The Aztec Diego Rivera mural, La Gran Tenochtit
Jan 19, 2016
The Aztec
Diego Rivera mural, La Gran Tenochtitlàn
Major Global Development
The last Mesoamerican civilization before the arrival of Spanish conquistadors, the Aztec built a hierarchical society based upon war, religion, tribute, and sacrifice.
Chichimeca Migration
• Came from Aztlàn• Chichimecas first left in 900 CE
Aztec Empire
• Mexica migrated to Lake Texcoco in 1325 CE• Worshipped Huitzilopchtli• 200,000 – 700,000 people in Tenochtitlàn
Tenochtitlàn
• Aztec capital, founded in 1325 CE
Chinampas “Floating Gardens”
Pulque
Aztec Society
• Highly stratified• Elites were 5 –
10% of population• Macehualtin =
Peasants + Artisans
• Slaves = 5% of Tenochtitlàn
Gender Differences
• Umbilical cord of girls = under the house
• Umbilical cord of boys = given to warriors
• Sweeping as a spiritual task
Tribute• Once or twice per year• Clothing, maize, animals, stones, jewelry
Religion
• Ometeotl = “Two God” mother/father to all gods
• Texcatlipoca = “Smoking Mirror,” supreme power• Xochiquetzal = (Goddess) Pregnancy, weaving• Tlazolteotl = (Goddess) Carnal love, sin, filth• Mixcoatl = Patron of Chichimecas• Huitzilopochtli = War & sun• Quetzalcoatl = Wind• Tlaloc = Rain
Xipe Totec• God of Spring• Flayed skins• Priests wore the
skins
Tlaloc
• God of rain• Preferred
children• Death by
drowning
Why did sacrifice matter?
• Pleasing gods• A way to
avoid destruction
• Projecting power of rulers
Death
• Mictlan• Dog as “soul companion”• 4 years of wandering• Cremation vs. burial • Mummies
Cihuateteo
• “The Divine Women”• Goddesses who died during childbirth• Accompany the sun from zenith to sunset
Moctezuma
• Became Aztec emperor in 1500
• Waited for return of Quetzalcoatl
Quetzalcoatl
• “The Feathered Serpent”• Tall, bearded, white god who was
going to return
Who were the Conquistadors?
• Most had experience in the Caribbean
• Most were lower middle class, a small # were “hidalgos”
• All expected wealth, land, slaves, & political positions
• Most died in Mesoamerica & South America
Cortès & the Maya
• First encountered in the Yucatan in 1519
• 1,500 Yucatan Maya & 37 Spaniards died
• Geronimo de Aguilar, shipwrecked for 8 years
Who was Malinche?
• Malintzìn, Doña Marina, Malinche• Given to Cortès as a slave• Spoke Nahuatl, Maya, & Spanish
18th Century Spanish Depiction of Cortès & Moctezuma’s First Meeting
Reasons for the Fall of the Aztecs
• Disease: Smallpox, typhoid, cholera, malaria, influenza
• Technology & Weaponry
• Native Allies angry with the Aztecs
Skulls in the Templo Mayor ruins
Tenochtitlàn today
Religion & Colonization
• Aztec temples destroyed
• Franciscan, Dominican, Augustinian friars in charge of conversion to Catholicism
Key Chronological Events
• The Chichimeca wandered out of Aztlàn by the command of Huitzilopochtli.
• Human sacrifice served multiple purposes for this religious civilization that emphasized the power of conquest.
• The Aztec’s strict tribute system allowed the Spanish conquistadors to find allies in their war against the Aztec.