The BIG Bang
Dec 13, 2015
The BIG BangThe BIG Bang
Hubble TelescopeHubble TelescopeThis image is taken of
galaxies that are billions of light-years away. Light takes a very long time to travel to Earth.
Consequently, this photograph is of the conditions that existed billions of years ago, just a billion years or so after the big bang.
Astronomers have thus created a time machine of sorts.
This image is taken of galaxies that are billions of light-years away. Light takes a very long time to travel to Earth.
Consequently, this photograph is of the conditions that existed billions of years ago, just a billion years or so after the big bang.
Astronomers have thus created a time machine of sorts.
Ancient Greek CosmologyAncient Greek CosmologyIn the beginning there was an empty darkness. The only thing in this void was Nyx (Chaos), a bird with black wings. With the wind she laid a golden egg and for ages she sat upon this egg. Finally life began to stir in the egg and out of it rose Eros, the god of love. One half of the shell rose into the air and became the sky and the other became the Earth. Eros named the sky Uranus and the Earth he named Gaia. Then Eros made them fall in love.
In the beginning there was an empty darkness. The only thing in this void was Nyx (Chaos), a bird with black wings. With the wind she laid a golden egg and for ages she sat upon this egg. Finally life began to stir in the egg and out of it rose Eros, the god of love. One half of the shell rose into the air and became the sky and the other became the Earth. Eros named the sky Uranus and the Earth he named Gaia. Then Eros made them fall in love.
Familiar Cosmology
Familiar Cosmology
1 In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.
2 And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters.
1 In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.
2 And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters.
Modern Cosmology
Modern Cosmology Approximately 15 billion years
ago, all of the matter in the universe was concentrated at a single point
A cataclysmic explosion (of biblical proportions perhaps?) called the Big Bang caused the matter to fly apart.
Approximately 15 billion years ago, all of the matter in the universe was concentrated at a single point
A cataclysmic explosion (of biblical proportions perhaps?) called the Big Bang caused the matter to fly apart.
In the intervening years, the universe has been expanding, cooling as it goes.
Consequences of the Big Bang
Consequences of the Big Bang
If the universe did come into existence through a cataclysmic explosion, there should be some evidence. Four forms which will be discussed are:
The universe should be expanding
The universe should have a measurable temperature.
The mix of the elements should be known.
Matter should be evenly distributed
If the universe did come into existence through a cataclysmic explosion, there should be some evidence. Four forms which will be discussed are:
The universe should be expanding
The universe should have a measurable temperature.
The mix of the elements should be known.
Matter should be evenly distributed
Doppler Effect
Doppler Effect
The Doppler effect says that things moving away from you look redder than they would if they weren’t moving. Things moving towards you look more blue.
The Doppler effect says that things moving away from you look redder than they would if they weren’t moving. Things moving towards you look more blue.
Cosmic SpeedometerCosmic SpeedometerWhen a galaxy is moving away from us,
light waves travelling to us are red-shifted
Hubble measured the spectrum of these galaxies and found the spectral lines to be red-shifted
When a galaxy is moving away from us, light waves travelling to us are red-shifted
Hubble measured the spectrum of these galaxies and found the spectral lines to be red-shifted
The faster the recession, the greater the red-shift
Edwin HubbleEdwin
Hubble
Using the Doppler effect, Edwin Hubble discovered that objects that were further away move away faster (and, hence, were redder) than nearer objects.
This discovery showed that the universe was expanding and still provides one of the best measurements of the age of the universe.
Using the Doppler effect, Edwin Hubble discovered that objects that were further away move away faster (and, hence, were redder) than nearer objects.
This discovery showed that the universe was expanding and still provides one of the best measurements of the age of the universe.
Black Body Radiator
Black Body Radiator
Universe
A black body radiator is one which absorbs all light which is incident on it.
Such a body can also emit light, if sufficiently hot.
The universe should thus have a temperature and an ‘afterglow’.
Afterglow From the Big Bang
Afterglow From the Big Bang
In 1964, while working at Bell Labs, Penzias and Wilson discovered a radio hiss that they couldn’t make go away.
They had (by accident!) discovered the remnant ‘echo’ of the Big Bang
The universe was shown to have a temperature of 2.726K (-450 °F)
COsmic Background Explorer
COsmic Background Explorer
In 1992, COBE announced a measurement that showed that the background radiation was not quite uniform (although nearly so)
This measurement records information approximately 300,000 years after the Big Bang
In 1992, COBE announced a measurement that showed that the background radiation was not quite uniform (although nearly so)
This measurement records information approximately 300,000 years after the Big Bang
Helium Abundance in the Universe
Helium Abundance in the Universe
At the late time (as we shall see) of 3 minutes in the history of the universe, atomic nuclei were created.
Big Bang theory predicts that the relative abundances of hydrogen and helium were:
Hydrogen 76% Helium 24% Lithium 1 part per 1010
At the late time (as we shall see) of 3 minutes in the history of the universe, atomic nuclei were created.
Big Bang theory predicts that the relative abundances of hydrogen and helium were:
Hydrogen 76% Helium 24% Lithium 1 part per 1010
• Due to nuclear fusion in stars since the Big Bang, current abundances:
– Hydrogen 73%
– Helium 26%
– Everything else 1%
The Big Bang theory is consistent with observations. Specifically ……….
The Big Bang theory is consistent with observations. Specifically ……….
Doppler Red ShiftDoppler Red Shift
• light coming from other galaxies is shifted to the red end of the spectrum
• indicates galaxies are moving away from each other and US
• universe is expanding.• more red shift in distant galaxies - moving away faster - consistent with theory
• light coming from other galaxies is shifted to the red end of the spectrum
• indicates galaxies are moving away from each other and US
• universe is expanding.• more red shift in distant galaxies - moving away faster - consistent with theory
CMBCMB
Cosmic Background Radiation - 3K temperature everywhere - leftover heat energy from big
bang
Cosmic Background Radiation - 3K temperature everywhere - leftover heat energy from big
bang
Element CompositionElement Composition
Universe is mostly hydrogen - the first element that would have been made after the Big Bang.
Hydrogen 73%Helium 26%Everything else 1%
Universe is mostly hydrogen - the first element that would have been made after the Big Bang.
Hydrogen 73%Helium 26%Everything else 1%
UniformityUniformity
Matter should be uniformly distributed throughout the universe
- galaxies are evenly distributed
Matter should be uniformly distributed throughout the universe
- galaxies are evenly distributed
The really interesting question is:
What happened when the universe was young and
hot?
The really interesting question is:
What happened when the universe was young and
hot?
History of the Universe
History of the Universe
In the beginning, the universe was really, really, hot.
Consequently, things looked very different in the beginning.
In the beginning, the universe was really, really, hot.
Consequently, things looked very different in the beginning.
Summary: Timeline of the Universe
Summary: Timeline of the Universe
The Big QuestionThe Big QuestionHow do you get something as hot as it was during the Big Bang?
Smash stuff together!!
How do you get something as hot as it was during the Big Bang?
Smash stuff together!!
Hot!
E = m c2
Energy is MatterMatter is Energy
Lots of energy makes lots of matter
and vice versa!!!!!!