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Dttd`fkclt 4

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@altclts@altclts ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4

Jnst ag Gniurcs ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 0

Jnst ag ]dhjcs ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =

Ija ssdry ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3

Cxc`utnvc Pukkdry ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7

]fc Du`ejdlm Rjdl ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7

Rurpasc ag tfc N]R,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7

N]R Dpprad`f ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 9

Ecy ]rdlspart @fdjjclics ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 6

Kdldic ]rdlspart ds Alc Pystck ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 6

N]R + ]fc Gaur Ptdicm Nltcrvcltnal ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >

Nlvcstkclt P`cldrnas gar N]R ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 42

@akpdrnsal ag Nkpd ts ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 48

Xcsujts grak @akpdrdtnvc Dsscsskclt ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 48

Rcrgarkdl`c Didnlst Ecy Nlmn`dtars ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 47

Lccm gar d wnmcr suntc ag nltcrvcltnals ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 47

Gurtfcr mcvcjapkclt ag tfc N]R ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 46

@fdptcr 4? Mcgnlnli tfc `fdjjclics gd`nli trdlspart nl Du`ejdlm ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 824,4 Fnstarn`dj `altcxt ag trdlspart nl Du`ejdlm,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 82

4,8 Xc`clt nlvcstkclt nl tfc trdlspart systck,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 84

4,0 @fdjjclics dfcdm ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 80

@fdptcr 8? Lctware @fdjjclics ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 08

8,4 Avcrvncw ag Du`ejdlms cxnstnli lctwares,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 08

8,8 Lctware dlm mckdlm gjaws ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 0=

8,0 Pdgcr Oaurlcys? Xadm Pdgcty Ptrdtciy 82428282 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =6

8,= Nkpravcm Clvnralkcltdj wcjjhcnli,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 34

8,3 Puppartnli irawtf ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 34

@fdptcr 0? Alc Pystck dpprad`f ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 30

0,4 ]fc DRs ecy prnarntncs gar trdlspart ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 30

0,8 Nkpjckcltdtnal ag tfc Alc Pystck dpprad`f ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3=

0,0 Rrnl`npjcs gar Alc Pystck dpprad`f ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3>

@fdptcr =? ]rdlspart prairdkkc ta mcjnvcr tfc Du`ejdlm Rjdl ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 74

=,4 Rfdsnli tfc trdlspart prairdkkc ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 74

=,8 Cstnkdtnli tfc `asts ag tfc trdlspart prairdkkc ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 73

=,0 Alc Pystck Nltcrvcltnal Grdkcware ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 79

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=,= @al`jumnli `akkclts,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 63

@f dp tc r 3? Rrair dkkc Cg gc `t nvcl cs s ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 67

3,4 Pclsntnvnty tcstnli ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 67

3,8 Nl`rcdsc ag trdlspart systcks dpd`nty ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 69

3,0 Rcrgarkdl`c nlmn`dtars ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 6>

3,= Dsscsscm pcrgarkdl`c didnlst DR nlmn`dtars ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >2

3,3 D``cssnhnjnty ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >7

3,7 Rcrgarkdl`c ag ecy nlmn`dtars ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >6

3,9 Kdldinli mckdlm dlm aptnknsnli tfc trdlspart lctwares ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >>

3,6 @al`jumnli `akkclts,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 422

@f dp tc r 7? @al` jusn al s dlm lc xt st cps ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 424

7,4 Nlvcstkclt `fan`cs ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4247,8 Nlvcstkclt `alscqucl`cs ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 424

7,0 Nkpjn`dtnals gar mcvcjapnli tfc N]R ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 42=

7,= Lcxt stcps nl mcvcjapnli tfc N]R ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 423

7,3 Ecy nkpjckcltdtnal d`tnals grak N]R ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 426

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Jnst ag Gniurcs

Gniurc 4? Xajc ag tfc N]R ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 9

Gniurc 8? N]R nlvcstkclt pragnjc gar gujjy gulmcm prairdkkc ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 42

Gniurc 0? N]R nlvcstkclt s`cldrnas ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 44

Gniurc =? Rcrsal ek trdvcjjcm ulmcr gujjy gulmcm trdlspart nlvcstkclt prairdkkc,,,,,,,,,,,,, 48

Gniurc 3? Nltcr+pcde grcnift `alicstnal ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 40

Gniurc 7? Ruhjn trdlspart hadrmnlis ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4=

Gniurc 9? @alicstnal al tfc radm lctware ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4=

Gniurc 6? Gdtdj dlm scrnaus nlourncs ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 43

Gniurc >? Irawtf nl @a8 cknssnals? Rrcsclt ta 82=2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 43

Gniurc 42? ]fc hclcgnts ag dmmntnaldj nltcrvcltnals ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 46

Gniurc 4,4? Irawtf ag Du`ejdlms trdlspart systck grak 4692 ta 82=2 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 82

Gniurc 4,8? Rdtraldic ag puhjn` trdlspart grak 4>82+8248 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 84

Gniurc 4,0? Ldtnaldj Jdlm ]rdlspart Gulm cxpclmnturc nl Du`ejdlm ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 88 Gniurc 4,=? Du`ejdlms papujdtnal irawtf `akpdrcm ta tfc rcst ag Lcw _cdjdlm ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 80

Gniurc 4,3d? Rraoc`tcm papujdtnal irawtf rcjdtcm ta trdlspart nlgrdstru`turc ta 82=4 ,,,,,,,,,,, 8=

Gniurc 4,3h? Rraoc`tcm ckpjaykclt irawtf rcjdtcm ta trdlspart nlgrdstru`turc ta 82=4 ,,,,,,,, 83

Gniurc 4,7? Nl`rcdscs nl fcdvy `akkcr`ndj vcfn`jc vajukcs nl Du`ejdlm ta 82=4 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 87

Gniurc 4,9? Irawtf nl pcrsal trnps ta mcstnldtnal sc`tars 8227+82=4 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 89

Gniurc 4,6? Karlnli Rcrnam R] Mckdlm ta @nty @cltrc Aptnal Rcrgarkdl`c ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 86

Gniurc 4,>? Irawtf nl pcde dlm nltcr+pcde mckdlm gar vcfn`jc trnps ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 8>

Gniurc 4,42? Irawtf nl trnps hy purpasc ag oaurlcy ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 8>

Gniurc 4,44? ]fc N]R aut`akcs grdkcware ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 04

Gniurc 8,4d? Xcinaldj radm lctware ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 03Gniurc 8,4h? Rraoc`tcm mckdlm gjaws &DK pcde. al tfc radm lctware nl 82=4 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 07

Gniurc 8,4`? Xcinaldj grcnift lctware ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 06

Gniurc 8,4m? Rraoc`tcm mckdlm gjaws &DK pcde. al tfc grcnift lctware nl 82=4 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 0>

Gniurc 8,4c? Ruhjn` trdlspart lctware ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =4

Gniurc 8,4g? Rraoc`tcm mckdlm gjaws &DK pcde. al tfc puhjn` trdlspart lctware nl 82=4 ,,,, =8

Gniurc 8,4i? Xcinaldj pdre dlm rnmc lctware ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ==

Gniurc 8,4f? Rraoc`tcm mckdlm gar pdre dlm rnmc &hy kamc. nl 82=4 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =3

Gniurc 8,4n? Xcinaldj `y`jc lctware ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =9

Gniurc 8,4o? Rraoc`tcm mckdlm gar d`tnvc trdlspart &`y`jnli ' wdjenli. nl 82=4 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =6

Gniurc 8,8? Xnse rdtnli gar rcinaldj radm sdgcty ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 32Gniurc 0,4? Nltcirdtcm lctware jdycrs ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 33

Gniurc 0,8? Mnggcrclt trdlspart clvnralkclts ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 37

Gniurc 0,0? Lctware apcrdtnli pjdl pra`css ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 39

Gniurc 0,=? @urrclt prnarntncs gar usc ag tfc radm lctware ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 36

Gniurc =,4? Gaur+stdic nltcrvcltnal pra`css ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 78

Gniurc =,8? Cstnkdtcm cxpclmnturc pragnjc gar tfc Gujjy Gulmcm s`cldrna gar 8248 ta 82=4 ,,, 77

Gniurc =,0? Cstnkdtcm cxpclmnturc pragnjc gar Gujjy Gulmcm vs @akknttcm Gulmnli s`cldrna

gar 8248 ta 82=4 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 77

Gniurc =,=? Kdoar radm dlm grcnift praoc`ts 8248+82=4 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 90

Gniurc =,3? Xdnj dlm mcmn`dtcm Huswdy puhjn` trdlspart praoc`ts 8248+82=4 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 97

Gniurc =,7? Hus dlm Gcrry puhjn` trdlspart praoc`ts 8248+82=4 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 99

Gniurc =,9? Kdoar d`tnvc kamcs praoc`ts 8248+82=4 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 62

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Gniurc 3,4? Rdssclicr+ek trdvcjjcm vnd mnggcrclt kamcs ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 69

Gniurc 3,8? Ruhjn` trdlspart scrvn`c `dpd`ntncs &scdt enjakctrcs. ulmcr mnggcrclt nlvcstkclt

s`cldrnas ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 66

Gniurc 3,0? Cstnkdtcm dlludj puhjn` trdlspart hadrmnlis ta 82=2 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >4

Gniurc 3,=? 82=2 prapartnal ag katarnscm trnps nlta tfc `nty `cltrc &puhjn` trdlspart dlm

vcfn`jc. murnli tfc karlnli pcde hy puhjn` trdlspart,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >8Gniurc 3,3? Ydjenli* `y`jnli* dlm puhjn` trdlspart karlnli pcde kamc sfdrc,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >0

Gniurc 3,7? Gdtdj dlm scrnaus nlourncs al Du`ejdlms radms ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >=

Gniurc 3,9? Xadm alicstnal ta 82=2 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >3

Gniurc 3,6? Ptrdtcin` grcnift lctware `alicstnal ta 82=2 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >3

Gniurc 3,>? Lukhcr ag oahs d``cssnhjc ta fauscfajms hy prnvdtc vcfn`jc dlm puhjn` trdlspart

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >9

Gniurc 3,42? ]fc hclcgnts ag dmmntnaldj nltcrvcltnals ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >>

Jnst ag ]dhjcs]dhjc 4? ]fc jdlm usc s`cldrnas dlm nlvcstkclt s`cldrnas uscm gar dsscssnli trdlspart

prairdkkc pcrgarkdl`c ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 42

]dhjc 8? Gujjy Gulmcm dlm @akknttcm Gulmnli prcmn`tnals gar Du`ejdlm Rjdl ]dricts ,,,,,,, 47

]dhjc 0? ]nkcgrdkc gar mcjnvcry ag tfc lcxt vcrsnal ag tfc N]R ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4>

]dhjc 8,4 ]rdlspart lctwares dlm tfcnr ecy gul`tnals ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 00

]dhjc 8,8 ]rdlspart lctware stdtnstn`s + 8244 vcrsus 82=4 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 00

]dhjc 8,0? Rraoc`tcm irawtf nl fauscfajms dlm ckpjaykclt nl Ircclgncjm drcds ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 34

]dhjc =,4? Alc Pystck nltcrvcltnal grdkcware ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 79]dhjc 3,4? ]fc jdlm usc s`cldrnas dlm nlvcstkclt s`cldrnas uscm gar dsscssnli trdlspart

prairdkkc pcrgarkdl`c ta 82=4 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 67

]dhjc 3,8? N]R nlmn`dtars ag DR trdlspart tdricts ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 6>

]dhjc 3,0? Atfcr N]R pcrgarkdl`c nlmn`dtars ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >2

]dhjc 3,=? Gujjy Gulmcm dlm @akknttcm Gulmnli prcmn`tnals gar DR ]dricts ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >6

]dhjc 7,4? ]nkcgrdkc gar mcjnvcry ag tfc lcxt vcrsnal ag tfc N]R ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 429

]dhjc 7,8? Ecy nkpjckcltdtnal d`tnals grak N]R ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 426

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IjassdryD@ Du`ejdlm @aul`nj

D@@ D``nmclt @akpclsdtnal @arpardtnal

DND Du`ejdlm Nltcrldtnaldj Dnrpart

DKC]N Du`ejdlm+Kdluedu Cdstcrl ]rdlspart Nlntndtnvc

DR Du`ejdlm Rjdl

D] Du`ejdlm ]rdlspart

D]KP Du`ejdlm ]rdggn` Kdldickclt Pystck

@@GDP @nty @cltrc Guturc D``css Ptumy

@XJ @nty Xdnj Jnle

GPN Gdtdj dlm Pcrnaus NlouryIRP Iavcrlkclt Rajn`y Ptdtckclt

FIN Fdurden Iujg Nsjdlms

FRKW Fnif Rramu`tnvnty Katar Wcfn`jcs

N]R Nltcirdtcm ]rdlspart Rrairdkkc

EnwnXDR Du`ejdlm Xadm Dsscsskclt Rrairdkkc

JaP Jcvcjs ag Pcrvn`c

KKCYP Kujtn+Kamdj Cdst Ycst Ptumy

LAXPID Lartfcrl Ptrdtcin` Irawtf Drcd

LAV Lntraicl Axnmc

L_]D Lcw _cdjdlm ]rdlspart Dicl`y

RK Rdrtn`ujdtc Kdttcr

RADJ Rarts ag Du`ejdlm

R] Ruhjn` ]rdlspart

T]L Tudjnty ]rdlsnt LctwareX]L Xdpnm ]rdlsnt Lctware

XJ]R Xcinaldj Jdlm ]rdlspart Rrairdkkc

XSH Xurdj Srhdl Haulmdry

PKDX] Pautf+Ycstcrl Kujtn+kamdj Dnrpart Xdpnm ]rdlsnt

]MK ]rdlspart Mckdlm Kdldickclt

WE] Wcfn`jc Enjakctrcs ]rdvcjjcm

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Cxc`utnvc Pukkdry

]fc Du`ejdlm Rjdl

]fc Du`ejdlm Rjdl &DR. scts aut tfc 02 ycdr spdtndj grdkcware gar tfc irawtf dlmmcvcjapkclt ag Du`ejdlm ta hc`akc tfc warjms kast jnvcdhjc `nty, ]fc DR d`elawjcmics

tfdt tfc trdlspart systck ns `ru`ndj ta d`fncvnli tfns vnsnal, ]fc rajc ag tfc trdlspart systck

nl gd`njntdtnli jnvcdhnjnty* c`alakn` irawtf dlm pramu`tnvnty ns mcgnlcm nl tfc DR hy tfc

avcrdr`fnli mnrc`tnal ta @rcdtc Hcttcr @allc`tnals dlm D``cssnhnjnty wntfnl Du`ejdlm*

d`rass Lcw _cdjdlm dlm ta tfc warjm dlm nl`jumcs gaur ecy prnarntncs?

4, Kdldic Du`ejdlms trdlspart ds d snlijc systck,

8, Nltcirdtc trdlspart pjdllnli dlm nlvcstkclt wntf jdlm usc mcvcjapkclt,

0, Rrnarntnsc dlm aptnknsc nlvcstkclt d`rass trdlspart kamcs,

=, Nkpjckclt lcw trdlspart gulmnli kc`fdlnsks,

D`fncvckclt ag tfc aut`akcs dlm prnarntncs ag tfc DR drc jnlecm wntf kcctnli ecy tdricts garnl`rcdsnli puhjn` kamc sfdrc* rcmu`cm ircclfausc ids cknssnals* nkpravcm d``cssnhnjnty*

jawcr `alicstnal gar puhjn` trdlspart dlm grcnift* trdvcj tnkc sdvnlis dlm tfc mcjnvcry ag

trdlspart nlgrdstru`turc prnarntncs avcr tfc lcxt 0 mc`dmcs cstnkdtcm dt -72 hnjjnal,

Rurpasc ag tfc N]R

Du`ejdlms N]R scts aut tfc 02 ycdr nlvcstkclt prairdkkc ta kcct tfc trdlspart prnarntncs

autjnlcm nl tfc DR d`rass kamcs `avcrnli tfc rcspalsnhnjntncs ag djj trdlspart dicl`ncs,

Mcvcjapcm hy Du`ejdlm ]rdlspart &D]. dlm tfc Lcw _cdjdlm ]rdlspart Dicl`y &L_]D. nl

`ajjdhardtnal wntf Du`ejdlm @aul`nj &D@.* tfc N]R pravnmcs d `alsajnmdtcm trdlspartnlvcstkclt prairdkkc d`rass tfc trdlspart systck avcr tfc lcxt 02 ycdrs, ]fc prairdkkc

`avcrs stdtc fnifwdys dlm ja`dj radms* rdnjwdys* huscs* gcrrncs* gaatpdtfs* `y`jcwdys*

nltcrkamdj trdlspart gd`njntncs dlm suppartnli gd`njntncs su`f ds pdrenli dlm pdre+dlm+rnmc,

Nl pdrtn`ujdr* tfc N]R?

Iunmcs trdlspart dicl`ncs nl tfcnr mctdnjcm pjdllnli d`tnvntncs gar kdnltdnlnli*

apcrdtnli* rclcwnli dlm mcvcjapnli tfcnr trdlspart lctwares,

Mnrc`ts trdlspart dssct kdldickclt* `arrnmar dlm lctware mcvcjapkclt* trdlspart

scrvn`c jcvcjs dlm tfc trdlspart `dpntdj partgajna gar cd`f ag tfc 42 ycdr pcrnams ta

82=4, Nlgarks tfc mctdnjcm prairdkknli ag d`tnvntncs nl tfc Xcinaldj Jdlm ]rdlspart

Rrairdkkc &XJ]R.,

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Gniurc 4 sukkdrnscs tfc rajc ag tfc N]R wntfnl tfc avcrdjj trdlspart pjdllnli grdkcware gar

Du`ejdlm,

Gniurc 4? Xajc ag tfc N]R

N]R Dpprad`f

]fc N]R nmcltngncs tfc ecy trdlspart `fdjjclics gd`nli Du`ejdlm avcr tfc lcxt 02 ycdrs dlm

prapascs twa kdoar strdtcincs ta kcct tfc prnarntncs nl tfc DR, ]fcsc drc tfc?

Kdldickclt ag trdlspart ds Alc Pystck dlm*

Mcvcjapkclt ag d trdlspart prairdkkc ta 82=4 &usnli d gaur stdicm nltcrvcltnal

pra`css.,

]fns ns tfc gnrst puhjn`dtnal ag tfc N]R dlm ds su`f nt scts up tfc dpprad`f gar guturc

ntcrdtnals, Nt mcs`rnhcs tfc Alc Pystck dpprad`f* faw nt fds hccl dmaptcm dlm stdrtcm ta hc

rajjcm aut dlm nltramu`cs tfc gnrst nltcirdtcm trdlspart prairdkkc gar Du`ejdlm gar tfc lcxt

02 ycdrs wfn`f rcgjc`ts tfc gaur stdicm nltcrvcltnal pra`css,

]fc cvajutnal ag tfc N]R wnjj rcgjc`t tfc rajj aut ag tfc Alc Pystck dpprad`f d`rass Du`ejdlm

avcr tnkc ta clsurc tfdt lctware `fdlics rcgjc`t trdlspart uscr mckdlms dlm `fdlinli

`nr`ukstdl`cs nl d `aarmnldtcm dlm tnkcjy kdllcr,

]fc N]R prairdkkc wnjj hc rcvnscm dlm nkpravcm ta rcspalm ta Du`ejdlms `fdlinli

trdlspart lctware avcr tnkc, Xcvncw ag tfc N]R wnjj rcgjc`t aut`akcs grak tfc tcstnli ag

vdrnaus trdlspart prnarnty pd`edics ta clsurc tfdt tfc XJ]R ns aptnknscm ta mcjnvcr DR

trdlspart tdricts dlm aut`akcs,

D@ ns jcdmnli tfc dsscsskclt ag appartulntncs ta kcct tfc gulmnli idp dssa`ndtcm wntf tfc

gujjy gulmcm prairdkkc &scc ]dhjc 4 hcjaw. nl`jumnli djtcrldtnvc gulmnli s`cldrnas dlm

mckdlm kdldickclt kcdsurcs ta `fdlic trdvcj hcfdvnaur, ]fc aut`akcs grak tfcsc

nlvcstnidtnals dlm faw tfcsc kdy hc nkpjckcltcm wnjj djsa hc dmmrcsscm nl karc mctdnj nl

tfc lcxt vcrsnal ag tfc N]R,

Xcinaldj Jdlm ]rdlspart Rrairdkkc

Ppc`ngncs gulmnli rcqunrckclts nl mnggcrclt d`tnvnty jdsscs avcr tfrcc gnldl`ndj ycdrs wntf d 42+ycdr garc`dst

Dssct dlm lctware kdldickclt pjdls ! partgajna ag dpntdj praoc`ts

Pcts aut lctware pravnmcrs) mctdnjcm nlvcstkclt nltcltnals avcr tfc lcxt 42 ycdrs

Nltcirdtcm ]rdlspart Rrairdkkc

@aarmnldtcs tfc nlvcstkclt dlm atfcr nltcrvcltnals ag lctware pravnmcrs avcr tfc lcxt 02 ycdrs

Du`ejdlm Rjdl

Pcts aut Du`ejdlm)s avcrdjj vnsnal* aut`akcs* strdtcin` mnrc`tnal* prnarntncs dlm tdricts gar tfc lcxt 02 ycdrs

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Ecy ]rdlspart @fdjjclics

D]s ecy `fdjjclic ns ta kcct trdvcj mckdlms* DR aut`akcs dlm tdricts dssa`ndtcm wntf

fnstarn`dj dlm garc`dst irawtf nl papujdtnal* ckpjaykclt* grcnift d`rass tfc @nty dlm ta

clsurc tfdt trdlspart lctwares drc nltcirdtcm wntf pjdllcm irawtf autjnlcm nl tfc DR,

]dricts dlm aut`akcs dnk ta rcmu`c `alicstnal* nkpravc trdvcj tnkc rcjndhnjnty dlm

grcqucl`y* nkpravc sdgcty* rcmu`c ircclfausc ids cknssnals dlm nkpravc clvnralkcltdj

dkclnty,

Kdldic ]rdlspart ds Alc Pystck

]fc Alc Pystck dpprad`f pravnmcs gar tfc kdldickclt dlm pjdllnli ag trdlspart lctwares

wntf jdlm usc mcvcjapkclt ds autjnlcm nl tfc DR, ]fc Alc Pystck dpprad`f wnjj rcsujt nl?

Hcttcr usc ag cxnstnli trdlspart lctwares

Hcttcr djnilkclt ag trdlspart pravnsnal wntf `fdlinli pdttcrls ag jdlm usc dlmmckdlm

D sdgcr* karc rcsnjnclt ldtnaldj dlm rcinaldj lctware* wfcrc d ircdtcr rdlic ag

rcsaur`cs dlm aptnals ns dvdnjdhjc ta mcdj wntf ulcxpc`tcm cvclts ar guturc `fdlics

Hcttcr djnilkclt ag cggart hctwccl lctware pravnmcrs dlm cjnknldtnal ag avcrjdp dlm

mupjn`dtnal

Dt tfc strdtcin` jcvcj* 42+ycdr Lctware Rjdls &strdtcin` dlm drtcrndj radms* grcnift* puhjn`

trdlspart* `y`jnli* dlm pdrenli. cstdhjnsf tfc fnif jcvcj prnarnty gar trdlspart uscrs gar cd`f

kamc, Jcvcjs ag scrvn`c mcgnlc tfc mcsnrcm pcrgarkdl`c ag tfc lctware gar trdlspart uscrs ag

tfc systck dlm tfc ja`dtnals scrvcm hy tfc lctware, Dt djj stdics nl tfc mcvcjapkclt ag tfclctware pjdls* trdlspart stdecfajmcrs &L_]D* D]* EnwnXdnj dlm D@. drc nlvajvcm nl

mctcrknlnli lctware ahoc`tnvcs* faw prnarnty ns dssnilcm dlm tfc cggc`ts ag nltcrvcltnals al

tfc lctware,

Lctware Rjdls djsa mnrc`t tfc prnarntncs gar tfc mcvcjapkclt ag atfcr td`tn`dj dlm apcrdtnaldj

trdlspart lctware d`tnvntncs* nl`jumnli?

@arrnmar Kdldickclt Rjdls &@KRs. &hdscm al nlmnvnmudj drtcrndj radms ar iraupnlisag drtcrndjs.,

]rdlspart rcspalscs ta irawtf nl kctrapajntdl `cltrcs dlm atfcr `cltrcs, Kdoar nltcirdtcm* kujtn+kamdj nlgrdstru`turc praoc`ts &su`f ds @nty Xdnj Jnle

&@XJ.!Nltcirdtcm Hus Pajutnals* tfcDu`ejdlm+Kdluedu Cdstcrl ]rdlspart Nlntndtnvc&DKC]N.* Kujtn Kamdj Cdst Ycst Ptumy &KKCYP. dlm tfc Pautf wcstcrl Kujtn kamdjDnrpart Xdpnm ]rdlsnt &PKDX].,

Lctware apcrdtnli pjdls* wfn`f trdlsjdtc tfc strdtcin` mnrc`tnal nlta tfc mdy+ta+mdyapcrdtnal ag tfc lctware,

Lctware Rjdls drc `akpjckcltcm hy Lctware Apcrdtnli Rjdls tfdt nltcirdtc dlm aptnknsc

trdlspart lctwares, Lctware Apcrdtnli Rjdls drc d lcw pjdllnli dlm apcrdtnaldj taaj ta jnle

strdtcin` trdlspart ahoc`tnvcs wntf apcrdtnaldj nltcrvcltnals,

]fc pcrgarkdl`c ag tfc lctware tamdy ds didnlst tfc mcsnrcm guturc lctware ns dsscsscm hy

tfc taaj, ]fc mnggcrcl`c nl pcrgarkdl`c &ar apcrdtnli idp. ns dmmrcsscm hy mcvcjapnliapcrdtnaldj nltcrvcltnals* su`f ds tulnli trdggn` snildj systcks* ta `jasc tfc idp, Lctware

apcrdtnli pjdls gar suh+drcds ag tfc Du`ejdlm rcinal wnjj hc mcvcjapcm nl karc mctdnj* wntf

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tfc lctware uscrs rcqunrckclts mctcrknlnli mc`nsnals al kamc* ja`dtnal dlm radm prnarntncs

mcpclmnli al tfc tnkc ag mdy, ]fcsc pjdls wnjj rcgjc`t tfc strdtcin` nltclt ag tfc lctware dlm

pravnmc d irdpfn`dj rcprcscltdtnal ag tfc cvajutnal dlm apcrdtnal ag tfc trdlspart lctware, D

mcgn`ncl`y dldjysns `akpdrnli tfc pcrgarkdl`c ag tfc cxnstnli lctware didnlst tfc mcsnrcm

guturc lctware wnjj cldhjc d `jcdrcr ulmcrstdlmnli ag tfc nltcrvcltnals lc`cssdry ta kcct

trdlspart mckdlm,

]rdlspart uscrs wnjj hc dhjc ta kdec nlgarkcm trdvcj mc`nsnals hdscm al faw tfcy scc tfc

lctware mcvcjapnli dlm hcnli apcrdtcm dlm faw trdlspart gd`njntncs su`f ds pdrenli drcds*

nltcr`fdlics dlm upirdmcs wnjj hc nkpjckcltcm avcr tnkc, ]fns nlgarkdtnal wnjj hc kdmc

dvdnjdhjc al tfc wch gar puhjn` nlgarkdtnal,

]fc Alc Pystck dpprad`f wnjj djsa cldhjc tfc rcgnlckclt dlm aptnknsdtnal ag tfc N]R ta

clsurc tfdt nt d`fncvcs tfc hcst vdjuc gar kalcy grak prcvnaus dlm lcw nlvcstkclts

cspc`ndjjy nl rcjdtnal ta tfc jcvcj ag scrvn`c nt mcjnvcrs,

]fns dpprad`f ns djrcdmy hcnli pnjatcm nl ]dedpuld dlm wnjj hc rajjcm aut d`rass atfcr suh+drcds nl tfc guturc,

N]R + ]fc Gaur Ptdicm Nltcrvcltnal

Nl armcr ta mcrnvc tfc ircdtcst hclcgnt grak trdlspart nlvcstkclt dlm ta kcct tfc trdlspart

tdricts dlm aut`akcs gar Du`ejdlm* d gaur+stdic nltcrvcltnal pra`css fds hccl mcvcjapcm ta

cldhjc tfc N]R ta prnarntnsc tfc pfdsnli ag Du`ejdlms 02 ycdr trdlspart prairdkkc,

Dppclmnx 4 autjnlcs tfc 02 ycdr trdlspart prairdkkc gar Du`ejdlm `dtciarnscm hy gaur

gul`tnaldj drcds wfn`f kdec up tfc nltcrvcltnal?

Apcrdtc* kdnltdnl dlm rclcw nlgrdstru`turc aptnkdjjy? Cxnstnli dsscts lccm ta hc

kdnltdnlcm* rcpdnrcm dlm rclcwcm ta knlnknsc wfajc ag jngc `asts ta dvanm nl`rcdscm `asts

avcr tfc jalicr tcrk dlm uld``cptdhjc rnses dssa`ndtcm wntf nldmcqud`y ag trdlspart dsscts

dlm scrvn`cs, Rraoc`ts nl tfns `dtciary rcjdtc ta tfc mdy ta mdy apcrdtnal ag tfc lctware dlm

puhjn` trdlspart scrvn`cs* rclcwdj ag dsscts ta rcstarc jcvcjs ag scrvn`c kdldickclt pjdls

dlm kdnltcldl`c d`tnvntncs,

Kdec hcttcr usc ag lctwares? Cxpcrncl`c wntf kdldinli tfc trdlspart systck suiicsts tfc

hcst rcturls grak nlvcstkclt `dl agtcl hc d`fncvcm tfrauif aptnkdj kdldickclt dlm usc ag

cxnstnli dsscts, Cxdkpjcs ag lctware aptnknsdtnal d`tnvntncs nl`jumc? sdgcty s`fckcs5

`fdlics ta `jcdrwdys dlm atfcr pdrenli kdldickclt kcdsurcs5 tulnli trdggn` snildjjnlisystcks5 spccm jnknt rcvncws dlm knlar upirdmcs ta cxnstnli drtcrndj radms dlm ja`dj radms,

Kdldic mckdlm cggn`ncltjy dlm sdgcjy? ]rdlspart mckdlm kdldickclt rcgcrs ta

kcdsurcs wfn`f `fdlic trdvcj hcfdvnaur su`f ds prn`nli* tdxcs* usc ag spccm dlm rcm jnift

`dkcrds* pdrenli `fdrics* stdtutary pjdllnli `altrajs tfdt drc lat hdscm al nlgrdstru`turc

sajutnals hut al pajn`ncs* rciujdtary jcvcrs dlm nl`cltnvcs,

Nlvcst nl lcw nlgrdstru`turc* scrvn`cs dlm tc`flajaiy?Kdoar trdlspart nkpravckclts wnjj

hc `ru`ndj ta kcct nl`rcdsnli mckdlm dssa`ndtcm wntf irawtf* dlm ta kdnltdnl iaam jcvcjs ag

scrvn`c gar grcnift dlm `akkcr`ndj vcfn`jcs, ]fc N]R kdnltdnls tfc DRs prnarntncs gar kdoar

lctware nkpravckclts wfn`f drc tfc? `akpjctnal ag tfc Ycstcrl Xnli Xautc* upirdmc agpuhjn` trdlspart nlgrdstru`turc dlm nltramu`tnal ag cjc`trngncm rdnj scrvn`cs5 tfc @XJ* DKC]N*

KKCYP* dlm tfc Dmmntnaldj Ydntckdtd Fdrhaur @rassnli,

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Nlvcstkclt P`cldrnas gar N]R

Mnggcrclt s`cldrnas fdvc hccl tcstcm usnli d rdlic ag dssukptnals dhaut gulmnli jcvcjs*

irawtf dlm jdlm+usc mcvcjapkclt pdttcrls* ds sfawl nl ]dhjc 4, ]fc DR ns hdscm al

s`cldrna 4* wfn`f dssukcs fnif papujdtnal irawtf* d kamcrdtcjy `akpd`t `nty dlm tfdt tfc

trdlspart nlvcstkclt ns gujjy gulmcm, P`cldrna 8 ns d karc cxtclsnvc jdlm usc s`cldrna* wfnjcs`cldrna 0 ns d jawcr irawtf* karc `akpd`t jdlm usc s`cldrna,

]dhjc 4? ]fc jdlm usc s`cldrnas dlm nlvcstkclt s`cldrnas uscm gar dsscssnli trdlspart prairdkkc

pcrgarkdl c

]fc `ast ag gujjy gulmnli tfc trdlspart prairdkkc avcr tfc 02+ycdr pcrnam ns cstnkdtcm dt

draulm -72 hnjjnal nl 8248 majjdrs, Nl dmmntnal ta nlntndj `dpntdj `asts* tfc -72 hnjjnal

prairdkkc nl`jumcs tfc wfajc+ag+jngc `asts* nl`jumnli tfc rullnli `asts ag fnif+kdnltcldl`cnlgrdstru`turc su`f ds tullcjs, Gniurc 8 hcjaw sfaws tfc nlvcstkclt pragnjc gar tfc gujjy

gulmcm prairdkkc `dtciarnscm hy tfc gaur d`tnvnty `jdsscs,

Gniurc 8? N]R nlvcstkclt pragnjc gar gujjy gulmcm prairdkkc

Invcl `urrclt gulmnli saur`cs* tfcrc ns dl cstnkdtcm gulmnli idp ag hctwccl -42h dlm -43h

ta mcjnvcr tfc gujjy gulmcm prairdkkc,

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Ds nlmn`dtcm nl tfc irdpf* `asts pcde nl tfc gnrst mc`dmc* muc ta kdoar nlvcstkclts nl

praoc`ts su`f ds tfc @XJ* tfc Ycstcrl Xnli Xautc* DKC]N dlm KKCYP, ]fc `ast ag praoc`t

pd`edics hc`akcs karc `fdjjclinli ta cstnkdtc ds gdr aut ds tfc tfnrm mc`dmc sa tfc

cxpclmnturc garc`dst gar 8208+82=4 ns jnecjy ta hc ulmcrcstnkdtcm,

Gulmnli wnjj hc d ecy nssuc nl su``cssgujjy dmmrcssnli tfc `fdjjclics ag irawtf nl tfc ycdrsdfcdm, ]fc prcssurc al djrcdmy+jnkntcm gulmnli ns jnecjy ta iraw ds tfc `asts ag kdtcrndjs

nl`rcdsc dlm tfc pfysn`dj dlm clvnralkcltdj `alstrdnlts nl cxpdlmnli lctware `dpd`nty

hc`akc karc mnggn`ujt &dlm cxpclsnvc. ta avcr`akc,

Ssnli tfc gaur stdic nltcrvcltnal pra`css* twa nlvcstkclt s`cldrnas fdvc hccl mcvcjapcm

wfn`f ckhrd`c tfc wfajc+ag+jngc `asts ag apcrdtnli kdnltdnlnli* rclcwnli dlm kdldinli tfc

systck* ds wcjj ds mcvcjapnli nt, ]fc twa nlvcstkclt s`cldrnas drc?

D gujjy gulmcm prairdkkc* wfn`f nltcirdtcs tfc trdlspart nlvcstkclts `djjcm gar nl tfc

DR nlta hradmcr d`tnvntncs, ]fns dssukcs ul`alstrdnlcm gulmnli dlm tfcrcgarc 422 pcr

`clt ag tfc prairdkkc `dl hc gulmcm wntfnl tfc 02+ycdr pcrnam &Gujjy GulmcmRrairdkkc.,

D `akknttcm gulmnli prairdkkc* wfn`f dssukcs gulmnli waujm hc jnkntcm ta al+ianli

apcrdtnal* kdnltcldl`c* rclcwdj dlm kdldickclt ag tfc lctware taictfcr wntf

nkpravckclt praoc`ts `urrcltjy ulmcr `alstru`tnal ar dppravcm gar gulmnli, ]fns

cqudtcs ta 39 pcr `clt ag tfc gujjy gulmcm prairdkkc &@akknttcm Gulmnli

Rrairdkkc.,

]fc `ast cstnkdtcs ag tfcsc s`cldrnas drc hdscm al prcjnknldry pjdllnli dlm wnjj hc

nkpravcm avcr tnkc ds karc nlgarkdtnal hc`akcs dvdnjdhjc,

Gniurc 0? N]R nlvcstkclt s`cldrnas

-+

-42

-82

-02

-=2

-32

-72

Gujjy gulmcm &422#. @akknttcm gulmnli &39#.

Hnjjnal

Nlvcst nl lcwnlgrdstru`turc* scrvn`cs dlmtc`flajaiy

Kdldinli mckdlm

Kdec hcttcr usc aglctwares

Apcrdtc* kdnltdnl dlmrclcw cxnstnli lctwares

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@akpdrnsal ag Nkpd`ts

]fc N]R dsscsscs tfc pcrgarkdl`c ag tfc gujjy gulmcm trdlspart nlvcstkclt prairdkkc

sfawl nl Dppclmnx 4 &cl`akpdssnli djj tfc DR praoc`ts cstnkdtcm dt -72 hnjjnal. didnlst

cqunvdjclt pcrgarkdl`c ulmcr dl nlvcstkclt prairdkkc rcgjc`tnli aljy `akknttcm gulmnli

ulmcr tfc XJ]R, Rcrgarkdl`c ns kcdsurcm didnlst DR tdricts dlm atfcr aut`akcs,

]fc `akpdrnsal cldhjcs dl dsscsskclt ag tfc rcjdtnvc sfartgdjj hctwccl tfc gujjy gulmcm

prairdkkc dlm `akknttcm gulmnli prairdkkc nl mcjnvcrnli tfc DR vnsnal gar trdlspart dlm

sfaws tfdt nkpjckcltdtnal ag tfc gujjy gulmcm prairdkkc avcr tfc 02+ycdr pcrnam pravnmcs

snilngn`dlt rcjdtnvc trdlspart hclcgnts didnlst lcdrjy djj nlmn`dtars,

Nkpartdltjy* tfc dsscsskclt djsa sfaws tfdt cvcl wntf tfc gujjy gulmcm prairdkkc* radm

`alicstnal jcvcjs wnjj mctcrnardtc wntf vajukc!`dpd`nty rdtnas cx`ccmnli 422 pcr `clt al

kast ag aur drtcrndj radm lctware hy 82=4 dlm cknssnal jcvcjs cx`ccmnli `urrclt jcvcjs,

]fcsc gnlmnlis mckalstrdtc tfc gd`t tfdt wfnjc nlvcstkclt nl trdlspart nlgrdstru`turc ns

`rntn`dj* nt wnjj lccm ta hc `akpjckcltcm wntf d suntc ag atfcr kcdsurcs ta d`fncvc `alicstnalrcjncg dlm rcmu`cm ircclfausc ids cknssnals,

Xcsujts grak @akpdrdtnvc Dsscsskclt

Dl avcrvncw ag tfc kdnl rcsujts grak tfc `akpdrdtnvc dsscsskclt ag tfc gujjy gulmcm

prairdkkc didnlst tfc `akknttcm gulmnli prairdkkc ns autjnlcm hcjaw,

Rcrsal Enjakctrcs

Gniurc = sfaws tfc stcdmy nl`rcdsc nl pcrsal enjakctrcs trdvcjjcm hy prnvdtc vcfn`jc dlm

puhjn` trdlspart ulmcr tfc gujjy gulmcm nlvcstkclt prairdkkc, Ds nlmn`dtcm nl tfc irdpfs

avcrdjj d``cssnhnjnty ns nl`rcdscm ds d rcsujt ag lcw trdlspart nlvcstkclt,

Gniurc =? Rcrsal ek trdvcjjcm ulmcr gujjy gulmcm trdlspart nlvcstkclt prairdkkc

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Grcnift @alicstnal

Gniurc 3 sfaws tfc pcr`cltdic ag tfc strdtcin` grcnift lctware suhoc`t ta cx`cssnvc

`alicstnal gar mnggcrclt nlvcstkclt s`cldrnas, Xadm `alicstnal warscls snilngn`dltjy murnli

tfc pjdl pcrnam ng nlvcstkclt ns rcstrn`tcm ta aljy tfasc lcw nlgrdstru`turc praoc`ts gar wfn`f

gulmnli ns djrcdmy `akknttcm, ]fns ns pdrtn`ujdrjy kdrecm nl tfc sc`alm dlm tfnrm mc`dmcs,Gujjy gulmnli tfc -72 hnjjnal prairdkkc snilngn`dltjy kamcrdtcs tfc irawtf nl `alicstnal

hc`dusc ag tfc cxtrd `dpd`nty dmmcm ta tfc systck, Yntfaut tfns jcvcj ag nlvcstkclt* tfc

dhnjnty gar pcapjc dlm iaams ta kavc ta* grak* wntfnl dlm tfrauif Du`ejdlm waujm hc

`alstrdnlcm ds tfc `ntys papujdtnal iraws ta draulm twa knjjnal nl 82=4,

Gniurc 3? Nltcr+pcde grcnift `alicstnal

D ecy mrnvcr ag tfc mnsprapartnaldtc irawtf ag `alicstnal murnli tfc nltcr+pcde pcrnam* ds

`akpdrcm ta tfc pcde pcrnam* ns tfdt nkpravcm puhjn` trdlspart ns dhjc ta rcjncvc tfc prcssurc

al tfc radm lctware gar `akkutnli trnps murnli tfc pcde pcrnams* hut nt ns jcss dhjc ta dssnst

gar tfc typcs ag trnps a``urrnli hctwccl tfc pcdes, ]fns ns hc`dusc `urrcltjy* tfcrc drc jcss

scrvn`cs hctwccl pcdes, Nt ns latcm fawcvcr tfdt tfc prapascm grcquclt hus scrvn`c

nkpravckclts sfaujm rcmu`c tfns nkpd`t,

Ruhjn` ]rdlspart Hadrmnlis

Ds nlmn`dtcm nl Gniurc 7 tfcrc ns dl nl`rcdsc nl tfc rdlic ag d``cssnhjc trdvcj `fan`cs ulmcr

tfc gujjy gulmcm prairdkkc4* wntf puhjn` trdlspart hadrmnlis irawnli stralijy tfrauifaut tfc

02+ycdr prairdkkc, Gniurc d,7 sfaws tfdt ulmcr s`cldrna 4 ag fnif papujdtnal irawtf*

kamcrdtcjy `akpd`t jdlm+usc mcvcjapkclt dlm gujj gulmnli* tfc DR tdrict ag mauhjnli puhjn`

trdlspart hadrmnlis hy 8288 ns d`fncvdhjc, Slmcr tfc @akknttcm Gulmnli s`cldrnas irawtf

`altnlucs* hut dt d ku`f sjawcr rdtc,Ircdtcr usc ag trdvcj mckdlm kdldickclt kcdsurcs

wnjj aljy hc gcdsnhjc wfcl karc rcdjnstn` djtcrldtnvcs ta prnvdtc `dr usc drc cldhjcm hy

4]fc Du`ejdlm Rjdl ns hdscm al s`cldrna 4* wfn`f dssukcs fnif papujdtnal irawtf* kamcrdtcjy

`akpd`t nty dlm tfdt tfc trdlspart nlvcstkclt ns gujjy gulmcm,

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`akpjctnal ag ecy praoc`ts wntfnl tfc gujjy gulmcm nlvcstkclt prairdkkc5 dlm tfns jcvcj ag

nlvcstkclt djsa nl`rcdscs puhjn` trdlspart lctware `dpd`nty dlm tfc trdlspart systcks

rcsnjncl`c,

Gniurc 7? Ruhjn` trdlspart hadrmnlis

Xadm @alicstnal

Cx`cssnvc `alicstnal al tfc radm lctware warscls snilngn`dltjy gar pcde &9+>dk. dlm nltcr+

pcde &>dk+0pk. pcrnams nl tfc sc`alm dlm tfnrm mc`dmcs* wntf cx`cssnvc nltcr+pcde

`alicstnal autpd`nli karlnli pcde `alicstnal jcvcjs hy 82=4 ulmcr tfc @akknttcmGulmnli s`cldrna, Gniurc 9 sfaws tfdt cvcl tfc gujjy gulmcm prairdkkc ns lat dhjc ta eccp

dfcdm ag trdggn` irawtf dgtcr 8284, Ds latcm cdrjncr* tfc garc`dst nl`rcdsc nl `alicstnal al

tfc strdtcin` grcnift lctware ns `alsnmcrdhjy warsc hy 82=4 tfdl gar tfc radm lctware

iclcrdjjy, D`fncvnli tfc tdrict ag rcmu`nli `alicstnal gar vcfn`jcs al tfc strdtcin` grcnift

lctware hy 8284 wnjj tfcrcgarc rcqunrc tfc dmmntnaldj lctware dlm mckdlm kdldickclt

nltcrvcltnals mns`usscm cdrjncr* nl dmmntnal ta nlvcstkclt nl lcw `dpd`nty,

Gniurc 9? @alicstnal al tfc radm lctware

2

3

42

43

82

83

02

03

=2

8244 8284 8204 82=4

@akknttcm gulmnli nlvcstkclt DK

@akknttcm gulmnli nlvcstkclt NR

Gujjy gulmcm nlvcstkclt DK

Gujjy gulmcm nlvcstkclt NR

Nltcrpcde

DK pcde

Nltcrpcde

DK pcde

#

cx`cssnvc

`alicstcm

trdvcj

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Pdgcty

]fc DRs radm sdgcty tdrict ag d 04+0= pcr `clt rcmu`tnal nl gdtdj dlm scrnaus nlourncs avcr

tfc 02+ycdr pcrnam ns d`fncvdhjc &ds sfawl nl Gniurc 6. pravnmcm tfc clgar`ckclt dlm atfcr

nltcrvcltnals nl tfc Xcinaldj Xadm Pdgcty Rjdl drc gujjy nkpjckcltcm,

Gniurc 6? Gdtdj dlm scrnaus nlourncs

Cknssnals

Gniurc >8 nlmn`dtcs tfdt @A8 cknssnals nl`rcdsc snilngn`dltjy gar tfc gujjy gulmcm nlvcstkclt

s`cldrna al tfc fnif irawtf dssukptnals ag s`cldrnas 4 dlm 8* dlm fdvc lnj ar skdjj

pcr`cltdic nl`rcdscs gar tfc kcmnuk papujdtnal irawtf dssukptnal* s`cldrna 0,

Ircclfausc idscs cknttcm hy trdlspart nl Lcw _cdjdlm drc djkast cx`jusnvcjy @A8,

D`fncvnli tfc DR tdrict ag d =># pcr `clt rcmu`tnal &hdscm al 822> jcvcjs. nl ircclfauscids cknssnals hy 82=4 wnjj mcpclm al d suhscquclt rcvncw ag tfns prairdkkc hdscm al tfc

Clcriy dlm @jnkdtc @fdlic Kntnidtnal Ptrdtciy `aarmnldtcm hy @aul`nj wfn`f `urrcltjy

rcjncs al d jdric uptdec nl cjc`trn` vcfn`jcs* hnagucj `alsukptnal dlm radm prn`nli ta d`fncvc,

Gniurc >? Irawtf nl @a8 cknssnals? Rrcsclt ta 82=2

8Cqunvdjclt ta tfc Du`ejdlm Rjdl tdrict gar @A8cknssnal

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Rcrgarkdl`c Didnlst Ecy Nlmn`dtars

]dhjc 8 prcmn`ts faw tfc gujjy gulmcm dlm `akknttcm trdlspart nlvcstkclt s`cldrnas wnjj

d`fncvc tfc DR tdricts dlm aut`akcs* `akpdrcm ta `urrclt pcrgarkdl`c, ]fc Gujjy Gulmcm

trdlspart nlvcstkclt pcrgarks wcjj gar pdssclicr trdlspart dlm pcapjcs d``css ta oahs hut

`alicstnal dlm cknssnal jcvcjs warscl, ]fc `akknttcm gulmnli prairdkkc pcrgarks jcsswcjj* al tfc sdkc nlmn`dtars,

]dhjc 8? Gujjy Gulmcm dlm @akknttcm Gulmnli prcmn`tnals gar Du`ejdlm Rjdl ]dricts

Lccm gar d wnmcr suntc ag nltcrvcltnals

Nl tfc gnrst mc`dmc ag tfc 02+ycdr pcrnam* djj tfc s`cldrnas dsscsscm sfaw scrvn`c

pcrgarkdl`c iclcrdjjy nkpravnli* cvcl wntf Du`ejdlms prcmn`tcm irawtf* cspc`ndjjy nl

rcjdtnal ta sdgcty* tfc lukhcr ag oahs d``cssnhjc ta fauscfajms* dlm d``css ta trdlspart

`fan`cs, ]fns nkpravnli systck pcrgarkdl`c ns d rcsujt ag tfc snilngn`dlt nlvcstkclt nl tfc

gnrst mc`dmc ag tfc N]R* hunjmnli al nlvcstkclts nl tfc prcvnaus mc`dmc ta gurtfcr mcvcjap tfc

strdtcin` radm dlm puhjn` trdlspart lctwares,

Nl tfc sc`alm dlm tfnrm mc`dmcs tfc nkpravckclts ag tfc gnrst mc`dmc `dllat hc sustdnlcm

aljy tfrauif nlvcstkclt nl lcw `dpd`nty, ]fns ns cspc`ndjjy truc wntf rcidrm ta nl`rcdsnli

`alicstnal murnli tfc nltcr+pcde pcrnam, Yfnjc sakc `alicstnal ns ta hc cxpc`tcm nl dtfrnvnli* su``cssguj `nty ag twa knjjnal pcapjc* tfc jcvcjs ag `alicstnal garc`dst gar Du`ejdlm

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hy 82=4 drc wcjj nl cx`css ag tfc `urrclt jcvcjs cxpcrncl`cm nl `ntncs su`f ds Pymlcy dlm

Kcjhaurlc* wfn`f djrcdmy fdvc `alsnmcrdhjy jdricr papujdtnals,

]fc rcdsal gar tfc garc`dst nl`rcdsc nl Du`ejdlms `alicstnal ns tfdt tfc irawtf nl trdlspart

mckdlm autstrnps tfc nl`rcdsc nl radm `dpd`nty* cvcl wntf tfc gujjy gulmcm nlvcstkclt

prairdkkc, ]fns a``urs mcspntc tfc snilngn`dlt nl`rcdsc nl tfc usc ag puhjn` trdlspart dlm

atfcr wdys ag trdvcjjnli* su`f ds wdjenli dl `y`jnli,

]a sustdnl tfc nkpravckclts ag tfc gnrst mc`dmc tfrauif tfc sc`alm dlm tfnrm mc`dmcs wnjj

rcqunrc ku`f ircdtcr ckpfdsns al d`tnvcjy kdldinli tfc lctwares ta d`fncvc aptnkdj

kavckclt ag pcapjc dlm iaams sdgcjy dlm cggn`ncltjy, Gar cxdkpjc?

Xadm lctware usc wnjj lccm ta hc prnarntnscm ta nl`rcdsc tfc pramu`tnvnty ag tfc

lctware* c,i, hy nltramu`nli karc grcnift dlm trdlsnt jdlcs,

Ptralicr trdlspart mckdlm kdldickclt wnjj hc lccmcm ta rcmu`c `alicstnal al tfc

radm lctware* c,i, hy cl`aurdinli karc usc ag tfc nkpravcm puhjn` trdlspart systck

dlm wdjenli dlm `y`jnli gd`njntncs,

D `drcguj hdjdl`c wnjj lccm ta hc stru`e nl aptnknsnli tfc lctwares ta d`fncvc hdjdl`cm

aut`akcs, ]fns ns jnecjy ta hc pdrtn`ujdrjy `fdjjclinli murnli tfc nltcr+pcde pcrnam hc`dusc ag

tfc jnkntcm s`apc ta cxtclm `jcdrwdy rcstrn`tnals, ]fns N]R scts aut d Alc Pystck dpprad`f

gar d`fncvnli dl dppraprndtc hdjdl`c* nl wfn`f tfc lctware pravnmcrs wnjj ware `ajjdhardtnvcjy

wntf uscrs dlm `akkulntncs ta kdldic tfcnr lctwares sa tfcy apcrdtc scdkjcssjy ds d

snlijc systck,

Ahtdnlnli tfc gujj hclcgnts ag tfc nlvcstkclt prairdkkc wnjj praircssnvcjy rcqunrc ircdtcr

usc ag lctware dlm mckdlm kdldickclt, ]fcsc kcdsurcs `dl aljy hc su``cssgujjy

nltramu`cm wfcl pcapjc dlm husnlcsscs fdvc d``css ta rcdjnstn` trdlspart `fan`cs, Pu`f`fan`cs mcpclm al mcjnvcrnli nltcirdtcm nlgrdstru`turc* dlm nkpravckclts ta puhjn` trdlspart

dlm rdnj grcnift scrvn`cs nl tfc gnrst mc`dmc, Invcl tfc jali jcdm tnkcs nlvajvcm* pjdllnli gar

tfns `akprcfclsnvc suntc ag nltcrvcltnals lccms ta stdrt nl tfc gnrst mc`dmc djalisnmc

`akpjctnli strdtcin` radm* puhjn` trdlspart dlm d`tnvc kamc lctwares, ]fns ns njjustrdtcm nl

Gniurc 42,

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Gniurc 42? ]fc hclcgnts ag dmmntnaldj nltcrvcltnals

D gurtfcr hclcgnt ag praircssnvcjy aptnknsnli tfc lctwares dlm d`tnvcjy kdldinli mckdlm nstfdt tfc rcturl al nlvcstkclt wnjj nl`rcdsc avcr tfc tfrcc mc`dmcs ds lctware pramu`tnvnty

rnscs dlm ulnt apcrdtnli `asts gdjj,

Gulmnli wnjj hc d ecy nssuc nl su``cssgujjy dmmrcssnli tfc `fdjjclics ag irawtf nl tfc ycdrs

dfcdm, ]fc prcssurc al djrcdmy+jnkntcm gulmnli ns jnecjy ta iraw ds tfc `asts ag kdtcrndjs

nl`rcdsc dlm tfc pfysn`dj dlm clvnralkcltdj `alstrdnlts nl cxpdlmnli lctware `dpd`nty

hc`akc karc mnggn`ujt &dlm cxpclsnvc. ta avcr`akc,

Gurtfcr mcvcjapkclt ag tfc N]R

]fc al+ianli ware al tfc N]R wnjj rcgjc`t d strclitfclnli djnilkclt wntf tfc DR ds nt ictsnkpjckcltcm dlm cvajvcs, Rrnarntncs gar tfc mcvcjapkclt ag tfc lcxt N]R nl`jumc?

Rrairdkkc ]cstnli dlm Rrnarntnsdtnal? Gurtfcr ware wnjj hc ulmcrtdecl ta s`cldrna tcst

praoc`t pd`edics didnlst trdlspart aut`akcs ta clsurc tfc kdxnkuk hclcgnt ns mcrnvcm grak

nlvcstkclt,

Ptrdtcin` O ustngn`dtnal? ]fc N]R wnjj pravnmc tfc avcrdr`fnli strdtcin` oustngn`dtnal gar

trdlspart praoc`ts hy mckalstrdtnli faw tfc trdlspart lctware wnjj hc nltcirdtcm wntf jdlm

usc dlm d`rass kamcs nl d jain`dj dlm pjdllcm kdllcr ta rcspalm ta irawtf avcr tnkc, ]fns

wnjj suppart tfc c`alakn` `dsc gar praoc`ts ianli garwdrm,

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Mcjnvcry Ptrdtcincs? D lukhcr ag ecy strdtcincs wnjj hc `akpjctcm wfn`f wnjj nlput nlta tfc

lcxt N]R, ]fcsc nl`jumc tfc rdnj mcvcjapkclt strdtciy* drtcrndj radm strdtciy* puhjn` trdlspart

kdrectnli pjdl* gcrry strdtciy* pdre dlm rnmc dlm pdrenli strdtciy,

Alc Pystck Xajj Aut? ]fc Alc Pystck Dpprad`f ns hcnli nkpjckcltcm nl ]dedpuld

tfrauif tfc Oanlt ]rdlspart Apcrdtnals @cltrc, ]fc su``css ag tfc dpprad`f wnjj hccvdjudtcm, D prairdkkc gar tfc rajj aut ag tfc alc systck dpprad`f d`rass tfc @nty wnjj

gajjaw dlm wnjj hc rcgjc`tcm nl tfc lcxt N]R,

Dmmntnaldj Gulmnli Nlntndtnvcs? Aut`akcs grak D@s djtcrldtnvc gulmnli rcvncw dlm atfcr

nlvcstnidtnals grak D] nl`jumnli mckdlm kdldickclt appartulntncs ta kcct gulmnli idps

wnjj hc nl`arpardtcm,

Nltcrd`tnvc dlm D``cssnhjc?

D sukkdry vcrsnal ag tfc N]R nl`jumnli lctware kdps* suppartnli pajn`y mnrc`tnal dlm

prairdkkc nlgarkdtnal wnjj hc dvdnjdhjc al tfc D] wchsntc,

]fc N]R wnjj nlgark tfc mcvcjapkclt ag tfc IRP* J]R!XJ]R* Dlludj Rjdl* Dssct

Kdldickclt Rjdl dlm PAN, ]fc tnkcgrdkc gar tfc mcjnvcry ag tfc N]R dlm atfcr rcjdtcm

ma`ukclts ns sfawl nl tfc tdhjc 0 hcjaw, ]fc ircy sfdmnli nlmn`dtcs tfc qudrtcr wfcl tfc

mrdgt vcrsnal ag tfc rcjcvdlt pjdl ns mcvcjapcm* wfnjc tfc mdre sfdmnli nlmn`dtcs tfc qudrtcr

wfcl tfc gnldj vcrsnal ns dppravcm, ]fc PAN ns mcvcjapcm dlm dppravcm al dl dlludj hdsns,

]dhjc 0? ]nkcgrdkc gar mcjnvcry ag tfc lcxt vcrsnal ag tfc N]R

^cdr

T4 T8 T0 T= T4 T8 T0 T= T4 T8 T0 T=

N]R

Gns`dj Xcdjntncs?IRP

J]R!XJ]R

Dlludj Rjdl

Mcjnvcrdhjcs?DKR

PAN

8240 824= 8243

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@fdptcr 4? Mcgnlnli tfc `fdjjclicsgd`nli trdlspart nl Du`ejdlm

Du`ejdlms trdlspart systck fds mcvcjapcm grak drrnvdj ag tfc tdlidtd wfclud dlm cdrjy

Curapcdl scttjcrs ta `urrclt mdy, ]fc strclitfs tfdt fdvc rcsujtcm grak nlvcstkclts avcr tfc

pdst mc`dmc dlm tfc `fdjjclics dfcdm drc autjnlcm hcjaw,,

4,4 Fnstarn`dj `altcxt ag trdlspart nl Du`ejdlm

Du`ejdlms gnrst Karn a``updlts rcjncm al wdjenli dlm wded ta kavc draulm, Cdrjy

Curapcdl scttjcrs djsa `justcrcm wntfnl wdjenli mnstdl`c ag tfc Ydntckdtd Fdrhaur, ]fc

knjntdry* wntf scttjckclts nl Alcfulid* Atdfufu dlm Rdlkurc* hunjt tfc gnrst kdoar radms

lartf dlm sautf* gajjawcm hy rdnjwdy jnlcs nl tfc 4692s* tynli taictfcr d lctware ag vnjjdics

djj tfc wdy ta Kcr`cr, Gcrrncs `allc`tcm lartf sfarc vnjjdics ta tfc irawnli `cltrdj `nty,

Cjc`trn` trdk scrvn`cs rdl grak mawltawl Du`ejdlm d`rass ta Alcfulid al tfc Kdluedu

Fdrhaur grak 4>28 ta 4>37* invnli Du`ejdlm tfc warjms aljy `adst ta `adst trdkwdy systck,

Xdnj `altnlucm murnli tfdt pcrnam ta hc tfc kdnl huje grcnift kavcr,

Mrdkdtn` `fdlics taae pjd`c dgtcr Yarjm Ydr NN ds lcw tc`flajaiy gnjtcrcm nlta cvcrymdy jngc*

dlm prnvdtc `drs dlm huscs hcidl ta rcpjd`c trdks dlm trdnls, Nl Du`ejdlm* tfcsc `fdlics

wcrc rcgjc`tcm nl tfc 4>32s hy d Kdstcr ]rdlspartdtnal Rjdl tfdt autjnlcm d lcw katarwdy

lctware* law hcnli `akpjctcm tfrauif suhstdltndj nlvcstkclts, Nl 4>3>* tfc Fdrhaur Hrnmic

apclcm up tfc Lartf Pfarc ta mcvcjapkclt, Puhurhdl sprdwj sprcdm djj avcr Du`ejdlm nl

tfc past+wdr pcrnam &scc Gniurc 4,4. djali wntf mnspcrscm ware pjd`cs tfdt `aujm aljy hc

rcd`fcm hy `dr,

Gniurc 4,4? Irawtf ag Du`ejdlms trdlspart systck grak 4692 ta 82=2

Paur`c? DR Gniurc M,4 Du`ejdlms sfdpc

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Nl tfc 4>72s dlm 4>92s* d lukhcr ag `fdlics sfngtcm tfc huje ag grcnift `drrndic grak rdnj ta

radms, ]fcsc `fdlics nl`jumcm rckavnli tfc pratc`tnal gar rdnj grcnift* tfc mcvcjapkclt ag

nkpravcm vcfn`jc tc`flajaincs dlm tfc nltramu`tnal ag oust+nl+tnkc grcnift jainstn`s, ]fns jcm ta

tfc irawtf nl jnift nlmustrndj dlm wdrcfausnli mcvcjapkclt `jasc ta Du`ejdlms lcw

katarwdy lctware, Murnli tfc 4>62s* tfc trdlspart systck fdm suggn`nclt `dpd`nty ta fdlmjc

tfc irawnli trdggn` vajukc hut radm mcdtfs fdm rcd`fcm tfcnr fnifcst jcvcjs* pcdenli dt 847nl 4>69 muc ta rcjdtnvcjy jaw jcvcjs ag sdgcty nltcrvcltnal dlm nl`rcdsnli `dr awlcrsfnp, Hy

tfc clm ag tfc `cltury* fawcvcr* radm mcdtfs wcrc al d mawlwdrm trclm hut trdggn`

`alicstnal dlm tfc nkpd`ts ag vcfn`jcs al tfc clvnralkclt dlm fukdl fcdjtf fdm hciul ta

ckcric ds nssucs, Jdlm usc pdttcrls* radm grcnift* `dr usc dlm nlvcstkclt mc`nsnals fdm

kcsfcm ta kdec tfc rcinal fnifjy mcpclmclt al d fcdvnjy uscm radm systck,

Gniurc 4,8 sfaws tfc `akpjcx dlm sfngtnli nltcrrcjdtnalsfnp hctwccl puhjn` trdlspart

pdtraldic dlm pdst trdlspart nlvcstkclt mc`nsnals* nl`rcdsnli `dr awlcrsfnp dlm usc* dlm

kd`rac`alakn` gd`tars su`f ds tc`flajaiy `fdlics* anj prn`cs* rc`cssnals dlm tfc sfngt ta

urhdl jnvnli,

Gniurc 4,8? Rdtraldic ag puhjn` trdlspart grak 4>82+8248

4,8 Xc`clt nlvcstkclt nl tfc trdlspart systck

]fcrc fds hccl suhstdltndj nlvcstkclt nl tfc trdlspart systck avcr rc`clt ycdrs, ]fns fds

nl`jumcm? `alstru`tnal ag tfc Lartfcrl Huswdy5 mauhjc trd`enli tfc Ycstcrl Jnlc5 lcw gcrry

scrvn`cs grak 4>>4* gaur lcw warjm+`jdss rdnj stdtnals* hcinllnli wntf Hrntakdrt5 lcw rdnj jnles

ta Kdluedu dlm Alcfulid5 mcvcjapnli tfc Ycstcrl Xnli Xadm5 tfc katarwdy `allc`tnal

tfrauif Irdgtal Iujjy dlm tfc rckavdj ag hattjclc`es tfrauif tfc @cltrdj Katarwdy

Oul`tnal, ]atdj spclm al trdlspart nl Du`ejdlm snl`c 8222 fds hccl -9 hnjjnal ds

sukkdrnscm nl Gniurc 4,0,

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Gniurc 4,0? Ldtnaldj Jdlm ]rdlspart Gulm cxpclmnturc nl Du`ejdlm

Latc tfdt tfc cnift `dtciarncs nl Gniurc 4,0 &dhavc. drc L_]D gulmnli `dtciarncs* dlm djtcrldtnvc ta radmnli

rcjdtcs ta grcnift `drrncm hy atfcr trdlspart kamcs su`f ds rdnj,

Gurtfcr suhstdltndj praoc`ts drc ulmcrwdy dlm wnjj hc `akpjctcm avcr tfc lcxt gcw ycdrs,

]fcsc nl`jumc nltramu`nli nltcirdtcm tn`ectnli dlm cjc`trn` trdnls* dlm `akpjctnli tfc

rckdnlnli Ycstcrl Xnli Xautc sc`tnal ag PF82 dt Ydtcrvncw,

Al`c tfcsc pjdllcm praoc`ts drc `akpjctcm hy 8282* tfc systcks strclitfs wnjj nl`jumc?

D katarwdy lctware tfdt wnjj pravnmc fnif+spccm* sdgc radm `allc`tnals gar kavnlipcapjc dlm grcnift d`rass Du`ejdlm

D sdgcr dlm karc rcjndhjc ja`dj radm lctware

Nkpravcm lctware kdldickclt tfrauif tfc lcw Oanlt ]rdggn` Apcrdtnals @cltrc*nl`jumnli rcdj+tnkc uscr nlgarkdtnal systcks

Dl cjc`trngncm pdssclicr rdnj lctware wntf rcinaldj `allc`tnals* nl`jumnli tfc gnrstlcw jnlc nl 62 ycdrs &ta Kdluedu. dlm warjm+`jdss stdtnals

Ku`f nkpravcm hus scrvn`cs* wfn`f fdvc hclcgntcm grak tfc Lartfcrl Huswdy* fcdvynlvcstkclt nl lcw hus gjccts dlm d `akprcfclsnvc rcstru`turc ag scrvn`cs

Nkpravcm nltcr+rcinaldj `allc`tnals ta Lartfjdlm dlm Ydnedta ds d rcsujt ag tfc`alstru`tnal ag tfc Lartfcrl ]ajj Xadm dlm tfc mcvcjapkclt ag tfc Ydnedta

cxprcsswdy

D rdnj grcnift lctware tfdt `allc`ts Du`ejdlm ta tfc Lartf dlm Pautf ds wcjj dspravnmnli nltcrldj rdnj grcnift `allc`tnals ta tfc Rarts ag Du`ejdlm dlm tfc Ynrn nljdlm

part,

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80

4,0 @fdjjclics dfcdm

Mcspntc tfc nkpravckclts ag tfc jdst mc`dmc* dvcrdic vdrndhnjnty nl oaurlcy tnkcs ns stnjj

snilngn`dltjy fnifcr tfdl nl dly ag tfc gnvc hni Dustrdjndl `ntncs0, Du`ejdlm `akpdrcs wcjj al

nltcr+pcde `alicstnal hut pcde `alicstnal jcvcjs drc al pdr wntf Pymlcy dlm Kcjhaurlc

wfasc papujdtnals drc avcr gaur knjjnal, @alicstnal ns tfc lc`cssdry prn`c gar irawtf hutwarsclnli `alicstnal wntfnl tfc rcinal wnjj nlgjn`t snilngn`dlt c`alakn` dlm sa`ndj `asts dlm

gurtfcr wcdecl aur nltcrldtnaldj `akpctntnvclcss,

Irawtf nl trdlspart mckdlms

Du`ejdlms papujdtnal ns garc`dst ta rcd`f draulm 8,3 knjjnal pcapjc hy 82=4 dhaut 92 pcr

`clt ag Lcw _cdjdlms tatdj papujdtnal irawtf avcr tfc 02+ycdr pcrnam* ds sfawl nl Gniurc

4,=,

Gniurc 4,=?Du`ejdlms papujdtnal irawtf `akpdrcm ta tfc rcst ag Lcw _cdjdlm=

]a d``akkamdtc tfns irawtf* tfc DR garc`dsts tfdt draulm 3*222 7*222 fc`tdrcs ag lcw

ulmcvcjapcm &Ircclgncjm. jdlm ns jnecjy ta hc lccmcm gar rcsnmcltndj* husnlcss dlm

ckpjaykclt purpascs avcr tfc lcxt 02 ycdrs,

Gniurcs 4,3d dlm 4,3h sfaw wfcrc tfc DR nlmn`dtcs fauscfajm dlm ckpjaykclt irawtf wnjj

a``ur avcr tfc tfrcc mc`dmcs ag tfc pjdl, ]fc tdricts gar fauscfajm irawtf drc dkhntnaus*

wntf 422*222 lcw mwcjjnlis cxpc`tcm nl tfc gnrst mc`dmc* 492*222 nl tfc sc`alm mc`dmc dlm

402*222 nl tfc tfnrm,

0HC@D Du`ejdlm trdggn` systck pcrgarkdl`c kalntarnli rcpart Kdr`f 8248

=Hdscm al d fnif papujdtnal irawtf s`cldrna* Ptdtnstn`s L_* A`tahcr 8248

4*220*277

342*04=

+

322*222

4*222*222

4*322*222

8*222*222

8*322*222

0*222*222

0*322*222

=*222*222

Du`ejdlm Xcst ag Lcw _cdjdlm

Fnif Irawtf ta 82=4

8244

Ra

ujdtnal

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Gniurc 4,3d? Rraoc`tcm papujdtnal irawtf rcjdtcm ta trdlspart nlgrdstru`turc ta 82=4

Paur`c? DR fnif irawtf s`cldrna 4

Nl tfc tfnrm mc`dmc* fauscfajm irawtf ns praoc`tcm autsnmc tfc cxnstnli kctrapajntdl+jnknts*

cspc`ndjjy nl tfc Fclmcrsal+Kdsscy* Grdlejnl dlm Fnhns`us dlm Hdys drcds,

]dedpuld

Djhdly

Kdluedu

Fclmcrsal

Ycstidtc!

Kdsscy

Lartf

Lcw Jyll

Lcwkdrect

Pyjvnd Rdre

Hatdly

Rdpdeurd

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Gniurc 4,3h? Rraoc`tcm ckpjaykclt irawtf rcjdtcm ta trdlspart nlgrdstru`turc ta 82=4Paur`c? DR fnif irawtf s`cldrna 4

]dedpuld

Djhdly

Kdluedu

Fclmcrsal

Ycstidtc!Kdsscy

Lartf

Lcw Jyll

Lcwkdrect

Pyjvnd Rdre

Hatdly

Rdpdeurd

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Ckpjaykclt irawtf ns latdhjc nl tfc @nty @cltrc dlm husnlcss drcds ja`dtcm lcdr

Fclmcrsal* Ycstidtc dlm Rdpdeurd, Pnilngn`dlt ckpjaykclt irawtf ns praoc`tcm nl tfc tfnrm

mc`dmc gar Ircclgncjm drcds su`f ds Rueceafc, ]fc ecy `fdjjclic wnjj hc djnilnli dlm

scqucl`nli trdlspart nlgrdstru`turc ta suppart tfcsc irawtf pdttcrls,

Du`ejdlm ns d kdoar `altrnhutarta Lcw _cdjdlms c`alakn` mcvcjapkclt* d``aultnli gar 03pcr `clt ag ldtnaldj IMR wfnjc =7 pcr `clt ag tfc `aultrys cxparts!nkparts &hy vdjuc. pdss

tfrauif Du`ejdlm Dnrpart dlm Rarts ag Du`ejdlm, Fawcvcr* Du`ejdlms c`alaky nl turl

mcpclms al mcvcjapkclt nl tfc rcinals surraulmnli nt Ydnedta* Hdy ag Rjclty dlm

Lartfjdlm,

]fc Sppcr Lartf Nsjdlm Rarts `alsnstnli ag Lartfpart* Rarts ag Du`ejdlm &RAD. dlm Rarts ag

]durdlid &RA]. drc praoc`tcm ta cxpcrncl`c strali irawtf avcr tfc lcxt tfnrty ycdrs muc ta

dl cxpc`tcm `altnludtnal nl irawtf nl prnkdry pramu`ts dlm dl nl`rcdsc nl tfc lukhcr ag

trdlsfnpkclts &sfnp ta sfnp kavckclts. dlm snzc ag sfnps, ]fns wnjj nkpd`t al nltcrldj ds

wcjj ds agg+part nlgrdstru`turc rcqunrckclts,

D``css ta tfc `nty `cltrc* wfcrc tfc Rart ns ja`dtcm* ns `alstrdnlcm hy nltclsnvc jdlm usc

&djtfauif tfns mclsnty djsa `rcdtcs tfc patcltndj gar ircdtcr hclcgnts grak nl`rcdscm trdlspart

nlvcstkclt tfdl waujm rcsujt grak d snknjdr nlvcstkclt nl atfcr drcds ag tfc `nty., D``css ta

tfc dnrpart prc`nl`t ns ulmcr prcssurc grak mrdkdtn` irawtf nl rc`clt ycdrs,

Gniurc 4,7 nmcltngncs tfc stdtc fnifwdy dlm drtcrndj rautcs nl Du`ejdlm jnecjy ta cxpcrncl`c

sfdrp spnecs nl fcdvy `akkcr`ndj vcfn`jc &F@W. usc hy 82=4, Xcinaldj drtcrndj radms*

pdrtn`ujdrjy PCDX] dlm Kt Ycjjnlital Fnifwdy* `drry ds ku`f trdggn` ds tfc Xadms ag

Ldtnaldj Pnilngn`dl`c autsnmc ag Du`ejdlm, ]fns irawtf nl fcdvy vcfn`jc trdggn` dmms

snilngn`dlt kdnltcldl`c dlm rclcwdjs `asts ta radmnli humicts,

Gniurc 4,7? Nl`rcdscs nl fcdvy `akkcr`ndj vcfn`jc vajukcs nl Du`ejdlm ta 82=4

Dvcrdic mdnjy fcdvy `akkcr`ndj vcfn`jcs

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Gniurc 4,9 sfaws tfc irawtf nl trdvcj ta mnggcrclt mcstnldtnals wntfnl Du`ejdlm cxpc`tcm ta

a``ur nl tfc karlnli pcde pcrnam al kcmnuk papujdtnal irawtf dssukptnals ta 82=4, Ag

pdrtn`ujdr latc ns tfc nl`rcdsc nl pcapjc d``cssnli tfc `nty `cltrc dlm nts grnlics, Ku`f ag

tfns irawtf wnjj lccm ta hc d``akkamdtcm hy rdnj dlm hus scrvn`cs* wdjenli dlm `y`jnli,

Gniurc 4,9? Irawtf nl pcrsal trnps ta mcstnldtnal sc`tars 8227+82=4

Nl rcspalsc ta tfc garc`dst fnif trdvcj mckdlm nl tfc @nty @cltrc* D] fdvc ulmcrtdecl dkarc mctdnjcm stumy wfn`f ns mcs`rnhcm nl tfc tcxt hax hcjaw?

@nty @cltrc Guturc D``css Ptumy &@@GDP.

Hy 82=4* Du`ejdlm wnjj fdvc karc tfdl 922*222 lcw rcsnmclts dlm lccm =22*222 cxtrdfauscs, @nty `cltrc dlm `nty grnlic rcsnmclts dlm ckpjaycc lukhcrs wnjj fdvc mauhjcm dlmstumclt lukhcrs irawl hy 02#,

]fc @@GDP nmcltngncs tfc `nty `cltrc d``css nssucs Du`ejdlm wnjj gd`c ta kcct tfns irawtfdlm jaaes dt aptnals ta hcst dmmrcss tfck,

]fc Ptumy nmcltngncm dlm cvdjudtcm =7 aptnals dlm sfartjnstcm tfrcc aptnals5 @XJ* surgd`chus nkpravckclts dlm dl ulmcriraulm hus aptnal,

]fc surgd`c hus nkpravckclts aptnal ns kdmc up ag mauhjc hus jdlcs al Ycjjcsjcy dlmDjhcrt strccts dlm clfdl`cm hus prnarnty al Pykalms Ptrcct* Ircdt Lartf Xadm* IrcdtPautf Xadm dlm Cjjcrsjnc+Rdlkurc Fnifwdy, Nt waujm pravnmc aljy 0+3 ycdrs ag cxtrd`dpd`nty hcyalm `urrclt gulmcm wares* waujm snilngn`dltjy jawcr prnvdtc vcfn`jc spccmsdlm waujm rcqunrc d jat ag rcsnmcltndj dlm `akkcr`ndj prapcrty pur`fdsc gar hus prnarntykcdsurcs,

]fc ulmcriraulm hus aptnal nl`jumcs d hus tullcj ulmcr Ycjjcsjcy Ptrcct* mauhjc hus

jdlcs al Ycjjcsjcy Ptrcct dlm ku`f clfdl`cm hus prnarnty al Pykalms Ptrcct* IrcdtLartf Xadm* Ircdt Pautf Xadm dlm Cjjcrsjnc+Rdlkurc Fnifwdy, Nt pravnmcm kdrinldjjykarc `dpd`nty tfdl tfc surgd`c hus nkpravckclts* rcqunrcm jcss jdlm hut wds ku`f karccxpclsnvc tfdl tfc surgd`c hus aptnal wntf d snknjdr `dpntdj `ast ta tfc @XJ,

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Gniurc 4,6? Karlnli Rcrnam R] Mckdlm ta @nty @cltrc Aptnal Rcrgarkdl`c

]fc @XJ `alvcrts Hrntakdrt grak d tcrknldtnli ta d tfrauif stdtnal hy `allc`tnli nt ta tfcwcstcrl rdnj jnlc draulm Kt Cmcl Ptdtnal wntf d 0,3 enjakctrc rdnj tullcj ulmcr tfc @nty@cltrc, Nt wds tfc aljy aptnal ta mcjnvcr nl`rcdscm `dpd`nty hcyalm 8202* fdm tfc ircdtcstkujtn kamdj `dpd`nty ta ict pcapjc nlta tfc `nty `cltrc dlm pravnmcm tfc fnifcst spccms gar

prnvdtc vcfn`jcs wntfnl tfc `nty `cltrc,

]fc Ptumy `al`jumcm tfdt huscs walt hc dhjc ta kcct tfc mckdlms `aknli grakpraoc`tcm irawtf dlm tfdt vcfn`jc spccms nl tfc `nty `cltrc fdjvc nl tfc karlnli pcde tawdjenli spccm, Rrnvdtc trnps ta tfc `nty `cltrc grak sakc drcds wnjj tdec up ta twn`c dsjali, ]rdnls wnjj hc dt `dpd`nty,

D kujtn kamdj sajutnal ag tfc @XJ wntf nltcirdtcm surgd`c hus nkpravckclts waujm hcstkcct `nty `cltrc d``css lccms wntf suiicstcm nkpjckcltdtnal hy 8284 ds mcjdys waujmjnknt ckpjaykclt* irawtf dlm tfc dhnjnty ta `dpturc c`alakn` hclcgnts,

]fc Ptumy wnjj hc uscm ds d hdsns gar mns`ussnal wntf `cltrdj iavcrlkclt rcidrmnligulmnli gar d kujtn kamdj dpprad`f ta dmmrcssnli Du`ejdlms trdlspart lccms* wfn`flccms ta nl`jumc tfc @XJ nl armcr ta kcct guturc mckdlm,

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Gniurc 4,> sfaws tfdt tfc irawtf nl mckdlm ns lat `algnlcm ta pcde pcrnams, Yfnjc dlatfcr

=32*222 vcfn`jcs wnjj hc usnli Du`ejdlms radms nl tfc karlnli pcde nl 82=4* tfc `ntys radms

wnjj lccm ta pravnmc gar dl dmmntnaldj 4,03 knjjnal trnps murnli tfc nltcr+pcde husnlcss faurs,

Gniurc 4,>? Irawtf nl pcde dlm nltcr+pcde mckdlm gar vcfn`jc trnps

Gniurc 4,42 sfaws tfdt tfc irawtf nl mckdlm ns lat snkpjy d trdvcj+ta+ware ar cmu`dtnal

nssuc, Atfcr typcs ag oaurlcys drc irawnli ds stralijy dlm* nl sakc `dscs* karc stralijy,

]fns nl`jumcs jcnsurc &rc`rcdtnal* fajnmdys dlm cvclts. dlm husnlcss trnps &nl`jumnli pcrsaldj

husnlcss. wfn`f wnjj hc a``urrnli tfrauifaut tfc mdy,

Gniurc 4,42? Irawtf nl trnps hy purpasc ag oaurlcy

]fc rnsnli mckdlm ta d``css nl`rcdsnlijy mnvcrsc d`tnvntncs dlm mcstnldtnals* trdvcjjnli ta*

grak dlm wntfnl tfc rcinal tfrauifaut tfc mdy* kcdls tfdt Du`ejdlm wnjj lccm d``css ta d

wnmcr rdlic ag trdlspart `fan`cs,

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]fc trdlspart systck ds d wfajc sfaujm hc sdgcr* karc rcjndhjc* hcttcr gar tfc clvnralkclt*

dlm karc d``cssnhjc* wfn`f rcqunrcs suhstdltndj nkpravckclts ta JaP, @ustakcrs djsa wdlt

d scdkjcss wfajc+ag+oaurlcy dpprad`f ta JaP* wfn`f `dl aljy hc dmmrcsscm tfrauif

`aarmnldtcm d`tnal hctwccl lctware pravnmcrs, Dl dicnli papujdtnal wnjj kcdl karc pcapjc

lccmnli djtcrldtnvcs ta tfc `dr ta kcct tfcnr trdlspart lccms,

]fcrc drc djsa cxtcrldj mrnvcrs al tfc trdlspart systck, ]fc systck ns `urrcltjy fcdvnjy

rcjndlt al gassnj gucj wfn`f ns d snilngn`dlt `ast nl tfc `urrclt d``ault mcgn`nt dlm dt rnse ag

guturc gju`tudtnals, Wajdtnjc ijahdj c`alakn` `almntnals kdy `dusc sfngts nl tfc L_ c`alaky

dlm patcltndj `fdlics nl iavcrlkclt trdlspart pajn`y, ]fc lccm cxnsts ta dsscss tfc rnse dlm

pjdl dfcdm gar nl`rcdscm grcqucl`y dlm nltclsnty ag dmvcrsc wcdtfcr dlm atfcr

`alscqucl`cs ag `jnkdtc `fdlic dlm tfc nkpd`ts al lctware rcsnjncl`c,

Xcspalmnli ta tfc `fdjjclics

Xcspalmnli ta tfcsc `fdlics nl trdlspart mckdlm* scrvn`c cxpc`tdtnals dlm lctware

rcsnjncl`c wnjj rcqunrc `drcguj `fan`cs dlm trdmc+aggs, Gulmnli wnjj hc d ecy nssuc, ]fcprcssurc al djrcdmy+jnkntcm gulmnli ns jnecjy ta iraw ds `alstru`tnal `asts nl`rcdsc dlm tfc

pfysn`dj dlm clvnralkcltdj `alstrdnlts ta cxpdlmnli lctware `dpd`nty hc`akc karc mnggn`ujt

&dlm cxpclsnvc. ta avcr`akc, Atfcr `ntncs nl Lcw _cdjdlm su`f ds @frnst`fur`f dlm

Ycjjnlital drc `akpctnli wntf Du`ejdlm gar `cltrdj iavcrlkclt gulms ta rclcw dlm nkpravc

tfcnr trdlspart systcks, Du`ejdlm wnjj lccm ta kdec d strali `dsc ta rctdnl nts cxnstnli sfdrc

ag gulmnli5 ta nl`rcdsc cxpclmnturc dhavc tfns jcvcj wnjj djkast `crtdnljy rcqunrc lcw gulmnli

kc`fdlnsks,

Idps nl tfc trdlspart systck `dllat hc dmmrcsscm nl nsajdtnal, Nlvcstnli nl pdrtndj sajutnals*

hdscm al nlmnvnmudj praoc`ts* ns jnecjy ta rcsujt nl tfasc praoc`ts lat mcjnvcrnli tfcnr gujj

patcltndj vdjuc, Gar cxdkpjc* katarwdys wnjj lat gjaw wntfaut dttcltnal ta `akpjckcltdry

drtcrndj radm nkpravckclts5 `y`jnli dlm wdjenli drc uljnecjy ta nl`rcdsc uljcss nt hc`akcs

sdgcr dlm karc dttrd`tnvc ta ma sa, Djj ag tfc dhavc fnifjnifts tfc lccm gar nltcirdtcm

kdldickclt dlm pjdllnli ag tfc systck ds d wfajc* wntf jcss ckpfdsns al mcvcjapnli

nlmnvnmudj trdlspart lctwares dlm karc nl kcctnli tfc trdlspart lccms ag uscrs dlm tfc

`akkulntncs tfrauif nkpravnli systck+wnmc pcrgarkdl`c,

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Gniurc4,44?]fcN]Raut`ak

csgrdkcware

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@fdptcr 8? Lctware @fdjjclicsDl avcrvncw ag tfc trdlspart lctwares scrvnli Du`ejdlm* tfc garc`dst 82=2 trdlspart mckdlm

gjaws* dlm tfc ecy `fdjjclics tfdt wnjj `algralt tfc radm* grcnift* puhjn` trdlspart* wdjenli

dlm `y`jnli lctwares drc mcs`rnhcm hcjaw, ]rdlspart `fdjjclics tfdt rcjdtc ta tfc Pdgcr

Oaurlcys Lcw _cdjdlm Xadm Pdgcty Ptrdtciy dlm tfc rcmu`tnal ag ircclfausc idscknssnals drc djsa mns`usscm,

Slmcrstdlmnli tfc trdlspart lctware `fdjjclics ns d prc`ursar ta tfc mcvcjapkclt ag tfc

Alc Pystck dpprad`f dlm tfc N]R gar tfc lcxt 02 ycdrs,

8,4 Avcrvncw ag Du`ejdlms cxnstnli lctwares

Du`ejdlms trdlspart systck ns suppartcm hy kujtn+kamdj lctwares wfn`f cldhjc pcapjc dlm

iaams ta trdvcj hy mnggcrclt kamcs* dt mnggcrclt tnkcs ag tfc mdy dlm ta d``css mnggcrclt

d`tnvntncs dlm pjd`cs d`rass tfc Du`ejdlm rcinal, ]fcsc lctwares suppjy nlgrdstru`turc dlm

scrvn`cs ta gd`njntdtc tfc trdvcj `fan`cs dlm kavckclts ag rcsnmclts* husnlcsscs* vnsntars dlm

atfcr uscrs ta* grak dlm wntfnl Du`ejdlm, ]fc lctwares nl`jumc?

Xcinaldj radms?

a Ldtnaldj dlm rcinaldj stdtc fnifwdys `drs* tru`es dlm `akkcr`ndjvcfn`jcs* `ad`f scrvn`cs dlm `y`jnsts

a Drtcrndj dlm ja`dj radms `drs* tru`es dlm `akkcr`ndj vcfn`jcs* dlm `y`jnstsdlm pcmcstrndls

Ptrdtcin` grcnift radm* rdnj dlm scd grcnift

Ruhjn` trdlspart trdnl* hus* tdxn dlm gcrry scrvn`cs

Rdrenli al+strcct dlm agg+strcct* pdre dlm rnmc

Ja`dj d`tnvc kamcs `y`jnli dlm wdjenli gd`njntncs,

]fc ecy gul`tnals ag tfcsc lctwares drc sukkdrnscm hcjaw,

Lctware Ecy gul`tnals ag tfc lctware

Ldtnaldj radms

Ptdtc fnifwdy dlmkatarwdys &ldtnaldj.

Rravnmcs fnif spccm radm lctware gar prnvdtc vcfn`jcs dlm iaams dlmscrvn`c vcfn`jcs ta kavc hctwccl `cltrcs wntfnl tfc rcinal* dlmhctwccl Du`ejdlm dlm atfcr rcinals

Xdnj lctware &ldtnaldj. Rravnmcs rdnj grcnift scrvn`cs ta* grak* wntfnl dlm tfrauif Du`ejdlm*`allc`tnli Du`ejdlm ta tfc part dlm nljdlm part dt Ynrn

Rravnmcs jali mnstdl`c pdssclicr trdnl scrvn`cs dlm tfc patcltndj tapravnmc nltcr+rcinaldj scrvn`cs* gar cxdkpjc ta Fdknjtal

Drtcrndj &nl`jumcs ja`dj radms. radms

Rrnkdry dlm sc`almdrydrtcrndjs

Rravnmcs prnl`npdj radm lctware gar kavckclt ag prnvdtc vcfn`jcs dlmvcfn`jcs `drrynli iaams dlm scrvn`cs wntfnl tfc rcinal dlm ta kctra`cltrcs

@ajjc`tar dlm ja`dj radms Rravnmcs radm d``css gar pcapjc* iaams dlm scrvn`cs ta ja`dj drcdsdlm prapcrtncs

Ptrdtcin` Grcnift

Xadm* rdnj dlm scd Rravnmcs rcjndhjc trdvcj tnkcs gar fcdvy grcnift vcfn`jcs hy jnlenlikdoar husnlcss drcds dlm parts gar grcnift mnstrnhutnal, Rravnmcs gar

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tfc iclcrdj kavckclt ag iaams dlm scrvn`cs,Ruhjn` trdlspart

Xdpnm Lctware rdnj dlmhuswdys

Rravnmcs grcquclt pdssclicr scrvn`cs al scpdrdtc rnift ag wdy* dt djjtnkcs* 9dk ta 9pk

@allc`ts nty cltrc wntf scjc`tcm cltrcs vnd rdnj jnlcs dlm huswdys

Grcquclt Lctware husdlm gcrry

Rravnmcs grcquclt pdssclicr scrvn`cs d`rass tfc mdy dlm wcce*9dk ta 9pk

@allc`ts nty cltrc wntf kctra `cltrcs dlm d rdlic ag atfcr cltrcs

@allc`tar Lctware husdlm gcrry

Kamcrdtc grcqucl`y scrvn`cs `allc`tnli ta d`tnvnty `cltrcs* tawl dlmkctra `cltrcs, Rravnmcs `allc`tnals ta fnifcr grcquclt scrvn`cs

Ja`dj* pcde aljy dlmtdrictcm mckdlm mrnvcl

Rravnmcs grcquclt pdssclicr scrvn`cs dt pcde tnkcs

@allc`ts ja`dj drcds dlm `cltrcs

Nl`jumcs tdrictcm scrvn`cs* su`f ds s`faaj hus scrvn`cs

@y`jnli dlm wdjenli

@y`jc fnifwdys*`allc`tars dlm gccmcrs

Gaatpdtfs* `rassnlis dlmatfcr pcmcstrndl gd`njntncs

Rravnmcs gar sfart ja`dj dlm `akkutcr `y`jnli trnps al radms arscpdrdtc rnift ag wdy* `allc`ts ta `y`jcwdys nl pdres dlm rcscrvcs

Rravnmcs d``css gar pcmcstrndls ta ckpjaykclt drcds* cmu`dtnalgd`njntncs* ja`dj sfaps* `akkulnty gd`njntncs dlm apcl spd`c

Rdrenli

Al+strcct dlm agg+strcctpdrenli gd`njntncs

Rravnmcs gar sfart dlm jali stdy vnsntar* husnlcss dlm waregar`cpdrenli dlm jadmnli spd`cs ta suppart husnlcss d`tnvnty nl `cltrcs

Rdre+dlm+rnmc Pupparts d``css ta tfc puhjn` trdlspart systck dlm fcjps d`fncvcwnmcr trdlspart ahoc`tnvcs &rcmu`cm `alicstnal.

]dhjc 8,4 ]rdlspart lctwares dlm tfcnr ecy gul`tnals

Ecy trnp stdtnstn`s gar tfc rcinaldj lctwares drc prcscltcm hcjaw?

]rdlspart trnp stdtnstn`s 8244 82=4 # `fdlic

Xcinaldj radm lctware

DK vcfn`jc trnps 323*222 9=2*222 =9#

DK dvcrdic vcfn`jc trnp tnkc &knls. 40,= 46 0=#

DK dvcrdic vcfn`jc trnp spccm &epf. =3,7 0=,9 +8=#

Xadm jclitf ek &hatf mnrc`tnals. 3*207 3*827 0#

Xcinaldj grcniftDK fcdvy `akkcr`ndj vcfn`jc trnps 87*939 =7*>62 97#

Xcinaldj puhjn` trdlspart lctware

DK puhjn` trdlspart trnps >8*222 47>*222 6=#

DK hus scrvn`c ek 04*222 74*222 >9#

DK rdnj scrvn`c ek 8*422 9*922 879#

DK gcrry scrvn`c ek 922 4*322 44=#

Xcinaldj d`tnvc trdlspart lctware

Mdnjy d`tnvc &`y`jc ' wdjenli. trnps 329*222 4*244*222 >>#]dhjc 8,8 ]rdlspart lctware stdtnstn`s + 8244 vcrsus 82=4

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]fc hniicst pcr`cltdic `fdlics nl trnp kdenli hctwccl 8244 dlm 82=4 drc praoc`tcm gar

grcnift* puhjn` trdlspart dlm d`tnvc trdlspart kamcs, ]fc `fdlics rcgjc`t tfc fnstarn`dj

mcvcjapkclt ag tfcsc trdlspart lctwares dlm tfc praoc`tcm nl`rcdsc rcsujtnli grak karc

nltcirdtcm pjdllnli dlm nlvcstkclt,

8,8 Lctware dlm mckdlm gjaws

]fc mcsnrcm 82=4 lctwares gar radms* grcnift* puhjn` trdlspart* pdrenli dlm d`tnvc kamcs drc

njjustrdtcm nl tfc kdps al tfc gajjawnli pdics ds Gniurcs 8,4d+o, ]fc praoc`tcm 82=4 trdvcj

mckdlm gjaws gar cd`f lctware drc nlmn`dtcm nl tfc d``akpdlynli mckdlm gjaw kdps, ]fc

mckdlm gjaws drc mcrnvcm grak tfc DX]03 kamcj,

Xcinaldj Xadm lctware

Gniurc 8,4,d njjustrdtcs tfc rcinaldj radm lctware pjdllcm gar 82=4, ]fc rcinaldj lctware ns

`akprnscm ag tfc katarwdy systck* stdtc fnifwdys dlm drtcrndj radms &prnkdry dlm

sc`almdry., ]fc katarwdy dlm stdtc fnifwdy lctware fds d strali lartf+sautf trdggn`kavckclt* wfnjc tfc drtcrndj radm lctware pravnmcs `allc`tnals grak suh+rcinaldj drcds,

]fc rcinaldj radm lctware ns `alstrdnlcm wntfnl ldrraw `arrnmars* surraulmcm hy tfc

Du`ejdlm kctrapajntdl drcd dlm fdrhaurs, @urrcltjy* ecy pdrts ag tfc lctware rckdnl

ul`akpjctcm &nl`jumnli tfc Ydtcrvncw sc`tnal ag tfc Ycstcrl rnli rautc. ar lccm ta hc

upirdmcm ar hunjt ta suppart nl`rcdsnli trdvcj mckdlm dssa`ndtcm wntf irawtf* su`f ds tfc

jnle radms gar tfc DKC]N praoc`t,

3 Hdscm al tfc DX]0 kamcj autputs, DX]0 ns d trdvcj mckdlm kamcj kdldicm hy D@ dlm ns dkdtfckdtn`dj rcprcscltdtnal ag faw pcapjc trdvcj, ]fc kamcj `avcrs tfc Du`ejdlm rcinal dlm ns`al`crlcm wntf hradm trdvcj pdttcrls dlm gjaws, Nt fds hccl djnhrdtcm al ahscrvcm mdtc &8227 hdsc

ycdr. dlm uscm ta garc`dst tfc rcspalscs ta tfc DRs jdlm usc mcvcjapkclt strdtciy dlm trdlspart`fdlics ar nltcrvcltnals,

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Gniurc 8,4d? Xcinaldj radm lctware

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Gniurc 8,4h nlmn`dtcs tfc jcvcj ag trdggn` gjaw praoc`tcm murnli tfc karlnli pcde &9+>dk. nl

82=4, Ircdtcr jcvcjs ag trdggn` drc nlmn`dtcm hy tfc tfn`elcss ag tfc jnlc* ds nlmn`dtcm nl tfc

ecy, Ptdtc Fnifwdy 4* tfc Ycstcrl rnli rautc &PF82* PF47* PF46. dlm sakc ecy drtcrndjs

&su`f ds @nty @cltrc* Cskalm Xadm* Jnl`ajl Xadm* ]dkden Mrnvc. drc praoc`tcm ta

cxpcrncl`c fnif jcvcjs ag trdggn` wfn`f wnjj nl`rcdsc patcltndj `alicstnal al tfcsc pdrts ag tfc

lctware,

Ecy `fdjjclics gar tfc rcinaldj radm lctware drc?

]fc stdtc fnifwdy dlm drtcrndj lctware drc praoc`tcm ta cxpcrncl`c snilngn`dltnl`rcdscs nl trdggn` irawtf* pdrtn`ujdrjy pcapjc d``cssnli tfc `nty `cltrc dlm ntsgrnlics,

@alicstnal ns praoc`tcm ta warscl snilngn`dltjy nl tfc sc`alm dlm tfnrm mc`dmc ds tfcradm lctware `dpd`nty ns rcd`fcm,

Cxpdlmnli tfc cxtclt ag tfc lctware wnjj hc mnggn`ujt &dlm cxpclsnvc. ta avcr`akc, Hdjdl`nli tfc vdrnaus `akpctnli mckdlms gar kavckclt wntf tfc jnvcdhnjnty lccms ag

tfc kdnl `cltrcs,

Gniurc 8,4h? Rraoc`tcm mckdlm gjaws &DK pcde. al tfc radm lctware nl 82=4

Ptrdtcin` Grcnift Lctware

Gniurc 8,4` njjustrdtcs tfc strdtcin` grcnift lctware pjdllcm gar 82=4, Nt ns nlmn`dtcm nl tfc

kdp ds d hjd`e jnlc avcrjdy al tfc rcinaldj radm lctware &`akprnsnli tfc katarwdy systck

dlm ecy drtcrndj radms. dlm tfc rcinaldj rdnj lctware, Nt pravnmcs gar nltcr+rcinaldj grcnift

Ptrdtcin` Lctware

Drtcrndj dlm Xurdj Xadms

Atfcr Xadms

]rdggn` Gjaw Hdr

82*222 =2*222 72 *222

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kavckclts ds wcjj ds `allc`tnals ta tfc ecy grcnift iclcrdtars dlm dttrd`tars su`f ds

Du`ejdlm Dnrpart* Rarts ag Du`ejdlm* Kctrapart dlm husnlcss pdres,

Rramu`tnvc husnlcss pdres dlm nlmustry wnjj `altnluc ta rcqunrc `alvclnclt dlm rcjndhjc jnles

ta tfc parts dlm dnrpart* dlm tfc usc ag jdric grcnift vcfn`jcs, ]fcsc kust hc suppartcm hy

tfc radm dlm rdnj lctwares* pdrtn`ujdrjy tfc katarwdy, @fdlics ta tfc rcinaldj radmnli

lctwares* su`f ds tfc `akpjctnal ag tfc Ycstcrl rnli rautc ar upirdmcs ta drtcrndj radms* wnjj

nlgjucl`c tfc vndhnjnty ag dmod`clt jdlm+uscs hy dggc`tnli tfcnr rcjdtnvc d``cssnhnjnty* dkclnty

dlm vdjuc ta mnggcrclt uscrs,

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Gniurc 8,4`? Xcinaldj grcnift lctware

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Gniurc 8,4m praoc`ts tfc jcvcj ag grcnift trdggn` murnli tfc karlnli pcde &9+>dk. nl 82=4,

Ircdtcr jcvcjs ag trdggn` drc nlmn`dtcm hy tfc tfn`elcss ag tfc jnlc* ds sfawl nl tfc ecy, PF4*

PF47* PF82D dlm ecy drtcrndjs jnlenli ta tfc parts* dnrpart dlm kdnl husnlcss pdres &gar

cxdkpjc* Pautfmawl. drc praoc`tcm ta cxpcrncl`c fnif jcvcjs ag grcnift trdggn`,

Ecy `fdjjclics gar tfc strdtcin` grcnift lctware drc?

Hdjdl`nli tfc trdlspart lccms ag tfc grcnift nlmustry wntf tfdt ag atfcr radm dlm rdnjuscrs

Djnilnli nkpravckclts ta tfc grcnift lctware wntf husnlcss mcvcjapkclts takdxnknsc pramu`tnvnty idnls dlm d``css ta kdrects,

Djnilnli tfc mckdlm gar jdlm usc hctwccl grcnift dlm atfcr d`tnvntncs? husy* lansygrcnift rautcs drc lat mcsnrdhjc scttnlis gar rcsnmcltndj nltclsngn`dtnal ds rcvcrscsclsntnvnty nssucs `dl rcsujt wfcl tfcsc d`tnvntncs drc nl `jasc praxnknty

Kdnltdnlnli tfc dhnjnty ag tfc grcnift lctware ta aggcr `alvclnclt dlm rcjndhjc`allc`tnals hctwccl husnlcss* nlmustrndj pdres dlm parts muc ta irawnli `alicstnalal tfc drtcrndj radm lctware

Gniurc 8,4m? Rraoc`tcm mckdlm gjaws &DK pcde. al tfc grcnift lctware nl 82=4

Xcinaldj puhjn` trdlspart lctware

Gniurc 8,4c njjustrdtcs tfc prapascm puhjn` trdlspart lctware pjdllcm gar 82=4, Nt ns

`akprnscm ag tfc Xdpnm scrvn`cs &rdnj dlm huswdy.* Grcquclt hus dlm gcrry scrvn`cs* dlm@allc`tar scrvn`cs su`f ds hus gccmcrs,

Ptrdtcin` Lctware

Drtcrndj dlm Xurdj Xadms

Atfcr Xadms

]rdggn` Gjaw Hdr

82*222 =2*222 72*222

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]fc Xdpnm dlm Grcquclt hus dlm gcrry scrvn`c lctware wnjj mcjnvcr dt jcdst d 43+knlutc

scrvn`c apcrdtnli djj mdy &nlntndjjy grak 9dk+9pk.* scvcl mdys d wcce, ]fc Xdpnm dlm

Grcquclt lctwares drc mcsnilcm ta d`fncvc tfc trdlsgarkdtnaldj sfngt nl puhjn` trdlspart ds

rcqunrcm hy tfc DR,

@allc`tar scrvn`cs djsa apcrdtc djj+mdy hut dt d jcsscr grcqucl`y `allc`tnli ta karcgrcquclt scrvn`cs dlm nl`rcdsnli `avcrdic, ]fc djj+mdy scrvn`c lctware ns `akpjckcltcm hy

karc ja`dj* pcde aljy dlm tdrictcm scrvn`cs* su`f ds gccmcr hus scrvn`cs dlm s`faaj hus

scrvn`cs,

Nl `akpdrnsal* Du`ejdlms `urrclt puhjn` trdlspart lctware fds sfart`aknlis, ]fc rdpnm

lctware ns jnkntcm hy tfc `dpd`nty ag Hrntakdrt stdtnal dlm tfc wnmcr rdnj lctware dlm tfc

jnkntcm cxtclt ag tfc Lartfcrl Huswdy, ]fc cxnstnli lctware ag hus rautcs ns avcrjy `akpjcx

wntf d lukhcr ag rautcs apcrdtnli dt taa jaw d grcqucl`y ta hc dttrd`tnvc ta `ustakcrs,

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Gniurc 8,4c? Ruhjn` trdlspart lctware

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Gniurc 8,4g sfaws tfc praoc`tcm mckdlm gar puhjn` trdlspart nl 82=4 murnli tfc karlnli pcde

&9+>dk., Ircdtcr jcvcjs ag pdssclicr mckdlm drc nlmn`dtcm hy tfc nl`rcdsnli tfn`elcss ag

tfc jnlc* ds sfawl nl tfc ecy, ]fc kdp praoc`ts d fnif jcvcj ag mckdlm al tfc Xdpnm dlm

Grcquclt lctwares* ga`ussnli al tfc `nty `cltrc dlm grnlic,

]fc ecy `fdjjclics gar tfc cxnstnli puhjn` trdlspart lctware drc? ]fc `urrclt lctware lccms nkpravckclt ta d`fncvc tfc kdoar sfngt ta puhjn` trdlspart

sauift hy tfc DR Ruhjn` trdlspart ns `urrcltjy gdr sjawcr tfdl mrnvnli muc ta d `akhnldtnal ag jaw

grcqucl`y scrvn`cs* sjaw+hadrmnli tnkcs dlm stap+stdrt trdvcj al radm `arrnmars Ds trdggn` vajukcs iraw* tfc dhnjnty ag tfc puhjn` trdlspart systck ta aggcr dl dttrd`tnvc

djtcrldtnvc ta prnvdtc vcfn`jc trdvcj `dl hc `akpraknscm wfcl scrvn`cs drc dggc`tcmhy trdggn` `alicstnal ar `alstrdnlcm `dpd`nty al tfc rdnj lctware,

D`fncvnli tfc DR tdricts gar puhjn` trdlspart rcqunrcs `altnlucm nlvcstkclt nl tfc prapascm

Xdpnm dlm Grcquclt puhjn` trdlspart scrvn`c lctwares ta suppart tfc nltclsngn`dtnal ag

`cltrcs* `arrnmars dlm guturc urhdl drcds, Nlvcstkclt nl puhjn` trdlspart nlgrdstru`turc*spc`ngn`djjy qudjnty nltcr`fdlics dlm hus prnarnty kcdsurcs* ns rcqunrcm ta idnl tfc gujj

hclcgnts ag tfc prapascm scrvn`cs,

Gniurc 8,4g? Rraoc`tcm mckdlm gjaws &DK pcde. al tfc puhjn` trdlspart lctware nl 82=4

Xdpnm

Grcquclt

Atfcr

R] Rdtraldic P`djc Hdr

3*222 42*222 43*222

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Xcinaldj pdre dlm rnmc lctware

Gniurc 8,4i njjustrdtcs tfc rcinaldj pdre+dlm+rnmc lctware* `akprnscm ag cxnstnli ar prapascm

pdre dlm rnmc sntcs avcr tfc lcxt 42 ycdrs, ]fc kdnl purpasc ag tfc pdre dlm rnmc gd`njntncs

drc ta suppart tfc usc ag tfc puhjn` trdlspart lctware, ]fc ecy ta tfc kdp nmcltngncs pdre+dlm

rnmc+sntcs wfn`f drc cxnstnli* prapascm gar nlvcstnidtnal &su`f ds Hatdly. ar gar `alstru`tnal&su`f ds Mrury.,

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Gniurc 8,4i? Xcinaldj pdre dlm rnmc lctware

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Gniurc 8,4f njjustrdtcs tfc praoc`tcm mckdlm gar pdre+dlm+rnmc hy kamc nl 82=4, Fnif

mckdlm &nlmn`dtcm hy tfc fcnift ag tfc hdr irdpf. ns praoc`tcm nl drcds

suppartnli tfc huswdy &su`f ds Djhdly* Pnjvcrmdjc.* tfc rdnj lctware &su`f ds Mrury*

Ycstidtc* Ptammdrm Xm. dlm gcrry &su`f ds Hnreclfcdm., ]fc prnarnty gar pdre+dlm+rnmc

mcvcjapkclt wnjj hc mcpclmclt al tfc tnknli ag kdoar nlvcstkclt nl tfc puhjn` trdlspart

lctware,

@akpdrcm wntf atfcr `ntncs* Du`ejdlm fds d rcjdtnvcjy jaw pravnsnal ag pdre+dlm+rnmc dt

prcsclt, Gar cxdkpjc* tfc Du`ejdlm rdnj systck fds 8*822 pdre dlm rnmc spd`cs* `akpdrcm

wntf 3*822 nl Ycjjnlital, Kast `ntncs nl Dustrdjnd dlm Lartf Dkcrn`d fdvc suhstdltndjjy fnifcr

jcvcjs ag pdre dlm rnmc pravnsnal, ]fc ecy `fdjjclics gar pdre+dlm+rnmc ns ta pravnmc

snilngn`dltjy karc spd`cs dlm ta ja`dtc tfck dt sntcs wfn`f suppart tfc irawtf nl puhjn`

trdlspart usc* wfnjc mns`aurdinli `akkutcrs grak mrnvnli al tfc `alicstcm pdrts ag tfc radm

lctware ta d``css tfc pdre+dlm+rnmc gd`njntncs,

Gniurc 8,4f? Rraoc`tcm mckdlm gar pdre dlm rnmc &hy kamc. nl 82=4

]rdnl RlX

Gcrry RlX

Hus RlX

P`djc Hdr

022 722 >22

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Rdrenli kdldickclt

D] ns rcspalsnhjc gar tfc suppjy* kdldickclt dlm prn`nli ag al+strcct pdrenli gar tfc drtcrndj

dlm ja`dj radm lctware* dlm djsa pravnmcs agg+strcct pdrenli nl d lukhcr ag ja`dtnals*

taictfcr wntf prnvdtc suppjncrs, ]fc D] agg+strcct pdrenli hunjmnlis drc autjnlcm hcjaw?

@nty @cltrc

@nvn`* Mawltawl* Gdlsfdwc Pt* Edrdlidfdpc Xm* Wn`tarnd Ptrcct* Sppcr Tuccl strcct* Idrgncjm Xm

Kctrapajntdl @cltrcs

]dedpuld Kdluedu @cltrdj Fclmcrsal Lcw JyllEnjjdrlcy Ptrcct Xalwaam Dvc Fclmcrsal

Jnhrdry!Slntc`K`@rdc Ydy

@jalhurl Xm

]fc ga`us ag pdrenli kdldickclt gar Du`ejdlm rcinal ns al kdnl `cltrcs cxpcrncl`nli fnif

mckdlm* wfcrc tfc pdrenli d`tnvntncs drc jnecjy ta `dusc sdgcty* `dpd`nty ar dkclnty

`al`crls, Ecy `fdjjclics mnggcr grak `cltrc ta `cltrc* rcgjc`tnli `fdlics nl tfc mckdlm dlmsuppjy ag pdrenli?

]fc @nty @cltrc ns praoc`tcm ta fdvc fnif rcsnmcltndj dlm ckpjaykclt irawtf*tfcrcgarc agg+strcct pdrenli wnjj lccm ta hc kdldicm ta suppart sfart+stdy pdrenligar husnlcsscs dlm cl`aurdic tfc usc ag puhjn` trdlspart dlm pcmcstrndl`nr`ujdtnal,

Nl kctrapajntdl `cltrcs* agg+strcct gd`njntncs wnjj hc kdnltdnlcm ar `alsnmcrcm nlpcrnpfcrdj ja`dtnals wfcrc tfcsc ma lat mctrd`t grak tfc cltrcs irawtf ahoc`tnvcs,

Xcinaldj y`jc lctware

Gniurc 8,4n njjustrdtcs tfc rcinaldj `y`jc lctware pjdllcm gar 82=4, ]fc lctware ns `akprnscm

ag @y`jc Fnifwdys &agg+radm dlm sfdrcm pdtf `y`jc wdys. wfn`f drc tfc hd`ehalc ag tfc

lctware dlm jnle kctrapajntdl `cltrcs, ]fc @y`jc Fnifwdys drc iclcrdjjy prapascm

djalisnmc tfc Ptdtc Fnifwdy ar drtcrndj radm lctware* tfc rdnj lctware* djali wdtcrgralts dlm

`allc`tnli tfrauif pdres,

@y`jc @allc`tars &al+radm `y`jc jdlcs dlm atfcr gd`njntncs al drtcrndjs dlm `ajjc`tar radms.

pravnmc jnles ta dlm grak tfc @y`jc Fnifwdys* dlm ta tawl `cltrcs* puhjn` trdlspart

nltcr`fdlics* rcsnmcltndj drcds dlm s`faajs, @y`jc Gccmcrs &al+radm ar agg+radm gd`njntncs al

sjaw spccm strccts. pravnmc ja`dj drcd d``css dlm jnledics ta tfc `y`jc lctware* ecy`akkulnty gd`njntncs dlm apcl spd`cs,

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Gniurc 8,4n? Xcinaldj `y`jc lctware

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Gniurc 8,4o njjustrdtcs tfc praoc`tcm mckdlm gar d`tnvc trnps hdscm al spc`ngn` DX]0 zalcs nl

82=4, Fnif mckdlm &ds nlmn`dtcm hy tfc snzc ag tfc mat. ns praoc`tcm wntfnl dlm surraulmnli

tfc `nty `cltrc dlm kctrapajntdl `cltrcs ds tfc kdnl dttrd`tars, Ydjenli dlm `y`jnli ns

iclcrdjjy ulmcrtdecl gar sfartcr trnps ag draulm 8ek ta 3ek* rcspc`tnvcjy,

]fc ecy `fdjjclics gar tfc `y`jc lctware drc? Du`ejdlms twa fdrhaurs* kdly icajain`dj gcdturcs* dlm cxnstnli pfysn`dj urhdl gark

jnknt tfc dvdnjdhnjnty ag jdlm gar mcvcjapnli `y`jnli dlm wdjenli lctwares ]fc sdgcty pcr`cptnal ag wdjenli dlm `y`jnli ns jawcr tfdl gar vcfn`jc trdvcj ]fc jcvcj ag vcfn`jc `alicstnal al radms ns d hdrrncr ta wdjenli dlm `y`jnli Grcquclt mrnvcwdys dlm snmc+radms `rcdtc `fdjjclics gar nkpjckcltnli scpdrdtc

`y`jnli gd`njntncs,

Gniurc 8,4o? Rraoc`tcm mckdlm gar d`tnvc trdlspart &`y`jnli ' wdjenli. nl 82=4

8,0 Pdgcr Oaurlcys? Xadm Pdgcty Ptrdtciy 82428282

D ecy ldtnaldj strdtciy wfn`f wnjj hc nltcirdtcm nlta tfc Alc Pystck dpprad`f ns tfc Pdgcr

Oaurlcys Lcw _cdjdlm Xadm Pdgcty Ptrdtciy,

]fc Ptrdtciy rc`ailnscs tfc nltcrd`tnal hctwccl tfc radm uscr* tfc radm dlm radmsnmc*

spccm dlm tfc vcfn`jc, Djj tfasc nlvajvcm wntf tfc mcsnil* kdldickclt dlm usc ag tfc radm

D`tnvc ]rnps P`djc

4*222 8*222 0*222 =*222 3*222

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systck drc rcspalsnhjc gar ulmcrstdlmnli tfns nltcrd`tnal* wfn`f kcdls warenli d`rass djj

cjckclts ag tfc radm systck ta kavc tawdrms tfc gajjawnli?

]fc Pdgcr Oaurlcys d`tnal pjdls grak 8244 ta 8243 sct aut ga`us drcds gar cd`f ag tfc gaur

cjckclts ta iunmc lctware pravnmcrs ta `aarmnldtc d`tnal al nlntndtnvcs tfdt wnjj fdvc tfc

ircdtcst nkpd`t ds gajjaws?

Pdgc radms dlm radm snmcs Pdgc spccms Pdgc vcfn`jcs Pdgc radm uscrs

Nl Du`ejdlm* lctware pravnmcrs ware wntf tfc L_ Rajn`c* tfc D``nmclt @akpclsdtnal

@arpardtnal* radm uscr iraups* puhjn` fcdjtf iraups dlm `akkulntncs ta pravnmc d

`aarmnldtcm dpprad`f gar tfc dhavc nlntndtnvcs tfrauif ja`dj radm sdgcty d`tnal pjdls,

Gniurc 8,8 sfaws tfc rnse rdtnli dssnilcm ta Du`ejdlms stdtc fnifwdys dlm ja`dj radms*hdscm al tfc lukhcr ag gdtdj dlm scrnaus nlourncs tfdt fdvc tdecl pjd`c al tfck, Xautcs

wntf hatf Fnif ar Kcmnuk Fnif @ajjc`tnvc dlm Rcrsaldj Xnse drc iclcrdjjy rcidrmcm ds

lccmnli gnrst prnarnty gar nkpravckclt* su`f ds pdrts ag PF4 dlm tfc @nty @cltrc drtcrndjs,

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Gniurc 8,8? Xnse rdtnli gar rcinaldj radm sdgcty

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8,= Nkpravcm Clvnralkcltdj wcjjhcnli

]fc `urrclt apcrdtnal dlm gul`tnalnli ag tfc trdlspart systck fds mnvcrsc nkpd`ts rdlinli

grak tfasc al puhjn` fcdjtf* stark wdtcr* `jnkdtc `fdlic* hnamnvcrsnty* fdhntdt `allc`tnvnty*

dlm atfcr nkpd`ts grak lansc* must* dlm `akkulnty scvcrdl`c* ta wdstc pramu`tnal* dlm

lal+rclcwdhjc rcsaur`c usc,

Pakc ag tfcsc nkpd`ts fdvc djrcdmy hccl qudltngncm d`rass tfc trdlspart systck, Nl tfc

drcd ag dnr qudjnty* tfc Fcdjtf ' Dnr Rajjutnal nl Lcw _cdjdlm Ptumy &FDRNL_ 8248.

cstnkdtcm tfdt tfcrc drc -=73K ag sa`ndj `asts grak trdlspart rcjdtcm dnr pajjutnal nl

Du`ejdlm djalc,

Irawnli rc`ailntnal dlm cvajvnli mckdlm gar nkpravckclt d`rass d rdlic ag aut`akcs*

nl`jumnli tfc Ldtnaldj Clvnralkcltdj Ptdlmdrm gar Grcsf Ydtcr* kcdls d ku`f karc

`aarmnldtcm dlm `ajjdhardtnvc dpprad`f ns lccmcm, ]fc trdlspart sc`tars `altrnhutnal ta

rcmu`c ircclfausc idscs ta =2# hcjaw 4>>2 jcvcjs hy 82=2 &=># rcmu`cm grak 822>. wnjj

hc nkpartdlt ta kcct hatf Du`ejdlms dlm `cltrdj iavcrlkclt ircclfausc ids tdricts, ]fc`fdjjclic ag tfns tdrict wnjj rcqunrc gurtfcr rcvnsnal ag tfns ma`ukclt al mcvcjapkclt ag tfc

D@+`aarmnldtcm Clcriy ' @jnkdtc Kntnidtnal Ptrdtciy,

Nkpravnli clvnralkcltdj aut`akcs wnjj hc uscm ds `rntcrnd gar aptnknsnli d`rass tfc trdlspart

lctwares* gar nlvcstkclt ntscjg* ds wcjj ds dsscssnli nkpd`ts grak mnggcrclt trdlspart

nltcrvcltnals,

Clvnralkcltdj nkpd`ts dlm appartulntncs wnjj hc `alsnmcrcm d`rass tfc rdlic ag trdlspart

d`tnvntncs nl`jumnli pjdllnli* prairdkknli* praoc`t mcsnil* apcrdtnals* dlm kdnltcldl`c,

]fcsc drc mns`usscm nl karc mctdnj nl @fdptcr =,

8,3 Puppartnli irawtf

D ecy `fdjjclic gar Du`ejdlms trdlspart lctwares wnjj hc scrvn`nli tfc garc`dst irawtf nl

rcsnmcltndj dlm husnlcss d`tnvnty nl lcw* `urrcltjy ulmcvcjapcm drcds &Ircclgncjm., Avcr tfc

lcxt 02 ycdrs draulm 3*222 7*222 fc`tdrcs ag Ircclgncjm jdlm ns jnecjy ta hc lccmcm gar

rcsnmcltndj* husnlcss dlm ckpjaykclt purpascs, ]dhjc 8,0 nlmn`dtcs tfc dkault ag praoc`tcm

irawtf nl fauscfajms dlm ckpjaykclt nl tfc Ircclgncjm drcds nmcltngncm nl tfc DR,

Cxnstnli

Mwcjjnlis

Mwcjjnli

Irawtf &Fnif

92!=2.

Cxnstnli

Ckpjaykclt

Ckpjaykclt

Irawtf &Fnif.

Pautfcrl Ircclgncjm 4242 74206 8=24 0=6==

Lartfwcst Ircclgncjm 804 49>28 988 60=9

Lartfcrl @justcr Ircclgncjm

&Ydrewartf ' Pnjvcrmdjc. 3>2 430>7 7>9 42033

]dhjc 8,0? Rraoc`tcm irawtf nl fauscfajms dlm ckpjaykclt nl Ircclgncjm drcds

]fc DR