are regularly involved in the process of safety audits and risk assessments like to see the recommendations listed in order of importance, from essential, deal with today down to observations which may or may not be actioned at all. We also like to see the conclusions separated from the recommendations. Neither of these requirements are fulfilled by the Commission which has seen it as essential to explain the reasons for the recommendations within them. It has also seen fit to go into great detail with some, particularly the one dealing with the need to identify limiting angles of departure and the forces involved, rather than instructing an expert group to come up with the answers. As a result we will only list the intent of the recommendations here, and would suggest that anyone wishing to know more should look at the actual report.They are:1.Preparation of stability rule conditions for anchor-handling.2.Preparation of specific KG curves for anchor-handling.3.The stability book to be improved (Effectively following current regulatory requirements).4.The use of simulator training to be encouraged.5.The data contained in the bollard pull certification to be extended to include the reduction resulting from use of thrusters.6.Certification to be required for the testing and use of the winch emergency release system.7.Formal training to be required for winch operators.8.Consideration to be given to the possibility of an emergency exit from the engine room in the bottom of the ship.9.Rescue floats (liferafts) should be positioned on ships so that they can be released even if the vessel is upside down.10.The functionality of the survival suits should be improved.11.The authorities should evaluate the means by which emergency transponder are released.12.Voyage recorders to be introduced for rigs and smaller vessels, in addition to the existing requirement for larger vessels.13.The NMD and the classification societies acting on their behalf to improve the implementation of the ISM code.14.Individual companies to have a live safety management system, implemented in day to day operations.15.Risk assessments to deal with the risks to which the vessels themselves may be exposed, as well as the risks to those working on deck.16.Companies are to ensure that their crews are competent to carry out risk assessments.17.Vessel specific anchor handling procedures to be prepared by the companies.18.An overlap should be ensured for masters newly joining a ship.19.Sufficient time must be ensured for a proper hand over at the time of crew changes.20.The difficulties of deep water anchor-handling should be recognised, and hence experienced personnel should always be available.21.Safety management systems should require qualifications in the use of load calculators and other programmes.22.Companies should make financial resources available for the appropriate training.23.Complete crew lists should be available to duty-holders and operators.24.Rig move procedures should include details of the realistic forces involved and the understanding of vessel crews should be ensured.25.Rig moves procedures should detail weather limitations, to prevent disagreements about initiation or suspension of operations.26.Rig move procedures should be operation specific and easy to understand.27.Risk assessment should be carried out for individual rig moves.28.The demand for efficiency should never be at the expense of safety (actual words).29.During rig moves the individual activities of vessels must be the subject of continuous evaluation.30.It should be mandatory that the operator ensures that a joint meeting be held onshore before the operation commences.31.Operators must ensure that risk analyses are prepared by the vessel before they start the operation (actual words).32.Communications should be in a common language over an open VHF channel.33.Attention zones within which vessel should operate should be extended along the mooring lines, and measures taken if they move outside them.The accident resulted in action being taken in advance of the findings of the Commission by several bodies. Stability guidance for anchor-handling was issued by the IMO, and the NMD and in UK the Marine Safety Forum set up committees to look at means of auditing vessels before hire, means of improving rig move procedures and a format for rig move risk assessments. It is to be hoped that all of this activity will result in the implementation of realistic processes which will prevent a re-occurrence of such an accident.But realistically the one thing which ship-masters can do today to keep their ships safe is to be aware of their stability condition, and if it is not possible to determine the condition, that is the time to stop the job.This summary is compiled using the report of the Commission of Inquiry into the loss of the Bourbon Dolphin, the Rig Move Procedures for the Transocean Rather from 213/26-1z Rosebank to 205/1-I Rosebank and the Marine Log for the Event.Victor Gibson April 2008.THE Bourbon DOLPHIN KECELAKAANThe Bourbon Dolphin terbalik dengan hilangnya nyawa delapan orang di kapal, sementara melaksanakan jangkar bekerja di Transocean Sebaliknya pada 12 April 2007. Kecelakaan diselidiki oleh Inggris Kesehatan dan Keselamatan Eksekutif, otoritas maritim Norwegia dan Norwegia kerajaan Komisi, yang dilaporkan pada tanggal 28 Maret 2008. Laporan Komisi Kerajaan diperluas ke 208 halaman tanpa lampiran, dan terhambat oleh kurangnya keahlian penanganan jangkar di antara anggota Komisi. Kata-kata ini mencoba untuk merangkum kerja Komisi dan untuk menunjukkan di mana, dalam pandangan penulis, pandangan alternatif mungkin berlaku.

The Bourbon Dolphin adalah Ulstein A102, desain yang unik pada saat kecelakaan dan satu yang tetap unik pada saat penulisan, musim semi 2008. Kapal itu dimensi mirip dengan UT722 Rolls-Royce tapi, atas permintaan dari manajer masa depan, Bourbon lepas pantai, dilengkapi dengan winch yang lebih besar dengan penyimpanan kawat lebih dan tarik lebih besar, memberikan kemampuan bekerja di air yang lebih dalam. Itu dipasarkan sebagai mampu 194 ton tonggak menarik dari 16.000 bhp yang aneh.

Spesifikasi yang sangat tinggi ini membuat cocok, jadi sepertinya, untuk memindahkan Transocean Sebaliknya yang pengeboran prospek untuk Chevron, Barat Shetland di 1.100 meter air. The Sebaliknya diberikan dengan kombinasi kawat rantai untuk memungkinkan untuk bekerja di air dalam, tetapi untuk memenuhi persyaratan POSMOOR modifikasi sistem ini diperlukan untuk mencegah anchor pengangkatan di terburuk cuaca calon musim dingin, dan sebagai akibatnya 916 meter rantai ditambahkan ke sendiri rig 900 meter, ini yang dikerahkan dari loker rantai petugas anchor-penangan.

Beberapa anggota Komisi Norwegia menemukan kesalahan dengan modifikasi ini dengan sistem mooring, menunjukkan bahwa tambatan pra-meletakkan akan lebih tepat, tapi bahkan di belakang, ini tidak tampak seperti banyak rencana, dan khas dari pendekatan yang dilakukan oleh beberapa peneliti - memutuskan apa yang salah pertama, dan kemudian membuat fakta-fakta fit. Pada saat itu Shell baru-baru ini menyelesaikan dengan baik dengan Transocean Sebaliknya lanjut ke selatan-barat memanfaatkan tambatan prelaid pertama yang digunakan untuk eksplorasi baik di sektor Inggris. Meskipun rincian dari operasi tidak pernah dibuat tersedia secara umum, pekerjaan mengambil minggu dan masyarakat kelautan di Aberdeen menyadari kesulitan. Sebuah video yang diambil dari jembatan salah satu Teluk lepas pantai UT722s, dan kemudian beredar, menunjukkan kawat umbul melanggar di roller, dan mengular kembali dengan kekuatan setan menuju jendela jembatan. Ini saja akan menunda siapa pun. Bahkan operasi ini mengakibatkan kerusakan irrepairable untuk beberapa anchor kabel yang Sebaliknya, sehingga rig harus mengunjungi basis perbaikan di Invergordon sebelum memulai proyek Chevron. Hal ini dijelaskan dalam laporan Komisi sebagai "masalah teknis dengan keberangkatan dari bidang Shell".

Pada awal pekerjaan yang Transocean Sebaliknya ditambatkan dengan delapan jangkar di apa yang dikenal dalam laporan Norwegia sebagai "Rosebank G", memanfaatkan sekitar 1500 meter dari kawat terhubung ke 900 meter dari rantai rig 84mm dan 900 meter dari 76mm rantai insert, yang terakhir yang telah dikerahkan dari loker rantai pada pembuluh anchor-penanganan. Pada akhir rantai insert adalah 18 ton Stevpris dibuat anchor. Secara umum dengan kebanyakan sistem mooring empat dari delapan jangkar yang 'jangkar utama ". Ini adalah ada yang 1,4,5 dan 8 - penomoran mulai dari haluan kanan. Jangkar sekunder yang ada di 2 dan 3 di sisi kanan dan ada yang 6 dan 7 di sisi kiri. Unit mobile umumnya dianggap aman dalam hal laut ketika ditambatkan dengan jangkar utama dan mampu mengebor ketika semua delapan jangkar dikerahkan.

Rig dilengkapi dengan sistem mengejar permanen, yang terdiri dari kerah yang dipasang putaran mooring, dan melekat pada umbul kawat. Biasanya kapal anchor-penanganan akan melampirkan kawat kerja yang sangat panjang sendiri ke umbul mengejar permanen (PCP) dan kemudian berangkat ke jangkar, menurunkan pergi kawat sendiri. Proses ini bekerja di kedalaman air, varian yang panjang kawat di kapal.

Untuk memungkinkan untuk bekerja di dalam air dalam, Transocean Sebaliknya menggunakan kombinasi rantai dan kawat. Rantai digunakan untuk mencegah anchor mengangkat dan kawat memungkinkan rig untuk bekerja di dalam air. Pada titik di mana rantai berubah ke kawat beberapa orang di rig berdiri pada platform bawah winch, menunda dan lepaskan rantai, dan membuat sambungan ke kawat. Hal ini dikenal sebagai transisi. Agar pemburu untuk dapat lari ke kabel tanpa merusak mereka, mereka dilengkapi dengan rol di bagian terendah, dan selama mooring rig di Rosebank G rol tersebut telah rusak, dan sebagainya teknik alternatif adalah untuk digunakan untuk memulihkan tambatan.

Teknik alternatif adalah untuk menggunakan kapal yang ditunjuk sebagai "utama" jangkar penangan untuk J-hook kawat dekat dengan rig dan lari ke jangkar sekunder, dan kemudian untuk memulihkan jangkar untuk roller buritan. Sebuah J-hook hanya apa yang terdengar seperti. Ini adalah penipu sepotong berbentuk gembala baja cor berat beberapa ton yang menggantung di atas buritan kapal.

Setelah pembuluh utama telah mencapai jangkar dan telah pulih mereka untuk roller pembuluh membantu itu harus diperlukan untuk bergulat untuk menuju belakang rantai utama anchor-penangan, dan sekali ini dilakukan, pembuluh utama adalah untuk memulihkan jangkar untuk deck mereka, menghapusnya dan menyelundup 900 meter dari rantai di loker rantai mereka. Alasan penggunaan kapal membantu adalah untuk mengurangi berat pada rantai, dan meminimalkan kemungkinan kerusakan jangkar. Hal ini sesuai dengan persyaratan pengguna jangkar-produsen.

Setelah jangkar sekunder telah ditemukan dengan cara ini keempat kapal yang digunakan untuk mengangkat jangkar utama. Berikut tugas yang persis sama, apakah kapal yang ditunjuk "main" atau "membantu". Tentu saja pembuluh membantu dilengkapi untuk melakukan pekerjaan ini.

Setelah semua empat kapal berada di jangkar utama mereka untuk mengangkat mereka sampai mereka berada di rol dan rig itu untuk memulihkan kawat untuk transisi. Kapal kelima yang disediakan dengan kurang kawat adalah untuk menghubungkan ke kekang penarik. Dalam konfigurasi ini rig dengan semua lima kapal adalah untuk transit 2 mil laut ke lokasi baru. Jika semua berjalan lancar empat jangkar utama kemudian akan dikerahkan di pasang berlawanan dan rig akan ditambatkan.

Prosedur berbagi beban telah ditulis untuk penyebaran ini terlibat, kapal derek dibebaskan dari tali kekang dan mengambil berat rantai hanya untuk arah laut dari transisi. Kedua kapal itu akan habis, dengan rig membayar kawat sampai titik anchor tercapai dan kemudian kapal utama akan menurunkan pergi, kapal grapple akan dibebaskan dan jangkar akan diletakkan di bagian bawah. Kapal bergulat akan pindah - dan seterusnya. Ini adalah penyesuaian dari prosedur asli karena rem pada derek rig telah terbukti tidak setara dengan tugas menahan kawat terhadap berat rantai dan tarikan kapal.

Setelah jangkar utama telah dikerahkan utama anchor-penangan akan pindah ke jangkar sekunder. Pembuluh membantu sekarang bisa digunakan untuk mengambil berat rantai pada akhir rig, dan sekali kawat ditempatkan mereka bisa pindah ke posisi terbelakang dari pembuluh utama dan mengambil beberapa berat sementara jangkar diluncurkan, sekali lagi untuk mengurangi kemungkinan kerusakan.

Dalam hal operasi dimulai dengan hanya Olimpiade Hercules dan Bourbon Dolphin di lokasi dan sehingga Bourbon Dolphin pulih dua jangkar sekunder, dan karena itu diperlukan untuk menjalankan mereka tiba di lokasi baru.

The Bourbon Dolphin ditetapkan dalam prosedur bergerak rig sebagai salah satu "membantu pembuluh" dan banyak yang harus dibuat dari sebutan ini selama keterangan saksi. Kemudian Highland Keberanian, yang Vidar Viking dan Laut Lynx dipekerjakan, yang terakhir menjadi yang paling kuat hanya sebagai penarik dan bergulat kapal.

Sebelum kapal meninggalkan Aberdeen mereka diberitahu tentang operasi oleh Trident lepas pantai Inspektur, dan menurut laporan tersebut ada perselisihan antara dia dan Kapten Bourbon Dolphin tentang isi laporan ini. Kapten mengklaim bahwa ia telah membantah kemampuan Bourbon Dolphin untuk menjalankan jangkar di kedalaman air di mana pekerjaan itu berlangsung, dan dengan kekuatan yang dibayangkan. Trident Orang mengatakan bahwa tidak ada diskusi seperti yang telah terjadi, dan bahwa itu akan menjadi penting bagi setiap kapal untuk menjalankan setidaknya satu jangkar. Hal ini jelas jika prosedur rig bergerak dibaca. Selama dan setelah penyelidikan itu sering mengklaim bahwa Bourbon Dolphin tidak cocok untuk pekerjaan yang telah disewa untuk dilakukan, tetapi jika ini begitu, mengapa itu bahwa pemilik diiklankan sebagai memiliki bollard pull dari 194 ton dan mengapa tidak winch memiliki kapasitas kawat dari 5000 meter?

Pada tanggal 27 Maret Olimpiade Hercules dan Bourbon Dolphin mulai pulih jangkar, masing-masing bertindak sebagai, kapal primer dan membantu, sampai 29 ketika Bourbon Dolphin dikirim ke Scrabster untuk perubahan kru. Ini mungkin layak katakan di sini bahwa penyewa kapal pasokan dan anchor penangan di Laut Utara telah menyadari bahwa itu adalah jauh lebih baik untuk memiliki awak terfokus bekerja untuk mereka, dari satu yang berpikir tentang mengapa mereka masih di luar sana bekerja ketika mereka benar-benar harus pulang cuti. Oleh karena itu ketika waktu perubahan kru datang, jika mungkin dapat dikelola kapal yang dikirim ke port yang sesuai.

Perubahan kru untuk Bourbon Dolphin terjadi sebelum fajar pada 30 Maret, dan mengambil satu setengah jam. Master baru tidak berlayar di kapal sebelumnya, meskipun diklaim oleh Bourbon yang komandonya biasa Bourbon Borgstein, kurang lebih sama. The meninggalkan Master mengatakan bahwa ia telah mengatakan kepada master bergabung bahwa kapal seharusnya hanya digunakan sebagai kapal membantu, tapi apa yang pernah lagi yang mengatakan, serah hampir tidak bisa telah memadai, dan ini diamati oleh Komisi. Bourbon sendiri memiliki prosedur serah, yang tampaknya tidak telah diikuti.

Kapal kembali ke lapangan pada 30 dan terus bekerja dengan Olimpiade Hercules. Pada tanggal 2 April Highland Keberanian, yang Vidar Viking dan Laut Lynx tiba dan bekerja terus. Itu bukan pekerjaan mudah. Jangkar dibuat menggali ke dasar laut, dan sangat efektif bahwa mereka sulit untuk membebaskan. The derek sangat kuat dipasang hingga modern anchor-penangan mampu menghancurkan jangkar jika tidak digunakan dengan hati-hati. J-hooking biasanya sedikit lebih memakan daripada menggunakan sistem mengejar konvensional karena kapal harus mencari tambatan, mendapatkan hook untuk terlibat dan kemudian lari ke anchor waktu. Selama fase pemulihan dua kapal sering diperlukan untuk menjalankan dan kemudian ketegangan up mooring di dan dekat dengan jangkar. Meskipun jangkar semua akhirnya sembuh ada beberapa kerusakan, dan beberapa J-kait yang rusak. Faktor-faktor ini, bersama-sama dengan beberapa kegagalan winch dan beberapa downtime cuaca, berarti bahwa semua jangkar yang belum pulih sampai 8 April. Rencana awal, untuk mengangkat empat jangkar utama pada waktu yang sama dan memindahkan seluruh set-up dua mil ke lokasi baru tanpa memulihkan rantai telah lama ditinggalkan, dan sehingga semua jangkar yang akan dijalankan dari awal.

Mungkin pada saat ini bernilai menggambarkan jalannya salah satu jangkar. Karena masalah winch di lokasi pertama itu telah memutuskan untuk menggunakan dua kapal dalam dua bagian operasi. Kapal utama, dengan rantai dalam rantai locker-nya akan mengambil umbul mengejar dari rig dan tarik kemudian mengakhiri rantai rig kapal, maka akan mulai keluar pada baris ke posisi jangkar dan rig akan mengerahkan rantai sampai semua 930 meter dari rantai 84mm telah habis. Sebuah kapal kedua kemudian akan bergulat rantai rig dekat dengan rig dan transisi akan berlangsung. Kapal membantu akan merilis penggenggam besi itu, kapal utama kemudian akan menghubungkan rantai tambahan dari ganti rantai dan menjalankan semua 915 meter. Kemudian akan diperlukan untuk kapal membantu bergulat dengan astern rantai kapal utama, ini untuk memungkinkan jangkar yang akan diluncurkan. Semua kegiatan ini adalah awal untuk "berbagi beban" bagian dari pekerjaan. Ini diperlukan rig kehabisan kawat jangkar dan kapal kehabisan workwire nya, akhirnya menempatkan jangkar di dasar laut pada jarak yang benar dari rig pada bantalan yang benar. Untuk membantu dengan posisi, rig dan kapal dilengkapi dengan sistem navigasi yang menunjukkan seluruh operasi di layar komputer. Semua kapal harus karena itu lakukan adalah menjaga citra mereka di layar pada baris sampai mereka mencapai posisi jangkar.

Operasi mooring di lokasi baru dimulai pada pagi hari tanggal 9 April, kapal berikut proses dijelaskan, tapi sebelum panjang, dengan memburuknya cuaca, manajemen memutuskan untuk mengirim tiga kapal untuk Lerwick untuk menata kembali peralatan mereka, dan dalam kasus Bourbon Dolphin untuk bertukar dua belas ton Stevpris selama dua delapan belas TONNERS. Kapal-kapal tiba di pelabuhan pada pagi hari tanggal 10 April, dan Komisi, dan lain-lain melaksanakan penyelidikan bencana, memiliki keuntungan untuk dapat mengakses banyak foto digital. Yang pertama, yang diambil dari situs kapal pengadu, menunjukkan Bourbon Dolphin perjalanan dari pelabuhan Selatan ke pelabuhan Utara Lerwick pada tanggal 10 April. Karena tidak ada perubahan pada kondisi beban kapal, selain penggantian dua 12 jangkar ton dengan dua 18 tonn yang, ini memungkinkan para ahli stabilitas untuk membaca draft dan memperkirakan trim. Kemudian foto-foto yang diambil dari Highland Keberanian sesaat sebelum kecelakaan itu memberikan informasi tak terbantahkan tentang keadaan dek Bourbon Dolphin.

Pada sesi pertama di mana keterangan saksi dibawa Officer Pertama bersaksi bahwa pada keberangkatan dari Lerwick, dia telah diberitahu untuk menulis GM di buku catatan dan bahwa angka itu sudah 0,29 meter. Ini akan menimbulkan kekhawatiran di benak seorang perwira dek berpengalaman yang menyadari pekerjaan yang kapal hendak melaksanakan, tapi pengalaman Officer pertama adalah sangat terbatas. Dalam hal tidak ada ahli stabilitas bisa meniru kondisi ini tidak peduli bagaimana mereka dimuat kapal, sehingga kita menganggap bahwa itu adalah sosok memilih dari udara baik oleh Chief Officer atau Kapten. Hal ini pada gilirannya akan menyarankan bahwa komputer stabilitas belum berkonsultasi sebelum keberangkatan, meskipun hal ini tidak diajukan oleh Komisi.

Pada 0745 pada 11 April tiga kapal yang kembali pada lokasi dan pekerjaan terus. Komisi memilih untuk melihat secara rinci pada menjalankan No 6 jangkar karena itu langsung berlawanan dengan ada 2. anchor ini dijalankan oleh Olimpiade Hercules mulai 0242 pada tanggal 12 April. Rig dibayarkan rantainya dan dalam waktu satu jam transisi dilakukan dan Hercules kemudian dibayarkan rantai insert. Master Olimpiade Hercules bersaksi bahwa kapal itu sedang terus diatur ke timur oleh arus dan selama overboarding dari jangkar ia akhirnya 700 meter dari trek, meskipun menggunakan sebagian besar kekuatan pendorong yang cukup kapal. Dia merasa bahwa saat ini lebih dari 2,5 knot meskipun perkiraan ini tidak didukung oleh data saat diperoleh selama penyelidikan. Pada akhirnya, setelah beberapa diskusi dengan rig, kawat tambat dibayar keluar yang memungkinkan kapal untuk mendapatkan kemajuan dan menetapkan kursus untuk posisi jangkar drop. Ini adalah jangkar kedua dari belakang dan begitu pada 1130 yang Vidar Viking, yang telah membantu dengan No 6, diperintahkan untuk de-ketegangan workwire dan meninggalkan lapangan. Komisi mengambil instruksi ini menjadi indikasi upaya bijaksana pada bagian dari operator untuk menghemat uang. No 6 anchor mendarat di dasar laut di 1233.

Sementara itu, jangkar terakhir, ada 2, yang dijalankan oleh Bourbon Dolphin. Pada saat ini cuaca semakin sedikit. Kecepatan angin sekitar 30 knot, dan tinggi gelombang signifikan dikatakan sekitar 3,5 meter. Tinggi gelombang mungkin sedikit lebih, sore. Kondisi ini umumnya disepakati oleh semua orang di lokasi meskipun ada beberapa perbedaan pendapat tentang kekuatan arus. Tidak ada keraguan bahwa jika kecepatan saat itu sesuatu seperti 2,5 knot ini akan menimbulkan masalah serius, dan angin kecepatan lebih dari 30 knot di arah yang sama seperti saat ini akan, dalam hal ladang minyak, membuat kondisi "marjinal". Keluar di Atlantik ke Barat dari Kepulauan Shetland arus sangat bervariasi baik dalam kekuatan dan arah.

Pada 0920 PCP (Permanent Chasing Pennant) disahkan dengan Bourbon Dolphin, dan setelah itu diamankan kapal berangkat pada program 340 derajat, arah No 2 anchor posisi dengan rig membayar rantai. Pada 1000 semua rantai rig telah dibayarkan, dan transisi berlangsung. Menurut log towmaster ini ini selesai pada 1015, namun kapal tidak melanjutkan jalannya ke arah posisi jangkar sampai setelah 1200, dan ini mengakibatkan Komisi asumsi bahwa rantai rig belum sepenuhnya dikerahkan sampai 1215. Mungkin selama sengketa dua jam kapal itu menghubungkan ke atas rantai insert. Rantai insert kemudian dibayarkan, kapal tetap di jalur sampai sekitar 1400, ketika pada jarak dari rig dari sekitar 1100 meter tampaknya goyah dan mulai hanyut ke kanan. Antara 1300 dan 1400 para saksi menunjukkan bahwa para insinyur menilai bahwa pendorong yang terlalu panas, dan bahkan mencoba untuk mendinginkan satu dengan selang tekanan.

Menonton telah berubah pada 1200, Kapten dan salah satu Petugas Pertama yang lega oleh Chief Officer dan lainnya Petugas Pertama, dan tampaknya mungkin bahwa Chief Officer, yang memiliki pengalaman terbatas dalam kursi pengemudi, mengandalkan sepenuhnya pada joystick, dan karena itu semata-mata pada kekuatan pendorong untuk mendapatkan kapal kembali di telepon. Ini mungkin sebuah fitur operasi kapal lepas pantai modern yang dorong melintang tersedia begitu besar bahwa bahkan driver cukup berpengalaman terkejut ketika manuver yang diperlukan tidak dapat dicapai hanya dengan menekan joystick lebih. Tangan tua mungkin bisa mengusulkan dua atau tiga teknik alternatif yang akan membawa kapal kembali ke garis. Komisi Namun, merasa bahwa rig seharusnya terdaftar ini kehilangan posisi dan telah memberikan bantuan, atau ditinggalkan lari sama sekali.

Dalam acara tersebut, Bourbon Dolphin meminta bantuan dan Highland Keberanian dikirim lebih dengan instruksi untuk bergulat dengan astern rantai itu, untuk mengambil beberapa berat, dan karena itu memungkinkan untuk bergerak dari arah posisi jangkar. The Highland Keberanian mulai bergulat di sekitar 1500 dan setelah beberapa upaya tampaknya telah melakukan kontak dengan rantai di 1610. Segera setelah ini ada pendekatan yang erat antara dua kapal. Kesaksian tentang acara ini bingung, dan banyak yang terbuat dari itu oleh pers setelah saksi telah dijelaskan, namun tampaknya paling mungkin bahwa Bourbon Dolphin melayang menuju belakang menuju Highland Keberanian, dan untuk menghindari tabrakan yang terakhir cepat menurunkan pergi workwire, dan terlepas dengan penggenggam besi dari rantai.

Rig mengeluarkan instruksi bahwa tidak ada upaya lebih lanjut untuk bergulat harus dilakukan dan log menyatakan bahwa "Kedua kapal diperintahkan untuk menjauh dari No 3". Pada 1640 Bourbon Dolphin hampir 950 meter di sebelah timur garis dan semakin dekat dengan jangkar kawat No 3. Komisi mengambil sebagai indikasi komunikasi yang buruk bahwa baik OIM rig, orang resmi bertugas bergerak rig, atau Barge Pengawas orang kelautan senior, diberitahu dari nyaris.

Setelah nyaris Kapten Bourbon Dolphin kembali ke jembatan dan tampaknya ia mengambil alih di kursi pengemudi, dan Chief Officer mulai mentransfer ballast untuk memperbaiki daftar sekitar 5 derajat ke pelabuhan. Kapal ingin rig untuk mulai kehabisan kawat, tetapi sebagai alternatif towmaster yang diusulkan bahwa kapal harus mulai kehabisan workwire, yang masih terhubung ke rantai. Rantai itu, saat ini memimpin antara pin penarik kanan, dan ketat melawan pin batin, tampaknya mencegah haluan beralih ke pelabuhan. Dilaporkan bahwa towmaster meminta agar pin ini diturunkan untuk memungkinkan rantai untuk pindah ke pelabuhan, namun ia menyangkal hal ini. Komisi menilai bahwa dalam beberapa cara kemungkinan memasuki pemikiran dari tim jembatan, dan sebagai akibatnya mereka menurunkan pin. Para saksi bersaksi bahwa mereka "melihat rantai memukul lebih terhadap pin luar pelabuhan, dan bahwa mereka mendengar ledakan keras".

Tak lama setelah itu kapal yang terdaftar berat ke pelabuhan dan kemudian, setelah sekitar 15 detik kembali ke tegak. The Chief Engineer memperingatkan jembatan yang mesin kanan telah berhenti, dan yang masih hidup First Officer bersaksi bahwa ia melihat peningkatan ketegangan winch untuk 330 ton. Sebagai kapal yang terdaftar lagi Officer Pertama diaktifkan rilis winch darurat dan meninggalkan jembatan. Kapal terus daftar ke pelabuhan dan di 1708 berguling.

Saat ini tertangkap pada ponsel dari Transocean Sebaliknya derek driver, dan soundtrack yang menyertainya, di luas Skotlandia dan penuh expletives Inggris kuno, adalah peringatan mengerikan dari penderitaan acara. Sementara soundtrack jelas itu hampir mustahil untuk melihat kapal, tetapi meskipun ini Komisi telah memilih untuk mengandalkan untuk kemungkinan temuan yang paling utama. Ini adalah bahwa sudut keberangkatan rantai itu antara 40 dan 60 derajat dari belakang, dan sementara itu tidak mungkin bahwa ketegangan mencapai 330 ton yang diklaim oleh Petugas Pertama, ketegangan dari 200 ton jika sudut telah 40 derajat , atau 180 ton jika sudut telah 60 derajat akan mengakibatkan margin stabilitas diatasi.

Setelah kapal terbalik OIM segera mengangkat alarm, dan sesuai dengan dokumentasi komunikasi untuk kontrak, manajemen dari kedua Transocean dan Chevron diberitahu dalam beberapa menit. Para awak kapal yang berhasil melarikan diri dari kapal yang sekarang baik di laut atau telah naik ke pelampung penyelamat atau wadah. The Highland Keberanian mendekati korban dan meluncurkan perahu MOB tersebut pada 1730. Ini segera pergi ke wadah yang tiga orang yang selamat itu, dan kembali mereka ke kapal. The ERRV (Emergency Response and Rescue Kapal) Viking Kemenangan yang ditugaskan ke Transocean Sebaliknya meluncurkan kerajinan penyelamatan yang cepat dua dan mengambil masak, yang mengambang di laut. The FRCS juga meraih tiga korban yang berada di pelampung penyelamat, serta tubuh Chief Officer. Semua kapal kemudian mulai mencari selamat, meskipun itu tidak sampai 1839 bahwa angka di papan dikonfirmasi sebagai 15.

Pada jam-jam kegelapan pencarian terus, meskipun helikopter terpisah untuk mengambil korban ke Sheltlands, untuk membawa keluar penyelam angkatan laut dan mulai downman rig. The Grampian Frontier tiba di lokasi untuk memberikan layanan ROV dan bertindak sebagai dasar untuk penyelam. Oleh 1545 pada hari berikutnya penjaga pantai memberitahu rig bahwa sifat operasi telah berubah dari penyelamatan untuk operasi penyelamatan. Delapan awak kapal telah meninggal termasuk Kapten dan putra berusia lima belas tahun itu, yang telah pengalaman papan mendapatkan pekerjaan.

Komisi melanjutkan untuk meninjau kegiatan penyelamatan, yang sendiri adalah problematis dengan perbedaan pandangan mengenai apa yang harus dilakukan, kapan, dan bagaimana, tapi mereka tidak melaporkan lebih lanjut dalam ringkasan ini.

Semua aspek operasi hingga dan setelah terbalik yang diselidiki secara mendalam oleh Komisi, dan juga oleh Transocean, pemilik rig, dan oleh Chevron operator, yang menyewa kapal. Komisi menemukan bahwa kapal telah memiliki insiden sebelumnya di mana ia telah mengambil daftar serius ketika jangkar telah pindah di geladak, tetapi ini belum dilaporkan. Ini ditemukan bahwa Stabilitas Buku, yang, meskipun itu seharusnya mudah diakses master, diperluas ke lebih dari 500 halaman, hanya sesuai dengan kriteria stabilitas karena winch lebih kecil dari yang diinstal digunakan, dan kawat kerja dipertahankan antara pin penarik batin, situasi sulit. Stabilitas Book juga gagal memberikan petunjuk tentang penggunaan tank stabilitas, yang dilarang selama penanganan jangkar, meskipun para ahli menetapkan bahwa pada kenyataannya tank stabilitas telah digunakan. Contoh kondisi stabilitas di buku ini juga diperlukan lebih dari 500 ton bahan bakar yang akan dilakukan setiap saat, membatasi periode operasi teoritis untuk kapal untuk beberapa hari. Master yang telah lega pada pada perubahan kru bersaksi bahwa pada dua kesempatan ia telah meminta klarifikasi pada stabilitas dari perusahaannya, tetapi tidak ada yang telah datang. Stabilitas Book, meskipun cacat yang telah disetujui oleh Direktorat Maritim Norwegia.

Untuk banyak karena itu harus tampaknya cukup jelas bahwa jika stabilitas kapal telah terpenting dalam benak awak kapal, dan jika mereka telah disediakan dengan informasi yang tepat disajikan dalam cara yang tepat, ada tidak akan menjadi bencana. Prosedur formal Bourbon harus telah memastikan bahwa hal ini terjadi, tapi bahkan ketika itu jelas bahwa menjaga stabilitas Bourbon Dolphin akan memerlukan lebih bahwa tingkat biasa perhatian, tidak ada yang dilakukan untuk memastikan bahwa master yang bergabung pada 30 Maret sepenuhnya diberitahu . Jika ia telah sangat mungkin bahwa kapal mungkin telah didorong Scrabster pada tanggal 30 Maret dan di Lerwick pada tanggal 10 April. Apakah ada 2 anchor akan telah berjalan pada 12 April, atau apakah ada kontak dengan 3 anchor akan dihindari masih diperdebatkan, tetapi cukup yakin bahwa kapal akan tetap tegak.

Tentu saja, setiap penyelidikan operasi serumit salah satu yang sedang dilakukan oleh Transocean Sebaliknya akan terikat untuk menemukan banyak cacat dalam cara di mana kegiatan itu dilaksanakan. Ini adalah cara dunia, dan cukup yakin Komisi membuat sejumlah besar rekomendasi yang diarahkan pada IMO, NMD, DNV, Bourbon, Chevron dan Transocean dan beberapa untuk industri pada umumnya.

Mereka yang secara teratur terlibat dalam proses audit keselamatan dan penilaian risiko ingin melihat rekomendasi yang tercantum dalam urutan kepentingan, dari "penting, berurusan dengan hari ini" turun ke pengamatan yang mungkin atau mungkin tidak ditindak sama sekali. Kami juga ingin melihat kesimpulan lepas dari rekomendasi. Tak satu pun dari persyaratan ini dipenuhi oleh Komisi yang telah melihat hal itu sebagai penting untuk menjelaskan alasan untuk rekomendasi dalam diri mereka. Hal ini juga telah melihat cocok untuk pergi ke detail dengan beberapa, terutama yang berhubungan dengan kebutuhan untuk mengidentifikasi membatasi sudut keberangkatan dan pasukan yang terlibat, bukan menginstruksikan kelompok ahli untuk datang dengan jawaban. Akibatnya kita hanya akan daftar maksud dari rekomendasi di sini, dan akan menyarankan bahwa siapa pun yang ingin tahu lebih banyak harus melihat pada laporan yang sebenarnya.

Mereka:

1. Persiapan kondisi aturan stabilitas untuk penanganan jangkar.

2. Persiapan kurva KG khusus untuk penanganan jangkar.

3. Buku stabilitas ditingkatkan (Efektif berikut persyaratan peraturan saat ini).

4. Penggunaan pelatihan simulator harus didorong.

5. Data yang terdapat dalam sertifikasi tonggak menarik untuk diperluas untuk mencakup pengurangan yang disebabkan dari penggunaan pendorong.

6. Sertifikasi untuk diperlukan untuk pengujian dan penggunaan sistem rilis winch darurat.

7. pelatihan formal untuk diperlukan untuk operator winch.

8. Pertimbangan harus diberikan untuk kemungkinan keluar darurat dari ruang mesin di bawah kapal.

9. Penyelamatan mengapung (liferafts) harus diposisikan pada kapal sehingga mereka dapat dilepaskan bahkan jika kapal tersebut terbalik.

10. Fungsi dari pakaian kelangsungan hidup harus ditingkatkan.

11. Pihak berwenang harus mengevaluasi sarana yang transponder darurat dilepaskan.

12. perekam Voyage untuk diperkenalkan untuk rig dan kapal-kapal kecil, di samping persyaratan yang ada untuk kapal yang lebih besar.

13. NMD dan klasifikasi masyarakat yang bertindak atas nama mereka untuk meningkatkan pelaksanaan kode ISM.

14. Masing-masing perusahaan memiliki "hidup" sistem manajemen keselamatan, dilaksanakan pada hari ke hari operasi.

15. Penilaian risiko untuk menghadapi risiko yang pembuluh sendiri mungkin terkena, serta risiko untuk mereka yang bekerja di dek.

16. Perusahaan adalah untuk memastikan bahwa kru mereka kompeten untuk melaksanakan penilaian risiko.

17. Kapal prosedur jangkar khusus penanganan yang harus disiapkan oleh perusahaan.

18. Sebuah tumpang tindih harus dipastikan untuk master baru bergabung kapal.

19. Waktu yang cukup harus dipastikan untuk tangan yang tepat atas pada saat perubahan awak.

20. Kesulitan air anchor-penanganan dalam harus diakui, dan personil maka mengalami harus selalu tersedia.

21. sistem manajemen keselamatan harus memerlukan kualifikasi dalam penggunaan kalkulator beban dan program lainnya.

22. Perusahaan harus membuat sumber daya keuangan yang tersedia untuk pelatihan yang tepat.

23. daftar kru lengkap harus tersedia untuk tugas-pemegang dan operator.

24. prosedur langkah Rig harus mencakup rincian dari pasukan realistis terlibat dan pemahaman awak kapal harus dipastikan.

25. Rig bergerak prosedur harus keterbatasan cuaca detail, untuk mencegah perselisihan tentang inisiasi atau penghentian operasi.

Prosedur langkah 26. Rig harus operasi tertentu dan mudah dimengerti.

27. Penilaian risiko harus dilakukan untuk rig individu bergerak.

28. Permintaan untuk efisiensi tidak boleh mengorbankan keselamatan (kata yang sebenarnya).

29. Selama rig bergerak kegiatan individu kapal harus menjadi subjek evaluasi terus menerus.

30. Ini harus menjadi kewajiban bahwa operator memastikan bahwa rapat gabungan diadakan darat sebelum operasi dimulai.

31. Operator harus memastikan bahwa analisis resiko disusun oleh kapal sebelum mereka mulai operasi (kata yang sebenarnya).

32. Komunikasi harus dalam bahasa yang sama melalui saluran VHF terbuka.