Slide 1 Neuroanatomy Just the basics ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 2 The Basics • CNS – brain and spinal cord • PNS – Nerves and ganglia outside of the brain and spinal cord. Connects the CNS to the limbs and organs. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 3 CNS The Brain consists of: • Frontal lobe • Temporal lobe • Parietal lobe • Occipital lobe • Cerebellum ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________
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Slide 1
NeuroanatomyJust the basics
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Slide 2 The Basics
• CNS – brain and spinal cord
• PNS – Nerves and ganglia outside of the brain and spinal cord. Connects the CNS to the limbs and organs.
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Slide 3 CNS
The Brain consists of:
• Frontal lobe
• Temporal lobe
•Parietal lobe
•Occipital lobe
•Cerebellum
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Slide 4 CNS
•Brain stem
Pons
Midbrain
Medulla oblongata
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Slide 5 Vascular Supply
•Circle of Willis – a circle of arteries surrounding the base of the brain; supplies blood to the brain and
surrounding structures
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Slide 6 Vascular Supply
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Slide 7 Circle of Willis –with detail
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Slide 8 Circle of Willis
• The circle of Willis is formed when the internal carotid artery(ICA) enters the cranial cavity bilaterally and divides into the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) and middle cerebral artery(MCA). The anterior cerebral arteries are then united by an anterior communicating (ACOM) artery. These connections form the anterior half (anterior circulation) of the circle of Willis. Posteriorly, the basilar artery, formed by the left and right vertebral arteries, branches into a left and right posterior cerebral artery (PCA), forming the posterior circulation. The PCAs complete the circle of Willis by joining the internal carotid system anteriorly via the posterior communicating (PCOM) arteries.
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Slide 9 Occlusions
• Anterior cerebral artery – supplies medial portions of the frontal and parietal lobes.
- weakness or paralysis of contralateral side, incontinence, personality changes, mutism (conscious unresponsiveness)
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Slide 10 Occlusions
• Middle cerebral artery - supplies the lateral portion of the cerebral cortex, temporal lobes
- Contralateral hemiplegia and sensory impairment.
- Damage to dominate hemisphere (usually the left) includes global, Broca’s or Wernicke’s aphasia
- Damage to non-dominate hemisphere causes contralateral neglect
- Deviation conjugee – gaze preference to the side of the lesion, especially in acute phase.
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Slide 11 Occlusions
• Posterior cerebral artery – supplies the occipital lobe
- Thalamic pain syndrome, abnormal sensation of pain, temperature, touch and proprioception
- Cortical blindness – eye is normal but there is full or partial vision loss.
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Slide 12
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Slide 13
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Slide 14 The spinal cord
• The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue and support cells that extends from the brain (the medulla oblongata specifically).
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Slide 15 Spinal Cord
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Slide 16 Spinal Cord Cont.
• Where does it end?
(Page 187 – Mansfield, Neuman)
• What is the implication if there is damage at or below this region??
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Slide 17 Spinal Cord Cross Section
Sensory = afferent Motor = efferent
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Slide 18 Motor and sensory tracts
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Slide 19 Ascending Tracts (sensory)• Spinothalamic tracts- Lateral : pain and temperature
- Anterior: light touch and pressure
• 1st Order Neuron – arise from the sensory receptors of the body and enter the tip of the posterior gray horn
• 2nd Order Neuron –cross to the opposite side and ascend to brainstem in the lateral or anterior tract then end at thalmus.
• 3rd Order Neuron – arise from the thalmus, pass through the internal capsule, enter the postcentralgyrus (sensory cortex of the cerebrum)
• Injuries occur as a result of trauma, tumors, inflammation, or difficult childbirth. Increasing incidence with larger birth size, mother with DM.
• Upper brachial plexus lesion – caused by excessive lateral neck flexion. Erb’s Palsy results in waiter’s tip deformity
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Slide 36 Erb’s Palsy
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Slide 37 Brachial Plexus Injuries
• Lower brachial plexus lesion – caused by a sudden upward pulling on an abducted arm. C8-T1 damage causes paralysis of intrinsic muscles of the hand and the wrist and finger flexors. Klumpke’s paralysis(Claw hand)