The Book of Romans 1:1–12 I. The Exordium (“Introduction”): 1:1–7 A. The Inauguration of Paul’s Communication with the Christians in Rome: Sender, Apostolic Credentials, Confession, Address, and Greeting 1:8–12 B. Thanksgiving and Causa (“Issue”): The Announcement and Rationale of Paul’s Forthcoming Visit 1:13–15 II. The Narratio (“Statement of Facts”): The Background of Paul’s Missionary Project 1:16–17 III. The Propositio (“Thesis, Basic Contention”): The Thesis about the Gospel as the Powerful Embodiment of the Righteousness of God 1:18—15:13 IV. The Probatio (“Proof”): Four Proofs of the Thesis and Its Implications for the Roman Congregations 1:18—4:25 A. The First Proof: The Gospel Expresses the Impartial Righteousness of God by Overturning Claims of Cultural Superiority and by Rightwising Jews and Greeks through Grace Alone 1:18–32 1. The Revelation of Divine Wrath 1:18–23 a. Thesis and Rationale: The Exposure of Human Suppression of the Truth about God 1:24–32 b. Elaboration: Human Distortion as a Current Indication of Divine Wrath 2:1–29 2. The Righteous Judgment of Greeks and Jews 2:1–16 a. Diatribe concerning Impartial Judgment according to Works 2:17–29 b. Diatribe concerning the Nonexemption of Jews from Impartial Judgment 3:1–20 3. The Evidence of Universal Sin 3:1–8 a. Diatribe Refuting Objections to Impartial Judgment 3:9–20 b. Diatribe and Catena of Quotations Demonstrating Universal Sin 3:21–31 4. The Righteousness of God and Setting Right of All by Faith Alone 3:21–26 a. Thesis and Rationale Concerning the Triumph of Righteousness in Christ 3:27–31 b. Diatribe Affirming the One God of Jews and Gentiles 4:1–25 5. Abraham and the Righteousness That Comes through Faith 4:1–12 a. Diatribe and the First Part of a Midrash Showing That Abraham Received Righteousness by Faith before He Was Circumcised 4:13–25 b. Expansion of the Midrash Showing That Abraham’s Promise Comes to Those Who Are Righteous through Faith
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The Book of Romans
1:1–12 I. The Exordium (“Introduction”):
1:1–7 A. The Inauguration of Paul’s Communication with the Christians
in Rome: Sender, Apostolic Credentials, Confession, Address,
and Greeting
1:8–12 B. Thanksgiving and Causa (“Issue”): The Announcement and
Rationale of Paul’s Forthcoming Visit
1:13–15 II. The Narratio (“Statement of Facts”): The Background of Paul’s
Missionary Project
1:16–17 III. The Propositio (“Thesis, Basic Contention”): The Thesis about the
Gospel as the Powerful Embodiment of the Righteousness of God
1:18—15:13 IV. The Probatio (“Proof”): Four Proofs of the Thesis and Its
Implications for the Roman Congregations
1:18—4:25 A. The First Proof: The Gospel Expresses the Impartial
Righteousness of God by Overturning Claims of Cultural
Superiority and by Rightwising Jews and Greeks through
Grace Alone
1:18–32 1. The Revelation of Divine Wrath
1:18–23 a. Thesis and Rationale: The Exposure of Human
Suppression of the Truth about God
1:24–32 b. Elaboration: Human Distortion as a Current Indication
of Divine Wrath
2:1–29 2. The Righteous Judgment of Greeks and Jews
2:1–16 a. Diatribe concerning Impartial Judgment according to
Works
2:17–29 b. Diatribe concerning the Nonexemption of Jews from
Impartial Judgment
3:1–20 3. The Evidence of Universal Sin
3:1–8 a. Diatribe Refuting Objections to Impartial Judgment
3:9–20 b. Diatribe and Catena of Quotations Demonstrating
Universal Sin
3:21–31 4. The Righteousness of God and Setting Right of All by
Faith Alone
3:21–26 a. Thesis and Rationale Concerning the Triumph of
Righteousness in Christ
3:27–31 b. Diatribe Affirming the One God of Jews and Gentiles
4:1–25 5. Abraham and the Righteousness That Comes through Faith
4:1–12 a. Diatribe and the First Part of a Midrash Showing That
Abraham Received Righteousness by Faith before He
Was Circumcised
4:13–25 b. Expansion of the Midrash Showing That Abraham’s
Promise Comes to Those Who Are Righteous through
Faith
5:1—8:39 B. The Second Proof: Life in Christ as a New System of Honor
That Replaces the Quest for Status through Conformity to the
Law
5:1–11 1. Introduction: Righteousness in Christ Requires a New
System of Boasting
5:12–21 2. Abundant Grace in Christ Overwhelms Adam’s Reign of
Death
6:1–14 3. Diatribe and Enthymemes Concerning the Death of the
Sinful Self and the New Life in Christ
6:15–23 4. Diatribe Concerning Living to God under the Grace and the
Lordship of Christ
7:1–6 5. Syllogism Concerning Life in Christ as Freedom from the
Law
7:7–12 6. Speech-in-Character Concerning the Moral Status of the
Law
7:13–25 7. Speech-in-Character Concerning the Effect of the Law
8:1–17 8. Thesis and Rationale Concerning the Cosmic Struggle
Between Flesh and Spirit
8:18–30 9. Thesis and Rationale Concerning the Hopeful Suffering of
the Children of God
8:31–39 10. Conclusion: The Status of the Elect Based on Divine Love
9:1—11:36 C. The Third Proof: The Triumph of Divine Righteousness in the
Gospel’s Mission to Israel and the Gentiles
9:1–5 1. Introduction: The Tragic Riddle of Israel’s Unbelief
9:6–18 2. Thesis and the First Part of a Midrash on Israel and the
Righteousness of Divine Election
9:19–29 3. Diatribe and the Second Half of a Midrash Refuting
Objections
9:30—10:4 4. Diatribe on the Failure to Submit to Divine Righteousness,
Which Is Caused by Misguided Zeal
10:5–13 5. Pesher Confirming Righteousness by Faith
10:14–21 6. Syllogism and Citation-Chain Concerning the Gospel
Preached But Rejected
11:1–10 7. Diatribe and Midrash Concerning the Status of Israel
11:11–24 8. Diatribe and Allegorical Enthymeme dealing with the
Missional Purpose of Israel’s Trespass
11:25–32 9. Oracular Disclosure and Enthymeme on the Mystery of
Global Salvation
11:33–36 10. Conclusion: A Hymn on the Majesty of God as Revealed in
the Mysterious Plan of Global Salvation
12:1—15:13 D. The Fourth Proof: Living Together according to the Gospel so
as to Sustain the Hope of Global Transformation
12:1–2 1. Introduction: The Thesis concerning the Motivation and
Assessment of Praiseworthy Behavior
12:3–8 2. The Elaboration of Sober Self-Assessment and the Exercise
of Charismatic Gifts
12:9–21 3. The Elaboration of Guidelines for Genuine Love
13:1–7 4. Diatribe concerning Fulfilling Obligations to the Governing
Authorities
13:8–10 5. The Admonition to Fulfill Law through the Agape Meal
13:11–14 6. The Admonition to Moral Alertness in the Last Days
14:1–12 7. Exemplary Guidelines for the Weak and the Strong
14:13–23 8. Exemplary Guidelines for Mutual Upbuilding in Pluralistic
Congregations
15:1–6 9. The Obligation to Follow Christ’s Example in Edifying
Each Other
15:7–13 10. Conclusion: Recapitulating the Inclusive Ethic That Will
Contribute to the Mission of Global Transformation
15:14—16:23 V. The Peroratio (“Conclusion”) An Appeal for Cooperation in
Missionary Activities in Jerusalem, Rome, and Spain
15:14–21 A. Recapitulation of Paul’s Missionary Calling and Strategy
15:22–33 B. The Report on Travel Pans and an Appeal to Participate in
Present and Future Missionary Activities
16:1–2 C. The Recommendation of Phoebe as Missionary Patroness
16:3–16, 21–23 D. Greetings and Commendations between Ministerial Leaders
16:3–16a 1. Greetings to Congregational Leaders in Rome
16:16b, 21–23 2. Greetings from Congregational Leaders in Corinth and
Elsewhere
16:17–20a The First Interpolation: The Church’s Campaign against Heretics
16:25–27 The Second Interpolation: The Supersessionist Doxology
16:24, 20b E. The Epistolary Benediction1
1 Jewett, R., & Kotansky, R. D. (2006). Romans: A commentary. (E. J. Epp, Ed.) (pp. vii–ix). Minneapolis,
MN: Fortress Press.
WORD BY WORD
The English-Greek Reverse Interlinear New Testament English Standard Version
Romans 5:12
Διὰ τοῦτο ὥσπερ διʼ ἑνὸς ἀνθρώπου ἡ
ἁμαρτία εἰς τὸν κόσμον εἰσῆλθεν καὶ διὰ τῆς
ἁμαρτίας ὁ θάνατος, καὶ οὕτως εἰς πάντας
ἀνθρώπους ὁ θάνατος διῆλθεν ἐφʼ ᾧ πάντες
ἥμαρτον— | ESV NT RI
Therefore, just as sin came into the world
through one man, and death through sin, and
so death spread to all men because all sinned
| ESV
ἑνὸς henos Therefore, just as sin came into the world through one man, and death
through sin, and so death spread to all men because all sinned—
εἷς heis one
adjective, genitive, singular, masculine
Sense: one (single unit) – used of a single unit or thing; not two or more.
BDAG one; one and the same; someone, anyone; the first
LSJ
Louw-Nida one
ἀνθρώπου anthrōpou Therefore, just as sin came into the world through one man, and death
through sin, and so death spread to all men because all sinned—
ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos man
noun, genitive, singular, masculine
Sense: man – an adult person who is male, as opposed to a woman; sometimes referred
to collectively as men.
BDAG a human being; man; someone, one, a person.; the outer being; the inner being;
new being; the person; a certain person; a human figure
LSJ man; gods; the men
Louw-Nida man
ἁμαρτία hamartia Therefore, just as sin came into the world through one man, and death through
sin, and so death spread to all men because all sinned—
ἁμαρτία hamartia sin
noun, nominative, singular, feminine
Sense: sin (personification) – sin personified as a destructive and depraved principle
reigning over unbelievers and persisting in believers; especially as a slavemaster doling
out payment with the currency of death and decay.
BDAG sin; sinfulness
LSJ a failure, fault; error
Louw-Nida to sin, to engage in wrongdoing, sin
κόσμον kosmon Therefore, just as sin came into the world through one man, and death through
sin, and so death spread to all men because all sinned—
κόσμος kosmos world
noun, accusative, singular, masculine
Sense: world (creation) – the created realm considered as a distinct, spatial-temporal
entity in distinction to the heavenly realm.
BDAG adornment, adorning; orderly arrangement, order; the world, the (orderly)
universe; the world; totality, sum total
LSJ order; order, duly; shamefully; in order; becomingly; in; natural order
Louw-Nida cosmos, universe
εἰσῆλθεν eisēlthen Therefore, just as sin came into the world through one man, and death
through sin, and so death spread to all men because all sinned—
εἰσέρχομαι eiserchomai enter; go in
(to)
verb, aorist, active, indicative, third person, singular
Sense: to happen ⇔ enter – to happen, conceived of as something entering into someone
or something.
BDAG enter; come into; someth.; happen, develop
LSJ go in; into, enter; invaded; come into; enter the ranks of; enter; house, visit; pay a
visit; come in
Louw-Nida to happen, to come into
ἁμαρτίας hamartias Therefore, just as sin came into the world through one man, and death
through sin, and so death spread to all men because all sinned—
ἁμαρτία hamartia sin
noun, genitive, singular, feminine
Sense: sin (personification) – sin personified as a destructive and depraved principle
reigning over unbelievers and persisting in believers; especially as a slavemaster doling
out payment with the currency of death and decay.
BDAG sin; sinfulness
LSJ a failure, fault; error
Louw-Nida to sin, to engage in wrongdoing, sin
θάνατος thanatos Therefore, just as sin came into the world through one man, and death through
sin, and so death spread to all men because all sinned—
θάνατος thanatos death
noun, nominative, singular, masculine
Sense: death (event) – the event of dying or departure from life.
BDAG death; fatal illness, pestilence
LSJ death; the death threatened; to death
Louw-Nida to die, death
οὕτως houtōs Therefore, just as sin came into the world through one man, and death through sin,
and so death spread to all men because all sinned—
οὕτως houtōs so; thus; in this way
adverb
Sense: thus – in the way indicated.
BDAG in this manner, thus, so; in this way, as follows; so; without further ado, just,
simply
LSJ in this way; manner, so, thus; thus, as follows; so; on this supposition; so in this way
Louw-Nida so, thus, in this way
πάντας pantas Therefore, just as sin came into the world through one man, and death through
sin, and so death spread to all men because all sinned—
πᾶς pas every; all
adjective, accusative, plural, masculine
Sense: each – (used of count nouns) every one considered individually.
BDAG each, every, any; any and every, every; all; whole; every kind of, all sorts of
LSJ all; the whole; every
Louw-Nida all, every, each, whole
ἀνθρώπους anthrōpous Therefore, just as sin came into the world through one man, and death
through sin, and so death spread to all men because all sinned—
ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos man
noun, accusative, plural, masculine
Sense: person – a human being; sometimes referred to collectively as people.
BDAG a human being; man; someone, one, a person.; the outer being; the inner being;
new being; the person; a certain person; a human figure
LSJ man; gods; the men
Louw-Nida person, human being, individual; people, persons, mankind
θάνατος thanatos Therefore, just as sin came into the world through one man, and death through
sin, and so death spread to all men because all sinned—
θάνατος thanatos death
noun, nominative, singular, masculine
Sense: death (event) – the event of dying or departure from life.
BDAG death; fatal illness, pestilence
LSJ death; the death threatened; to death
Louw-Nida to die, death
διῆλθεν diēlthen Therefore, just as sin came into the world through one man, and death through
sin, and so death spread to all men because all sinned—
διέρχομαι dierchomai pass
through; go through
verb, aorist, active, indicative, third person, singular
Sense: to spread ⇔ pass through – to distribute or disperse widely; understood as
something making a passage or journey from one place to another.
BDAG go (through); review; penetrate.
LSJ go through, pass through
Louw-Nida to move on to, to go on to
πάντες pantes Therefore, just as sin came into the world through one man, and death through sin,
and so death spread to all men because all sinned—
πᾶς pas every; all
adjective, nominative, plural, masculine
Sense: each – (used of count nouns) every one considered individually.
BDAG each, every, any; any and every, every; all; whole; every kind of, all sorts of
LSJ all; the whole; every
Louw-Nida all, every, each, whole
ἥμαρτον hēmarton Therefore, just as sin came into the world through one man, and death
through sin, and so death spread to all men because all sinned—
ἁμαρτάνω hamartanō sin
verb, aorist, active, indicative, third person, plural
Sense: to sin – to violate a divine law.
BDAG to sin
LSJ miss the mark; miss
Louw-Nida to sin, to engage in wrongdoing, sin
Romans 5:13
ἄχρι γὰρ νόμου ἁμαρτία ἦν ἐν κόσμῳ,
ἁμαρτία δὲ οὐκ ἐλλογεῖται μὴ ὄντος νόμου,
| ESV NT RI
for sin indeed was in the world before the
law was given, but sin is not counted where
there is no law | ESV
νόμου nomou for sin indeed was in the world before the law was given, but sin is not
counted where there is no law.
νόμος nomos law
noun, genitive, singular, masculine
Sense: Mosaic law system – the Torah understood as the system of laws, civil statutes,
and priestly ordinances comprising the Mosaic covenant; especially understood as the
means of earning God’s favor.
BDAG a custom, rule, principle, norm; law; sacred ordinance
LSJ that which is in habitual practice, use; possession
Louw-Nida the Law
ἁμαρτία hamartia for sin indeed was in the world before the law was given, but sin is not
counted where there is no law.
ἁμαρτία hamartia sin
noun, nominative, singular, feminine
Sense: sin (personification) – sin personified as a destructive and depraved principle
reigning over unbelievers and persisting in believers; especially as a slavemaster doling
out payment with the currency of death and decay.
BDAG sin; sinfulness
LSJ a failure, fault; error
Louw-Nida to sin, to engage in wrongdoing, sin
ἦν ēn for sin indeed was in the world before the law was given, but sin is not counted where
there is no law.
εἰμί eimi be
verb, imperfect, active, indicative, third person, singular
Sense: to be (somewhere) – to occupy a certain position or area; be somewhere.
BDAG be, exist, be on hand; is; be; live; take place, occur, become, be, be in; it is
possible, one can; be,/come from somewhere; be, belong; be.
LSJ sum
Louw-Nida to be
κόσμῳ kosmō for sin indeed was in the world before the law was given, but sin is not counted
where there is no law.
κόσμος kosmos world
noun, dative, singular, masculine
Sense: world (creation) – the created realm considered as a distinct, spatial-temporal
entity in distinction to the heavenly realm.
BDAG adornment, adorning; orderly arrangement, order; the world, the (orderly)
universe; the world; totality, sum total
LSJ order; order, duly; shamefully; in order; becomingly; in; natural order
Louw-Nida people of the world
ἁμαρτία hamartia for sin indeed was in the world before the law was given, but sin is not
counted where there is no law.
ἁμαρτία hamartia sin
noun, nominative, singular, feminine
Sense: sin (act) – an act or feeling that transgresses something forbidden or ignores
something required by God’s law or character; whether in thought, feeling, speech, or
action.
BDAG sin; sinfulness
LSJ a failure, fault; error
Louw-Nida to sin, to engage in wrongdoing, sin
οὐκ ouk for sin indeed was in the world before the law was given, but sin is not counted where
there is no law.
οὐ ou not
adverb, negative
BDAG no; not; not so?
LSJ fact; statement; will; thought
Louw-Nida not
ἐλλογεῖται ellogeitai for sin indeed was in the world before the law was given, but sin is not
counted where there is no law.
ἐλλογέω ellogeō charge to one’s
account
verb, present, passive, indicative, third person, singular
Sense: to be imputed ⇔ be assessed – to be or become attributed with responsibility or
fault; conceived of as being or becoming charged with a financial payment.
BDAG charge to the account of someone
LSJ reckon, put to an account; to be reckoned in
Louw-Nida to record, to list
μὴ mē for sin indeed was in the world before the law was given, but sin is not counted where
there is no law.
μή mē not
adverb, negative
BDAG not; that…(not), lest; so that…not; ‘it isn’t so, is it, that …?’; whether…not
LSJ not; will; thought; fact; statement
Louw-Nida not
ὄντος ontos for sin indeed was in the world before the law was given, but sin is not counted