1 The Bandung dumpsite disaster Problems of waste management and disposal in tropical countries Dr.-Ing. Florian Koelsch Dr. Koelsch Geo- und Umwelttechnik GmbH / Technical University Braunschweig (Germany) presented May 4, 2005 at Worldbank, Washington (USA) Bandung dumpsite disaster Content The Bandung landfill failure Scope of tropical waste problems Prospects
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The Bandung dumpsite disasterProblems of waste management and disposal
in tropical countries
The Bandung dumpsite disasterProblems of waste management and disposal
in tropical countries
Dr.-Ing. Florian KoelschDr. Koelsch Geo- und Umwelttechnik GmbH /Technical University Braunschweig (Germany)
presented May 4, 2005 at
Worldbank, Washington (USA)
Bandung dumpsite disaster
ContentThe Bandung landfill failureScope of tropical waste problemsProspects
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Bandung landfill failure
Coordinates
Java
120 Million people60 % of Indonesian population
120.000 km2 (half of GB)
Bandung landfill failure
Coordinates
Bandung
Bandung Metropolitan area: 6 million people
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Bandung landfill failure
Waste managementWaste generation:
appr. 6000 t/dayWaste collection
operated by wards using manual cartsdelivered to transfer stations
Bandung landfill failure
Waste managementWaste transport
trucks: transfer station-dumpsiteWaste disposal
4 dumpsiteslargest: Leuwigajah, 4500 t/day
Jelekong landfill
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Bandung landfill failure
Leuwigajah dumpsiteGeometryArea: 10 ha, Height: 60-70 m, Front slope: 30-45°
SiteNarrow valley, 5-10 % natural slopeSoil: Bedrock + 1 m clay (k = 3.8 x 10-10 m/sec)
Operationdropping from the top over the edgepoor compaction by crawler
Bandung landfill failure
CollapseFebruary 21st, 2005, 2 A.M.2.7 million m3
Scavanger village:147 people dead
Vertical slope
Downhill viewArea devasted: 300 x 900 m (27 ha)10 m waste layer
uphill view – the cliff
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Forensic analysis I• Geometry
Slip joint between clay and waste
• WaterGround water + surface run-off
Bandung landfill failure
Creek formed in the valley
Forensic analysis I• Geometry
Slip joint between clay and waste• Water
Ground water + surface run-offWater level inside is low (no infiltration)
• Shear strengthapparently high (blocks, vertical slope)
Bandung landfill failure
Rigid waste blocks down the valley
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Forensic analysis I• First Calculation
Most unfavorable case:Entire dumpsite fails
Bandung landfill failure
η = 1.13, still safe! Why did the waste fail?
Geometry requireswaste yielding (difficult!)
Geometry requireswaste yielding (difficult!)
Forensic analysis II• Additional observations
housing areas clustered
Bandung landfill failure
Dumpsite was regularly burning during dry seasonSmoke expelled scavangers
• Specific conditionsclimate, poverty Out of scope
• Operator‘s capacityfinancial means, supervision
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Prospects
Financial MeansWaste fees in Bandung: 10 $/ton
including collection, transfer, disposal
Not sufficient!
Problems:• Political committment (NIMTO)• Undervaluing the technical impact• Lack of supervision
Prospects
R & D projectCommunity based monitoring
Goals:• Improve live standard of poor local communities• Strengthen EPAs capacity and power• Enforces operator to proper management• Improve environmental situation• Justifies adequate fees
Goals:• Improve live standard of poor local communities• Strengthen EPAs capacity and power• Enforces operator to proper management• Improve environmental situation• Justifies adequate fees
Idea: Concerned local citizens • operate monitoring program (gas, water, stability)• report to regional EPA• get money from landfill operator
Idea: Concerned local citizens • operate monitoring program (gas, water, stability)• report to regional EPA• get money from landfill operator
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Biotreatment plant Teheran, Iran
Biotreatment plant Teheran, Iran
Dr. Koelsch Geo- und Umwelttechnik GmbHwww.dr-koelsch.de • [email protected]