The Basics of Morphological Analysis

The Basics ofMorphological

Analysis

SupplementaryReadings

IntroducingMorphophonemics

MorphophonemicAnalysis

Morphophonemicsand Phonotactics

Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’

More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixes

The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysis

The Basics of Morphological Analysis


Analysis








Supplementary Readings

The following readings have been posted to the Moodlecourse site:

I Contemporary Linguistics: Chapter 4 (pp. 143-146)I Contemporary Linguistics: Morphophonemics

AppendixI Language Files: Chapter 4.5 (pp. 172-175)

The following reading (on Moodle) is not essential, butyou might find it helpful/interesting:

I Language Instinct; Chapter 5 (119-152)


Analysis


IntroducingMorphophonemicsPast Tense Morphology inEnglish

Towards Morphophonemics

The Existence of a Rule

Morphemes andAllomorphs






Rules of ‘Pronunciation’

Fact From Four Weeks Ago:The phonology of a language includes rules that affect thepronunciation of particular phones.

I Example:/p/, /t/, /k/ in English are aspirated when they are are the firstsound in an onset.

Fact We Will Now Learn:The morphology of a language includes rules that affect thepronunciation of particular morphemes.

I Example:The past tense suffix /-d/ in English is pronounced as [-t] whenpreceding a voiceless C.


Analysis











The Past Tense Suffix /-d/ in EnglishFact From Last Unit:In English, there is a suffix /-d/ that has the following properties:

I We write it as “-ed” (even though that’s not how it’s pronounced)I It attaches to (most) verbs.I It is inflectional.I It means ‘past tense’ (the action happened in the past)

“buzz” [b2z] “buzzed” [b2zd]“sigh” [saj] “sighed” [sajd]“grab” [gôæb] “grabbed” [gôæbd]“call” [kAl] “called” [kAld]“fan” [fæn] “fanned” [fænd]“save” [sejv] “saved” [sejvd]


Analysis











Other Past Tense Morphology in EnglishFact From Last Unit:In English, some verbs form past tense via ‘internal change’ (ablaut).

“see” [si] “saw” [sO]“know” [now] “knew” [nu]“think” [TiNk] “thought” [TOt]“write” [ôajt] “wrote” [ôowt]“sing” [siN] “sang” [sæN]“give” [gIv] “gave” [gejv]

This Rule is Different:I Only some verbs form past tense in this way.

I New verbs never form their past tense this way (only with “-ed”)I So, there isn’t really a (general) rule of ‘ablaut’ for English

past-tense.

I For some ‘irregular’ verbs, we do just have to memorizewhat their past-tense form is.


Analysis














I New verbs never form their past tense this way (only with “-ed”)

I So, there isn’t really a (general) rule of ‘ablaut’ for Englishpast-tense.



Analysis














I New verbs never form their past tense this way (only with “-ed”)I So, there isn’t really a (general) rule of ‘ablaut’ for English

past-tense.



Analysis











Towards MorphophonemicsPuzzling Fact 1:In English, there is a suffix [-t] that has all the key properties of /-d/:


“bake” [bejk] “baked” [bejkt]“stuff” [st2f] “stuffed” [st2ft]“jump” [Ã2mp] “jumped” [Ã2mpt]“kiss” [kIs] “kissed” [kist]“wish” [wIS] “wished” [wISt]“froth” [fôOT] “frothed” [fôOTt]


Analysis











Towards MorphophonemicsPuzzling Fact 2:In English, there is a suffix [-1d] that has all the key properties of /-d/:


“fold” [fowld] “folded” [fowld1d]“bat” [bæt] “batted” [bæt1d]“lift” [lIft] “lifted” [lIft1d]“seed” [sid] “seeded” [sid1d]

Question:I Are these past tense forms with ‘[-t]’ and ‘[-1d]’ like the ones with

ablaut?I Are they ‘irregular’ forms that we just have to memorize?


Analysis














Question:I Are these past tense forms with ‘[-t]’ and ‘[-1d]’ like the ones with

ablaut?I Are they ‘irregular’ forms that we just have to memorize?


Analysis














Answer: No!I English speakers know which suffix to use for words they’ve

never heard before!

“to slub” [sl2b] “slubbed” [sl2bd]“to sluk” [sl2k] “slukked” [sl2kt]“to slud” [sl2d] “sludded” [sl2d1d]


Analysis















never heard before!

“to slub” [sl2b] “slubbed”

[sl2bd]“to sluk” [sl2k] “slukked” [sl2kt]“to slud” [sl2d] “sludded” [sl2d1d]


Analysis















never heard before!

“to slub” [sl2b] “slubbed” [sl2bd]

“to sluk” [sl2k] “slukked” [sl2kt]“to slud” [sl2d] “sludded” [sl2d1d]


Analysis















never heard before!

“to slub” [sl2b] “slubbed” [sl2bd]“to sluk” [sl2k] “slukked”

[sl2kt]“to slud” [sl2d] “sludded” [sl2d1d]


Analysis















never heard before!

“to slub” [sl2b] “slubbed” [sl2bd]“to sluk” [sl2k] “slukked” [sl2kt]

“to slud” [sl2d] “sludded” [sl2d1d]


Analysis















never heard before!

“to slub” [sl2b] “slubbed” [sl2bd]“to sluk” [sl2k] “slukked” [sl2kt]“to slud” [sl2d] “sludded”

[sl2d1d]


Analysis















never heard before!

“to slub” [sl2b] “slubbed” [sl2bd]“to sluk” [sl2k] “slukked” [sl2kt]“to slud” [sl2d] “sludded” [sl2d1d]


Analysis














Conclusion:Whether a past-tense verb ends in [-d], [-t], [-1d] is determinedby a general rule.


Analysis











Morphemes and AllomorphsConclusionThere’s a rule stating whether past-tense verbs end in [-d], [-t], [-1d].

Key Observations:These three suffixes have many properties in common:

I They attach to (most) verbs (including newly created ones)I They are inflectionalI They mean ‘past tense’I We write them as “-ed”

I They are all really similar in formI They all end in an oral alveolar stop.

Key Idea:

I At some level, [-d], [-t], [-1d] are really the ‘same suffix’, /-d/

I There’s a rule stating when to pronounce /-d/ as [-d], [-t], [-1d]


Analysis















Key Idea:




Analysis















Key Idea:




Analysis











Morphemes and Allomorphs

Key Idea:



Important Consequence:Because of these kinds of rules, we need to distinguish:

I Morpheme: the affix as it is stored in memory (/-d/)

I Allomorph: the affix as it is actually pronounced ([-d], [-t], [-1d])

Vocabulary:Morphophonemics = The (study of) rules affecting the pronunciationof specific morphemes


Analysis











Morphemes and Allomorphs

Key Idea:



Important Consequence:Because of these kinds of rules, we need to distinguish:

I Morpheme: the affix as it is stored in memory (/-d/)

I Allomorph: the affix as it is actually pronounced ([-d], [-t], [-1d])

Vocabulary:Morphophonemics = The (study of) rules affecting the pronunciationof specific morphemes


Analysis



MorphophonemicAnalysisStep 1: Determine theEnvironments

Step 2: Look for Similarities

Step 3: Identify theMorpheme

Step 4: Write the Rules





Morphophonemic Analysis

Question:How do we figure out the rule stating whether past-tense /-d/ ispronounced as [-d], [-t], [-1d]?

Answer:As with phonological rules, we can break down the process into aseries of manageable steps...


Analysis











Step 1: Get the Environments

Step 1:Determine the environments of the allomorphs

I Since these are all suffixes, we will write up three lists:I The phones that precede the allomorph [-d]I The phones that precede the allomorph [-t]I The phones that precede the allomorph [-1d]


Analysis











Step 1: Get the Environments

Step 1:Determine the environments of the allomorphs

I Since these are all suffixes, we will write up three lists:I The phones that precede the allomorph [-d]I The phones that precede the allomorph [-t]I The phones that precede the allomorph [-1d]


Analysis











Step 1: Get the EnvironmentsIllustrative Past-Tense Forms:

[b2zd] [bejkt] [fowld1d][sajd] [st2ft] [bæt1d][gôæbd] [fôOTt] [lIft1d][kAld] [Ã2mpt] [sid1d][fænd] [kist][sejvd] [wISt]

I The phones that precede the allomorph [-d][z] [aj] [b] [l] [n] [v]

I The phones that precede the allomorph [-t][k] [f] [T] [p] [s] [S]

I The phones that precede the allomorph [-1d][d] [t]


Analysis













I The phones that precede the allomorph [-d]

[z] [aj] [b] [l] [n] [v]




Analysis













I The phones that precede the allomorph [-d][z]

[aj] [b] [l] [n] [v]




Analysis













I The phones that precede the allomorph [-d][z] [aj]

[b] [l] [n] [v]




Analysis













I The phones that precede the allomorph [-d][z] [aj] [b]

[l] [n] [v]




Analysis













I The phones that precede the allomorph [-d][z] [aj] [b] [l]

[n] [v]




Analysis













I The phones that precede the allomorph [-d][z] [aj] [b] [l] [n]

[v]




Analysis

















Analysis














I The phones that precede the allomorph [-t]

[k] [f] [T] [p] [s] [S]



Analysis














I The phones that precede the allomorph [-t][k]

[f] [T] [p] [s] [S]



Analysis














I The phones that precede the allomorph [-t][k] [f]

[T] [p] [s] [S]



Analysis














I The phones that precede the allomorph [-t][k] [f] [T]

[p] [s] [S]



Analysis














I The phones that precede the allomorph [-t][k] [f] [T] [p]

[s] [S]



Analysis














I The phones that precede the allomorph [-t][k] [f] [T] [p] [s]

[S]



Analysis

















Analysis















I The phones that precede the allomorph [-1d]

[d] [t]


Analysis















I The phones that precede the allomorph [-1d][d]

[t]


Analysis

















Analysis












Step 2:For each environment, look for similarities between thesounds.

I We want to write up three lists:I Similarities between the phones that precede the

allomorph [-d]I Similarities between the phones that precede the

allomorph [-t]I Similarities between the phones that precede the

allomorph [-1d]

Note:For the purposes of this unit, consonants share nothing in commonwith vowels.


Analysis
















allomorph [-1d]



Analysis
















allomorph [-1d]



Analysis











Step 2: Look for SimilaritiesIllustrative Past-Tense Forms:


I The phones that precede the allomorph [-d][z] [aj] [b] [l] [n] [v] Nothing in Common

I The phones that precede the allomorph [-t][k] [f] [T] [p] [s] [S] All Voiceless!

I The phones that precede the allomorph [-1d][d] [t] All Oral Alveolar Stops!


Analysis














Nothing in CommonI The phones that precede the allomorph [-t]

[k] [f] [T] [p] [s] [S] All Voiceless!I The phones that precede the allomorph [-1d]

[d] [t] All Oral Alveolar Stops!


Analysis

















Analysis















All Voiceless!I The phones that precede the allomorph [-1d]



Analysis

















Analysis
















All Oral Alveolar Stops!


Analysis

















Analysis











Step 3: Identify the MorphemeStep 3:

I There will (always) be one environment where the phones sharenothing in common.

I Choose that allomorph as the (underlying) morpheme.

Illustration:I The phones that precede the allomorph [-d]

[z] [aj] [b] [l] [n] [v] Nothing in CommonI The phones that precede the allomorph [-t]



Result:The allomorph ‘[-d]’ is the (underlying) morpheme /-d/.


Analysis




















Analysis




















Analysis














The Logic Behind This Step:

I Suppose [X] is an allomorph whose environment doesn’t haveany unifying property...

I If [X] weren’t the (underlying) morpheme, then there’d have to besome rule like:

I “The morpheme /Y/ is pronounced as the allomorph [X] inenvironment Z.”

I But what would the environment ‘Z’ in such a rule be?I The sounds in [X]’s environment don’t share anything in

common.I Therefore, there could not be a rule like the one above.I Therefore, [X] itself must be the underlying morpheme, /X/


Analysis





















Analysis



















common.

I Therefore, there could not be a rule like the one above.I Therefore, [X] itself must be the underlying morpheme, /X/


Analysis





















Analysis











Step 4: Write the RulesStep 4:For the remaining allomorphs, write out the rules that would limit themto their observed environments.

Rule of Thumb:If allomorph [X] is found in environment Z, the rule to write is:

‘/Y/ → [X] / Z ’(Morpheme /Y/ is pronounced as allomorph [X] in environment Z)

Illustration:I The phones that precede the allomorph [-1d]

[d] [t] All Oral Alveolar Stops!I The phones that precede the allomorph [-t]

[k] [f] [T] [p] [s] [S] All Voiceless!

Rule 1: /-d/ → [-1d] / Oral-Alveolar-StopRule 2: /-d/ → [-t] / Voiceless-C


Analysis



















Analysis



















Analysis



















Analysis








Morphophonemics and PhonotacticsMorphophonemic Rules for English Past-Tense:

I Rule 1: /-d/ → [-1d] / Oral-Alveolar-StopI Rule 2: /-d/ → [-t] / Voiceless-C

Important Fact:These rules ‘fix’ phonological problems created by suffixing /-d/.

I Suffixation of /-d/ sometimes makes a word that can’t bepronounced!

I “bake” /bejk/ + /d/ = /bejkd/(PROBLEM: /kd/ is not a possible coda!)

I “lift” /lIft/ + /d/ = /lIftd/(PROBLEM: /td/ is not a possible coda!)


Analysis












I “bake” /bejk/ + /d/ = /bejkd/(PROBLEM: /kd/ is not a possible coda!)

I “lift” /lIft/ + /d/ = /lIftd/(PROBLEM: /td/ is not a possible coda!)


Analysis












I “bake” /bejk/ + /d/ = /bejkd/ → [bejkt](SOLUTION: /kt/ is a possible coda!)

I “lift” /lIft/ + /d/ = /lIftd/ → [lIft1d](SOLUTION: /t/ and /d/ are possible codas!)


Analysis










General Lesson:Morphophonemic rules often exist to ‘fix’ phonological problemscreated by the morphology.

I Sometimes, morphology makes words that violate phonotacticconstraints.

I Morphophonemic rules alter those words, making themconsistent with phonotactics.

But sometimes, morphophonemic rules have nothing todo with phonotactics...


Analysis










General Lesson:Morphophonemic rules often exist to ‘fix’ phonological problemscreated by the morphology.

I Sometimes, morphology makes words that violate phonotacticconstraints.

I Morphophonemic rules alter those words, making themconsistent with phonotactics.

But sometimes, morphophonemic rules have nothing todo with phonotactics...


Analysis





Practice: ThePrefix ‘-/In/’Step 1: Determine theEnvironments






Some Negative Prefixes in English“attentive” [2tEntIv] “inattentive” [In2tEntIv]“dependent” [d@pEnd@nt] “independent” [Ind@pEnd@nt]

“possible” [pAs@bl"] “impossible” [ImpAs@bl

"]

“balanced” [bæl@nst] “imbalanced” [Imbæl@nst]

“complete” [k2mplit] “incomplete” [INk2mplit]“glorious” [glOôi@s] “inglorious” [INglOôi@s]

Observations:I The words on the right look like those on the left, except that

they begin with: [In-], [Im-], [IN-]

I The words on the right are the ‘opposites’ of the words on the left(Each prefix means ‘not’)


Analysis













"]



Question:Do we really see three different prefixes in the words above?

I Each prefix has a very similar form:I Begins with [I]I Ends with a nasal stop: [n], [m], [N]

I Each prefix has the same meaning (i.e., ‘not A’)


Analysis













"]



Idea:Let’s apply the steps of ‘morphophonemic’ analysis, to see if we canrelate these allomorphs to the same morpheme!


Analysis











Step 1: Determine the Environments“attentive” [2tEntIv] “inattentive” [In2tEntIv]“dependent” [d@pEnd@nt] “independent” [Ind@pEnd@nt]


"]



I Phones that follow [In-]: [2], [d]

I Phones that follow [Im-]: [p], [b]

I Phones that follow [IN-]: [k], [g]


Analysis













"]



I Phones that follow [In-]:

[2], [d]




Analysis













"]



I Phones that follow [In-]: [2],

[d]




Analysis













"]







Analysis













"]




I Phones that follow [Im-]:

[p], [b]



Analysis













"]




I Phones that follow [Im-]: [p],

[b]



Analysis













"]







Analysis













"]





I Phones that follow [IN-]:

[k], [g]


Analysis













"]





I Phones that follow [IN-]: [k],

[g]


Analysis













"]







Analysis











Step 2: Look for Similarities“attentive” [2tEntIv] “inattentive” [In2tEntIv]“dependent” [d@pEnd@nt] “independent” [Ind@pEnd@nt]


"]



I Phones that follow [In-]: [2], [d] Nothing in CommonI Phones that follow [Im-]: [p], [b] Bilabial Oral StopsI Phones that follow [IN-]: [k], [g] Velar Oral Stops


Analysis













"]




Nothing in CommonI Phones that follow [Im-]: [p], [b] Bilabial Oral StopsI Phones that follow [IN-]: [k], [g] Velar Oral Stops


Analysis













"]



I Phones that follow [In-]: [2], [d] Nothing in Common

I Phones that follow [Im-]: [p], [b] Bilabial Oral StopsI Phones that follow [IN-]: [k], [g] Velar Oral Stops


Analysis













"]



I Phones that follow [In-]: [2], [d] Nothing in CommonI Phones that follow [Im-]: [p], [b]

Bilabial Oral StopsI Phones that follow [IN-]: [k], [g] Velar Oral Stops


Analysis













"]



I Phones that follow [In-]: [2], [d] Nothing in CommonI Phones that follow [Im-]: [p], [b] Bilabial Oral Stops

I Phones that follow [IN-]: [k], [g] Velar Oral Stops


Analysis













"]



I Phones that follow [In-]: [2], [d] Nothing in CommonI Phones that follow [Im-]: [p], [b] Bilabial Oral StopsI Phones that follow [IN-]: [k], [g]

Velar Oral Stops


Analysis













"]



I Phones that follow [In-]: [2], [d] Nothing in CommonI Phones that follow [Im-]: [p], [b] Bilabial Oral StopsI Phones that follow [IN-]: [k], [g] Velar Oral Stops


Analysis











Step 3: Identify the Morpheme“attentive” [2tEntIv] “inattentive” [In2tEntIv]“dependent” [d@pEnd@nt] “independent” [Ind@pEnd@nt]


"]



Step 3:I Find the allomorph such that the sounds in its environment

share nothing in common.I Choose that allomorph as the (underlying) morpheme.

Environments of the Allomorphs:I Phones that follow [In-]: [2], [d] Nothing in CommonI Phones that follow [Im-]: [p], [b] Bilabial Oral StopsI Phones that follow [IN-]: [k], [g] Velar Oral Stops


Analysis













"]





Environments of the Allomorphs:I Phones that follow [In-]: [2], [d] Nothing in CommonI Phones that follow [Im-]: [p], [b] Bilabial Oral StopsI Phones that follow [IN-]: [k], [g] Velar Oral Stops


Analysis













"]





Environments of the Allomorphs:I Phones that follow [In-]: [2], [d] Nothing in Common

Conclusion: The underlying morpheme is /In-/


Analysis













"]





Environments of the Allomorphs:I Phones that follow [In-]: [2], [d] Nothing in Common

Conclusion: The underlying morpheme is /In-/


Analysis











Step 4: Write the Rules“attentive” [2tEntIv] “inattentive” [In2tEntIv]“dependent” [d@pEnd@nt] “independent” [Ind@pEnd@nt]


"]



Step 4:For the remaining allomorphs, write out the rules that would limit themto their observed environments.


‘/Y/ → [X] / Z ’

Environments for Remaining Allomorphs:



Analysis













"]





‘/Y/ → [X] / Z ’




Analysis













"]





‘/Y/ → [X] / Z ’


I /In-/ → [Im] / Biliabial-Oral-StopI Phones that follow [IN-]: [k], [g] Velar Oral Stops


Analysis













"]





‘/Y/ → [X] / Z ’


I /In-/ → [Im] / Biliabial-Oral-StopI /In-/ → [IN] / Velar-Oral-Stop


Analysis











Morphophonemics and PhonotacticsMorphophonemic Rules for /In-/:


Observation:I Unlike the rules for past-tense, these rules don’t serve to ‘fix’

phonotactic violations.I Even if the rules didn’t apply, we could still pronounce the words.

*inpossible [InpAs1bl"] (unpopular [2npApjul1ô])

*incompatable [Ink@mpæt@bl"] (uncaring [2nkejôiN])

Conclusion:I Some morphophonemic rules don’t fix phonotactic violationsI Instead, they kinda take place ‘just because’.


Analysis



















Analysis



















Analysis






More Practice:Swedish DefiniteSuffixesStep 1: Determine theEnvironments





I Let’s do one last morphophonemic problem together,just to practice this all one last time.

I This problem will contain an extra ‘difficulty’ that youwon’t find on the problems you’ll be assigned.


Analysis











Definite Suffixes in SwedishConsider the following pairs of words from Swedish:

[stol] ‘chair’ [stolen] ‘the chair’[kat] ‘cat’ [katen] ‘the chair’[tidniN] ‘newspaper’ [tidniNen] ‘the newspaper’

[lampa] ‘lamp’ [lampan] ‘the lamp’[sofa] ‘sofa’ [sofan] ‘the sofa’

[katar] ‘cats’ [katarna] ‘the cats’[bilar] ‘cars’ [bilarna] ‘the cars’[stolar] ‘chairs’ [stolarna] ‘the chairs’

Observations:I The words on the right look just like those on the left, except they

end in [-en], [-n], [-na]

I The words on the right mean “the” + the word on the leftI (All three suffixes seem to mean ‘the’)


Analysis















Observations:I The words on the right look just like those on the left, except they

end in [-en], [-n], [-na]

I The words on the right mean “the” + the word on the leftI (All three suffixes seem to mean ‘the’)


Analysis















Question:I Does Swedish really have three different suffixes meaning ‘the’?I Or, can we relate these as allomorphs of the same morpheme?


Analysis











Step 1: Determine the Environments[stol] ‘chair’ [stolen] ‘the chair’[kat] ‘cat’ [katen] ‘the chair’[tidniN] ‘newspaper’ [tidniNen] ‘the newspaper’



I Phones that precede [-en]: [l] [t] [N]

I Phones that precede [-n]: [a]

I Phones that precede [-na]: [r]


Analysis














I Phones that precede [-en]:

[l] [t] [N]




Analysis














I Phones that precede [-en]: [l]

[t] [N]




Analysis














I Phones that precede [-en]: [l] [t]

[N]




Analysis


















Analysis















I Phones that precede [-n]:

[a]



Analysis


















Analysis
















I Phones that precede [-na]:

[r]


Analysis


















Analysis











Step 2: Look for Similarities[stol] ‘chair’ [stolen] ‘the chair’[kat] ‘cat’ [katen] ‘the chair’[tidniN] ‘newspaper’ [tidniNen] ‘the newspaper’



I Phones that precede [-en]: [l] [t] [N] All are consonantsI Phones that precede [-n]: [a] All are [a]

I Phones that precede [-na]: [r] All are [r]


Analysis















All are consonantsI Phones that precede [-n]: [a] All are [a]



Analysis














I Phones that precede [-en]: [l] [t] [N] All are consonants

I Phones that precede [-n]: [a] All are [a]



Analysis














I Phones that precede [-en]: [l] [t] [N] All are consonantsI Phones that precede [-n]: [a]

All are [a]



Analysis

















Analysis
















All are [r]


Analysis

















Analysis











Step 3: Identify the Morpheme[stol] ‘chair’ [stolen] ‘the chair’[kat] ‘cat’ [katen] ‘the chair’[tidniN] ‘newspaper’ [tidniNen] ‘the newspaper’





Environments of the Allomorphs:I Phones that precede [-en]: [l] [t] [N] All are consonantsI Phones that precede [-n]: [a] All are [a]I Phones that precede [-na]: [r] All are [r]


Analysis


















Analysis














Step 3.5 (You Won’t Have to Do This):I If there is no such allomorph...I If all the environments have something in common.I Choose the allomorph with the least specific environment



Analysis















Environments of the Allomorphs:I Phones that precede [-en]: [l] [t] [N] All are consonants

Conclusion: The underlying morpheme is /-en/


Analysis















Environments of the Allomorphs:I Phones that precede [-en]: [l] [t] [N] All are consonants

Conclusion: The underlying morpheme is /-en/


Analysis











Step 4: Write the Rules[stol] ‘chair’ [stolen] ‘the chair’[kat] ‘cat’ [katen] ‘the chair’[tidniN] ‘newspaper’ [tidniNen] ‘the newspaper’





‘/Y/ → [X] / Z ’

Environments for Remaining Allomorphs:I Phones that precede [-n]: [a] All are [a]I Phones that precede [-na]: [r] All are [r]


Analysis
















‘/Y/ → [X] / Z ’

Environments for Remaining Allomorphs:I Phones that precede [-n]: [a] All are [a]I Phones that precede [-na]: [r] All are [r]


Analysis
















‘/Y/ → [X] / Z ’

Environments for Remaining Allomorphs:I /-en/ → [-n] / [a]I Phones that precede [-na]: [r] All are [r]


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‘/Y/ → [X] / Z ’

Environments for Remaining Allomorphs:I /-en/ → [-n] / [a]I /-en/ → [-na] / [r]


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Conclusion: The Swedish Definite SuffixQuestion:

I Does Swedish really have three different suffixes meaning ‘the’?I Or, can we relate these as allomorphs of the same morpheme?

Answer:I Swedish only has one suffix meaning ‘the’.I This suffix is /-en/.I This suffix undergoes the following morphophonemic rules,

which affect the way it ends up being pronounced:I /-en/ → [-n] / [a]I /-en/ → [-na] / [r]

Having gone through these examples, you now have thetools for doing morphophonemic analysis on your own!


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The Logic ofMorphologicalAnalysisComplex Words in Turkish

The Steps to MorphologicalAnalysis

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Practice: ‘Little’ Suffix

Practice: ‘In’ Suffix

The Logic of Morphological Analysis

I Finally, let’s also make clear the procedure for determiningwhat allomorphs a language has, and what they mean.

I This procedure gets a little challenging when a languagehas a lot of affixes it can use to make complex words.


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Complex Words in TurkishConsider the following words from Turkish:

[denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’[evdzikden] ‘from a little house’[eve] ‘to a house’[elim] ‘my hand’[diSler] ‘teeth’

Observation:Turkish can express in one word what English does in many words.

Reasonable Guess:I Maybe some of these words contain a bunch of affixes?I Maybe that’s how they get so long and get such ‘big’ meanings?

(like ‘antidisestablishmentarianism’ in English)

Question: How do we show this?


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Answer: We can’t (yet)

I We need more words of Turkish.I With more words, we can start to look for systematic patterns of

sound and meaning!


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Complex Words in TurkishSo, consider now these words of Turkish:

[denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’[evdzikden] ‘from a little house’[eve] ‘to a house’[elim] ‘my hand’[diSler] ‘teeth’[deniz] ‘an ocean’[denize] ‘to an ocean’[evden] ‘from a house’[elde] ‘in a hand’[evdziklerimizde] ‘in our little houses’

I Now we have enough words to start figuring out how‘[denizdzikde]’ is broken down into morphemes.

I Here’s how we do this step-by-step...


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Complex Words in TurkishSo, consider now these words of Turkish:

[denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’[evdzikden] ‘from a little house’[eve] ‘to a house’[elim] ‘my hand’[diSler] ‘teeth’[deniz] ‘an ocean’[denize] ‘to an ocean’[evden] ‘from a house’[elde] ‘in a hand’[evdziklerimizde] ‘in our little houses’

I Now we have enough words to start figuring out how‘[denizdzikde]’ is broken down into morphemes.

I Here’s how we do this step-by-step...


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Step 1: Identify the Meaning[denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’[evdzikden] ‘from a little house’[eve] ‘to a house’[elim] ‘my hand’[diSler] ‘teeth’[deniz] ‘an ocean’[denize] ‘to an ocean’[evden] ‘from a house’[elde] ‘in a hand’[evdziklerimizde] ‘in our little houses’

Step 1:For the word you are interested in, identify that part of the word’smeaning that you want to find the morpheme for.

Illustration: [denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’


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Step 2: Find Words with that Meaning[denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’[evdzikden] ‘from a little house’[eve] ‘to a house’[elim] ‘my hand’[diSler] ‘teeth’[deniz] ‘an ocean’[denize] ‘to an ocean’[evden] ‘from a house’[elde] ‘in a hand’[evdziklerimizde] ‘in our little houses’

Step 2:Gather up all the words that share that part of the meaning you’veidentified.


I [denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’I [deniz] ‘an ocean’I [denize] ‘to an ocean’


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Illustration: [denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’I [denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’I [deniz] ‘an ocean’I [denize] ‘to an ocean’


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Step 3: Find the Common Sounds[denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’[evdzikden] ‘from a little house’[eve] ‘to a house’[elim] ‘my hand’[diSler] ‘teeth’[deniz] ‘an ocean’[denize] ‘to an ocean’[evden] ‘from a house’[elde] ‘in a hand’[evdziklerimizde] ‘in our little houses’

Step 3:

I Out of those words, find the largest (continuous) sequence ofphones they have in common

I That is (most likely) the morpheme that expresses that meaning.



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Conclusion: [deniz] = ‘ocean’I [denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’I [deniz] ‘an ocean’I [denize] ‘to an ocean’


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Conclusion: [deniz] = ‘ocean’

Now let’s iterate this procedure, to figure out what the othermorphemes in ‘[denizdzikde]’ are.


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I [denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’I [evdzikden] ‘from a little house’I [evdziklerimizde] ‘in our little houses’


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Illustration: [denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’I [denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’I [evdzikden] ‘from a little house’I [evdziklerimizde] ‘in our little houses’


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Conclusion: [dzik] = ‘little’I [denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’I [evdzikden] ‘from a little house’I [evdziklerimizde] ‘in our little houses’


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Conclusion: [dzik] = ‘little’

Let’s do this one more time, to figure out the third and finalmorpheme in ‘[denizdzikde]’.


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I [denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’I [elde] ‘in a hand’I [evdziklerimizde] ‘in our little houses’


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Illustration: [denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’I [denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’I [elde] ‘in a hand’I [evdziklerimizde] ‘in our little houses’


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Conclusion: [de] = ‘in’I [denizdzikde] ‘in a little ocean’I [elde] ‘in a hand’I [evdziklerimizde] ‘in our little houses’


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Summary:We’ve figured out all the morphemes in [denizdzikde]’

I [deniz] = ‘ocean’

I [dzik] = ‘little’

I [de] = ‘in’

We could continue this process for all the words above, but let’sjust stop here...


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Summary:We’ve figured out all the morphemes in [denizdzikde]’

I [deniz] = ‘ocean’

I [dzik] = ‘little’

I [de] = ‘in’

We could continue this process for all the words above, but let’sjust stop here...

The Basics of Morphological Analysis

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