THE ATTITUDES OF PEOPLE OF NASSARAWA STATE TOWARDS ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION: A CASE STUDY OF LAFIA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA.

TITLE PAGE

THE ATTITUDES OF PEOPLE OF NASSARAWA STATETOWARDS ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION: A CASE STUDY

OF LAFIA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA.

A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THEDEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY EDUCATION STUDY COLLEGEOF EDUCATION AKWANGA IMPARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF

THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF NIGERIACERTIFICATES IN EDUCATION (NCE)

OCTOBER 2013

i

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page - - - - - - - - -i

Approval page - - - - - - - -

-ii

Dedication - - - - - - - - -

iii

Acknowledgment - - - - - - - -iv

Table of contents - - - - - - -

-v-vii

Abstract - - - - - - - - - -

iii

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction - - - - - - - - -1-

2

1.1 Brief History of the Study Area - - - -

- -3

ii

1.2 Land Mass and Population -- - - - -

-3-4

1.3 Markets - - - - - - - - - -4-

5

1.4 Occupation - - - -- - - - - -5

1.5 Agriculture - - - - - - - - -5

1.6 Culture - - - - - - - - - -6

1.7 Social Infrastructure Education - - - -

- -6-7

1.8 statement of Hypothesis - - - - - -

-7

1.9 purpose of Study - - - - - - - -8

1.10 Significance of the Study - - - -

- - -8-9

1.11 scope and Limitation of the Study - -

- - -9

1.12 Definition of Terms- - - - - -

- -9-10

CHAPTER TWOiii

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.0 Introduction - - - - - - - - -11

2.1 The Concept Environment -- - - - -12

2.1.2 Sanitation - - - - - - - -

-13-14

2.2 Environmental Deterioration and Effects --

- - -14-18

2.3 The Effect of Environmental Degradation -

- -18-26

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction - - - - - - - - -27

3.2 Sampling Techniques - - - - - - -

27-28

3.3 Research Instruments - - - - - - -28

iv

3.4 Natures and Description of Instrument - -

- -28-30

3.5 Method of Admission of Instruments - - -

- -30

3.6 Method of Data Analysis - - - - - -

-30

3.61 Table showing the Distribution

Questionnaire forms

in the five parts of the Lafia Town - - -

- -30

3.62 Problems Encountered During the Research

- - -31

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.0 Introduction - - - - - - - - -32

v

5.0 Data Analysis and Interpretation - - -

- -33-45

CHAPTER

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Introduction - - - - - - - - -

46-47

5.2 Summary - - - - - - - - - -

47-49

5.3 Recommendation - - - - - - - -

49-50

5.4 Conclusion - - - - - - - - -

50-51

Appendix I - - - - - - - - -

52-53

Appendix II - - - - - - - - -54

vi

ABSTRACT

The physical environment is very important to the survival ofthe entire universe, and Nigeria as a nation has beenbattling to reduce the risks, resulting from poor sanitaryconditions and unwholesome toilet habits in our cities andcommunities. Unfortunately, efforts to keep Nasarawa Stateclean, which culminated in a state crusade against filth hasnot succeeded in enthroning a sense of decency and theculture of environmental self discipline among the citizenry.This article is not only aimed at bringing to the fore the needfor making Environmental Sanitation Education (EES) anintegral part of Environmental Education content in theNational Primary Science Core Curriculum (NPSCC) but alsoidentifying the objectives, content, implementation strategiesand evaluation processes of the said programme. Sanitationeducation will no doubt sharpen the citizen consciousnessand encourage them to accept their responsibility in theproper management of the environment, thereby instilling alasting sense of decency and engendering environmentalfriendliness.

vii

CHATER ONE

1.0 Introduction

This project work is on the attitude of

people of Nasarawa State towards

environmental sanitation. A case study of

Lafia Local Government Area. The research

intends to find out the attitudes of people

towards environmental sanitation in Lafia

viii

Local government area whether positive or

negative.

There is no doubt that the issue to

environmental sanitation is nationwide;

however the degree of attitude of the

inhabitants vary. The characteristics of

environmental sanitation is problems which

exist by such factors as uncontrolled reuse

disposals. Lack of good water supplies, well

constructed streets and pollution most of

these problems either cause diseases or

reduce the life span of the people.

During Buhari and Idiagbon regime War

Against Indiscipline (WAI) was declared on

20th March 1984 and enforced. The decree were

ix

in phases and the fourth was on keep your

home and environment clean.

Though Buhari and Idiagbon were

overthrown by Babangida regime on the 27th

august 1985 and edict on environmental

sanitation No: 16 1984 was established. In

the same vain, the government of the plateau

state also established sanitation educts No:

16 title plateau state environmental edict,

1984 with effect from 4th day at July 1984

(plateau state of Nigeria Gazetta No: 35 Vol.

9, 23th August 1984 supplement .A.)

Definition of sanitation: sanitation could be

defined as arrangement to protect public

health particularly, for the official and

adequate disposal of swage. Lack of thisx

arrangement or preparation made by the people

living in these areas made sanitation of our

environment poor and filthy. Environmental

Sanitation Education (EES) 2005.

Based on the above back ground the

federal government state and local government

determined it necessary to in getting ride or

help to remedy this state of deplorable

condition

1.1 Brief History of the Study Area.

Lafia local government area with the

headquarter in Lafia was created about some

state as the same years in the country by

administration of the late held of state

and ;commander- in- chief of the armed force,

General sanitation Abaiha.

xi

1.2 Land Mass and Population

Lafia local Government area occupies

space about three thousand eight hundred

(3,800) squatted Kilometers. The Local

Government area share boundaries with

Nasarawa Eggon in the Northern part with Doma

Local Government area in the south western

part respectively.

The inhabitants that form Lafia Local

Government Area are: Korao, Alago, Eggon and

Hausa Fulani others are Ake Igbo and the

Yorubas in the area who contribute immensely

to the social- political and economic

development of the area, one good thing about

the area how ever is that despite the

xii

existence of the ethnic Linguistic population

of area based on the 1991 national population

census was one hundred and ninety thousand

and nine hundred and sixty nine people while

it is on the increase on daily basis.

1.3 Markets

Lafia as the centre of the Local

Government has the largest number of markets

in the local government area. Lafia market

comes up everyday more market is every

Thursday, Assakio comes up every Monday,

Ashangwa comes up every Tuesday: The Market

attracts businessmen/women all over the Local

Government area and a lot of revenue accrued

form it. Roads. Lafia town enjoys good roads

xiii

network. A road from Assakio connects to town

through Ahiqe, Ashangwa and Adogi.

Another from Fadama, Ugah Gida Buba

Alawagana. Feeder roasts hank the town form

all part of the local government supply. The

town enjoys national electricity power

authority supply for both domestic and

commercial purpose water supply.

Lafia inhabitants enjoys pipe borne water

supply form SCC Mada yard which is situated

along Keffi road-Akwanga supplemented well

and rain water.

1.4 Occupation

A part form being predominantly farmers

the people of the area also engage in

xiv

transportation, wearing poultry, Local soap

making a amongst others. The farmers produce

yams, Maize, guinea corn, Ground Nut,

Potatoes, Millet, Cassava, rice and rearing

of domestic animals like sheep, goats, pigs,

cattle and local poultry.

1.5 Agriculture

The area is blessed with abundant human

natural resources minerals such as clay.

Gemstone, Quarty, Mica and Granites are found

in the area while fishponds found in Agabu

Bassa Doma, Yelwa and Jamaan Gaya.

1.6 Culture

xv

Lafia Local Government area is end owed

with a cultural and traditional people with a

very high sense of beauty the area is known

for own darice form Lafia Eggon Anzalu Doma

from Alakio, Kabari form Lafia Kanauri Ninzon

Rawa Baya in the area

Major towns: some towns and villages in

the ara include;

Lafia assakio, mai akiy, Adogi, Ashangwa

ashige, Azuba, Fadama Ugah and Buba, Adamu

Agyo, Angwan Madaki, Alagani and Sako Goma,

Maraba Lafia Akuzen, Buka Kwato, Shabu .

1.7 Social Infrastructure Education

Lafia town has many primary schools owned by

local government Namely Seth James primary

xvi

school Donanama primary school, R. CM primary

School etc.

HEALTH SERVICE

The town has adegute health facilities

owned by both government and private

individual. Lafia has one general Hospital

and clinics include: Kowa clinic, oshegabe

clinic, Namu clinic, Agu clinic Sandayi

clinics. Etc and many medical stores.

1.8 Statement of Hypothesis

In order to carry out this research work

the researcher used null hypothesis (Ho2 to

test her assumption. The research uses the

xvii

following hypothesis for investigation of the

stated problems thus:

Researcher uses the following hypothesis

for investigation of the stated problems

thus:

1. What are the responses of the people

towards environmental sanitation in their

vicinity?

2. Did people respond very well by coming

out for environmental exercises on

designated dates?

3. Are the streets of Lafia town well Kept?

4. Inadequate toilets facilities do not

result in poor sanitation condition in Lafia

metropolis.

xviii

1.9 Purpose of the Study

The main purpose of the project is to

find out eh attitudes of people of Nasarawa

state towards environmental sanitation in

Lafia urban environmental, particularly, to

find out among other.

1. Whether there are incinerator s in the

town.

2. Whether dustbins are kept on the road

side for proper disposal of refuse.

3. Whether the inhabitants are simply

ignorant of simple sanitation regulation.

xix

4. If the local authority have up to

expectation by providing the basic needs of

environmental sanitation.

1.10Significance of the Study

The researcher hoped that the study will

draw the attention of the inhabitants of

Lafia to sanitation condition of their

environment.

It is hoped that the people’s attitude

will change from poor they will adopt

promoting life styles. These findings will

create awareness in the mind of the people as

far as sanitations is concerned.

1.11Scope and Limitation of the Study

xx

The research work among other things

assesses the attitudes of the Lafia district

towards environmental sanitation: whether the

Local authorities the basic facilities are

provide local authority. Lafia environment

and the effects, the environmental sanitation

has or the inhabitants in terms of their

health.

1.12Definition of Terms

Incinerator: Is a large furnace usually with

a long chimney, where refuse is burnt.

Pollution: dirty materials that destroy the

purity of the atmosphere.

xxi

Sanitation: Is arrangement to project public

health especially for the effect disposal of

sewage.

Attitude: Is people’s way of thinking

feelings and behaviors.

Dustbins: These are large buckets with lids

or wooden boxes which have covers, refuse are

drop inside and are empty by the health or

sanctuary labours and are kept clean ways.

Personal Hygiene: Is a sate where by a person

exhibit complete physical mental and social

well being and not merely the absence of

disease or infirmity

Refuse Disposal: These are west materials

like kitchen refuse, resulting from animals

or vegetable matter, ashes, pieces of paper

and wrappers excretory wasters such as urine

feast matter like wastes from kitchen and

xxii

washing brown which are deposited into the

dustbins

Behavior: Oxford advance learners dictionary

says that behavior is the way a person, an

animal, a chemical etc behave or functions,

in a particular situation.

Manner: This simply means the way that one

behaves and speaks toward other people in a

particular society or culture.

Drainage system: This is the process by which

water or liquid is drained from an area.

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.0 Introduction

xxiii

This chapter deals with the review of

related literature on the subject matter “The

Attitudes of People Towards Environmental

Sanitation.” Much has been said on the

relationship between environmental

sanitation, not quite long the issue raise

dust in the media wave, at seminar, workshops

and conference, the talk has been the same

expression of concern.

This review is done under the following

subheading namely:

The definition of the concepts of

environment, sanitation and environmental

determination and it effect, the effects of

environmental degradation (environmental) the

xxiv

quality of environmental summary of the

review.

2.1 The Concept Environment

The concept environment has been reviewed

by many writers in different ways.

This is because the high rate of

environmental degradation has become a topic

of great concern to both government and

individuals. Encyclopedia of social science

volume 5 characterizes environment as the

link between physical and biological process

that sustain the ecological system in which

man lives in other word, it is social to be

xxv

an aggregate of external condition and

influences’ affecting the life and

development of an organism.

Adaralegbe (1975) defines environment as

the multitude of actors that bear one

existence, form the concept of environment

reviewed, one conclude that man’s environment

include his surrounding both natural and

human elements that effect and are affected

by man and his activities.

2.1.2 Sanitation

Lyortyer (1997) view sanitation as the

provision of basic sanitarian facilities and

xxvi

infrastructures and enforcement of sanitation

rules, regulation and laws to ensure and

guarantee a clean and wealthy environment.

These include sewage, drainage, toilets

dustbins, incinerators, dumpsites,

disinfectants and sewage treatment plants and

refuse disposal vans. The non-provision of

these which impair and endanger health

renders a place insanitary.

Jarner (1985) looks at that concept

sanitation as all arrangement to protect

public health especially for the efficient

disposal of sewage and waste. In view of the

above definition, optimum health is possible

only when man in his unity with his

xxvii

environment, which comprises physical,

biological and social factors.

Nwegbu (1977) views sanitation as a way

of life expressed in a home, business,

industry neighborhood and community which

must come from people living in the area and

is nourished by knowledge and grow as an

obligation. He tries to underscores the fact

at sanitation develops in an area when it is

looked upon as a duty or condition that

indicate what action aught to or ought not to

be taken. The American Encyclopedia volume 24

explains that sanitation is the appreciation

of measures to make environmental condition

favorable to health. It is nourished by

xxviii

knowledge of and grows as an obligation and

wheal in human relation.

2.2 Environmental Deterioration and Effects

Environmental degradation is considered

to e one of the greatest problems in the

history of mankind today. Although it is

believed that environmental degradation

started growing is really, alarming. Many

share the view that increase in population

and human needs such as industrialization

towns and cities, mining of various minerals,

human ignorance and management of land use

and land abuse have among other things, led

to peregrination in lafia particularly and

the country in general.

xxix

Deaver (1990) list the major causes of

environmental degradation to include

industrial emission, urbanization engines

exhaust, smoke emanating form bush fires and

careless disposal of castes. Ways (1982)

further states that the different sources of

environmental decay facing the country today

are manifested in the rapid increase in urban

population traffic congestion and inadequate

infrastructural facilities.

The lack of waste disposal, inadequate

drainage resulting in flooding, development

of shorting towns within and around the

periphery of our city centers, and all

contribute to our environmental decay. To all

xxx

these must be added the problem of desert

environment soil erosion, deforestation,

industrial population arising improper

disposal of industrial waste, and all

polluting in the oil’ producing areas of the

country.

Lyortyer (1992) has this to offer. The

construction of new roads, buildings, plays

ground etc; destroy the pre-existing

microclimates while at the same time creating

news ones with greater complexity. The city

surfaces absorb appreciably more solar

radiation than the surrounding surfaces as

greater proportion of retested heat is

retain by walls and iron roots and pavements

xxxi

of concretes and alpha holds no moisture and

therefore prevent evaporative cooling.

Inyang (1981) contended that Air, land

and water pollution started with the first ma

on earth. He greatest the concentration of

people in an area the greater the amount of

pollution of industries are springing up and

the places of the air land and water, for

instance, in Enugu, deteriorated by waste

from these activities, pollution in

particular is becoming seriously. There is no

doubt that Inyang was right. In Lafia /Lafia

for instances, some streets are overtaken by

refuse dump by the inhabitants and this give

rise to a greater amount of pollution.

xxxii

Dokee (1992) states that: Apapa area is

fast becoming the most polluted area of layos

because it is there the larges sale

industries are located and there for

industrial wasted are contrasted. Generally,

environment sanitation is now in transition.

It is moving from a local problem to a

continental one and in creakingly an

atmosphere phenomenon. Adeleke et al (1079),

in their view to the causes of environmental

decay attributed it to human ignorance and

mismanagement in soil use. They contended

that in sound farming practices such as our

cropping and over grazing etc, haven already

lead to very acute problem of soil erosion.

xxxiii

Under the forest which act as should and

umbrellas soil are protected form the direct

impact of heavy tropical downpours, light

temperature and discarding winds the soil is

also bound together by plants roots acting s

adhesives while the letters form absorb and

spongy cushioning materials which not only

filter the rain water but enhance speculation

and ground water regions.

Erosion is consequently reduced to the

bearest minimum.

However, wherever vegetation has Ben

desecrated, depleted and degraded as a result

of overgrazing exploitation, shifting

cultivation, annual fires and other forms of

xxxiv

land use as experienced here in Lafia local

Government protective roles of the forests

are diminished, if not completely removed or

regarded.

Erosions consequently, encouraged and could

be promoted to disaster status level.

2.3 The Effect of Environmental Degradation

Although it is believed that environment

deterioration started right form when man

came into existence, the rate of sits growth

has how reach alarming proportion.

Environmental degradations also in

transition. It is moving form a local problem

to a continental one increasingly an

ecosphere phenomenon. The 1987 report of the

xxxv

world commission and environmental and

development (WECB) warns that development an

not subsist upon deteriorating governmental

resource base, the environmental destruction.

Wittaker (1975) observed that, if

industrialization continues its exponential

growth and expansion around the, would the

natural communities of the world will be

subjected to over increasing number or

pollution substances.

Accelerating retrogressive to reduction

in species. Environment is an expensive gift

of nature which can enhances the existence of

life on earth. The importance of air, water

xxxvi

and land, for instances, can not be

overemphasized.

The Americans writers, Mark Devein Onve

offered some advice on investment “By land”,

he hold his enquires they have stop making it

“By this travail simple sought to understory

the elementary fact that land can not be

produced on the same manners as others

resources. This is why rapid degradation of

environment Tudukari posses a greater problem

or threat to our future, supporting this

view.

Bzever (1991) has this to say: “A like

water and food, id essential to life and

health of all living things. But air he more

xxxvii

immediate effect of life and health than food

and water which. One can not survive for more

than five or six minute with out air. But

sometimes the quality of air can cause

serious damage need to health. Thus, there is

an obvious and pressing need to be aware of

the dangers of air pollution.

Oguntoyinbeo et al (1978), have this to

offer, apart from air, water is the most

important resource to man. He can survive

longer with out food than with out water. Man

requires water for cooking, drinking, general

sanitation agriculture and manufacturing

processes. But because water freshly

xxxviii

available through these unique resources for

granted.

Although more than 70% of the earth is

water, if has became a scarce commodity in

many part of the world. The single real in

the world. The threat world water crises is

becoming increasingly real in the face of

increasingly demand, relatively static, and

deteriorating quality due to pollution.

Inyang (1981) laments that dumps of soil

waste (which frequently included man waste)

one found along streets, near dwellings,

along factories and in valley leads drawing

into the water bodies and other parts of

environment. The use of water as dumping

xxxix

grand by individuals and some industries has

made it out fit for use without elaborate

processing.

Boughy (1971), has show concern over the

attitudes put by industries towards the

indiscriminate disposal of wasters

particularly into the water bodies there by

rendering it unfit for human usage.

Industries have succeeded in dumping

virtually every imaginative waste product

into dumping process (natural waters). Indeed

the economic term externalizations and

internationalization have now extensively

been applied by ecologists to this dumping

process. Instead of going industries dump its

xl

affluent externalizing the problem on society

at large and serving itself much cost. The

little evidence is mentioned above among

others proved beyond reasonable doublet the

need for sanitation in the study area.

Several researchers have shown the

relationship between the degradation of land,

water and air and the health status progress

and development of making. Nigeria, like most

tropical cam tries, well endowed with

researchers. The problem with the nations is

not lack of water but the quality of water is

what constitutes the problem, pollution of

surface water is serious enough, but when

contamination found their way into ground

xli

water supply, which meets almost of fifth of

the nation needs, the problem may infinitely

worsen.

A committee on natural water resources

put it this way, when stream become,

polluted, the situation can be usually

remedied by treatment or by removing the

source of polluting, in any case, the

polluted waters move rapidly down streams and

passes out of picture in a relatively short

time under ground waters, on the other hand

re out of reach and move perhaps only ten

feet a day years or decades may pass before

pollution is detected but once it heads

occurred, recovery may require an equal

xlii

numbers of years. The affected water may

never again regaling it original quality. It

is now clear that environmental degradation

has generally affected the health status of

man and other form of life in Lafia town.

Ademola (1991), expresses the numerous

danger of environmental deterioration when he

contended that; oil contains chemicals, which

pose dangers to both plants and animals went

accidents occur and oils spilled on the

revering, environment. It destroys the basic

elements of aquatic life, fish and shrimps

and even plankton the drifting organism in

reveres and oceans on which all the marine

life depends.

xliii

National Concord (1992), Ademola’s

statement on the oil spillage is just an

illustration us that oil waste thrown into

cause a lot of harm to the production of sea

food like fish, Okpozo and Quant (1990),

declared that “we have continued to suffer

huge losses in farmland and fist parts

because of the activities of oil prospecting

companies. Oil has rendered almost completely

useless our economic livewire. We can not

hunt because games fled a longtime age. And

our land no longer yields good harvest”.

In Nigeria today, the greatest problem is

that of poor rural and urban sanitation

aggravated by rapid urbanization not mateh

xliv

with effect paining or implementation of

environmental protection measures. The result

is that most people of all communities in

this country hole themselves in un-kept after

squalled and sub-human condition, sheering

substandard houses in area widely in support

of the above statement, Okediji and Aboxade

(1969) hold that the majority of many

Nigerians communities are feted filthy and

rightly susceptible to on several hygienic

rules, poor enforcing of sanitation system.

Olu Akerele (1965) stated that, mandating

provision of toilet facilities in public

places such as markets, cinema house, petrol

station by mosques and churches. Also

xlv

mandatory for the state task force regular

clearing of these surroundings and to this

end every Saturday of the week has been

declared general clearing days “to be

observed by all while sanitary inspector

would carry out house to house inspections

ensure maintenance of good sanitation

measures thus local government have been

directed toward cash price to the first (3)

three clean estate headquarters in respective

area supporting the idea above. Akura on the

Radio Benue, 19th March 1992 in his public

address in Lafia township said the one of the

reasons why the problem of west and compel on

striates, market corners and welling is as a

xlvi

result of long neglect and unwillingness of

environmental sanitation.” This statement

implies that the attitudes of Lafia

inhabitants towers environmental sanitation

are poor. Though the problem of refuse is

severs, yet it could be prevented if the

people and if the available facilities are

properly utilized, the effect of refuse

disposal by the inhabitants of Lafia town

could be reduced.

SUMMARY OF THE REVIEW

Environmental sanitation, which is the

subject matter of this research work on the

basic of the review, refers to plans and

xlvii

programmes to provide a wholesome environment

that is free from population of all kinds.

The major causes of environmental

degradation as reviewed here include

industrialization, increase human pollution

town and cities development, mining

activities, human ignorance and mismanagement

of land use. Environmental deterioration

leads to reduction in species, incase

diseases a average life span and increased

social tension, etc in order to conserve the

quality of the environment there is need to

train people in the habit of cleanliness both

at individual and community levels.

xlviii

This should be done through public

education, public enlightenment and public

awareness on the need to improve the quality

of Lafia town in particular and Nigeria at

large

Finally, solution offer to the problems above

include provision of sanitary facilities

training of qualifies personate. In the field

of environmental sanitation proper means of

refuse collection and strict enforcement of

environmental laws, rules and regulation.

CHAPTER THREE

xlix

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

In chapter two the researcher tried to

review the works and contributions of various

authors concerning environmental sanitation

problem generally and particularly as the

affect community of Nasarawa State. In this

chapter efforts are being made to analysis

sampling techniques instrument used for the

research method of administration of

instrument method of data analysis and

problems encountered during the research.

3.2 Sampling Techniques

In order to arrive at the population for

the interview the research used randoml

sampling technique. The main target for this

research consisted all the people in Lafia

North, Lafia Central, Lafia South, Lafia East

and Lafia West. A total of 100 questionnaires

forms were typed and distributed in the five

sub-area of the town only 95 were returned

representing 95% of the total forms, 5 were

not returned which represented 5% of the

total.

3.3 Research Instruments

The researcher designed a set of

questionnaire forms, which involved

structural questions for the respondents to

tick the alternative of their choices and

write in the space provided for opened

li

questions. The researcher therefore, made it

a point of duty to cover every part of the

study area.

3.4 Natures and Description of Instrument

Questions are drawn to cover the main

objective of the topic. Each questionnaire

contained 10 questions. Multiple answers were

provided to most of the question which only

was required.

INTERVIEW

Oral interview was conducted on various

groups of people both illiterate and

literate. For example landlords, market men

and women, tenants, doctors an taskforce on

environment sanitation; question about the

lii

attitudes of people towards environmental

sanitation in Lafia town are thrown to the

people in different parts power supply, of

the town. This was done through discussion by

carefully asking questions n the

questionnaire which answer gathered were

taken care of.

OBSERVATION

Having gone round the town, the

researcher covered that even the

environmental taskforce whose responsibility

is to see that the town is kept neat is not

doing well.

they concentrated more on sanitation days

declared once every month by the federal

liii

government which has since been scrapped

streets are not well taken care of some

compounds are bushy while some have not

toilet facilities. these are dumping of waste

disposals including feaces in some streets

around the town. that is not all domestic

animals have a field day wandering about

through day and night especially pigs that

are heavy diseases carriers.

3.5 Method of Admission of Instruments

The research went to every part of the

town house to house to administer the

questions. While these, then observed and

makes records. The questionnaires were

distributed randomly.

liv

3.6 method of Data Analysis

To analyze the data collected the

researcher used percentage to come out with

their findings.

3.6.1 Table showing the Distribution

Questionnaire Forms in the Five Parts of the

Lafia Town

Subjects No. of

Questionnaires

Total

Lafia North| 20Lafia South 20Lafia West 20Lafia East 20Lafia Central 20Total 100Sources: Field work January, 2005

3.6.2 problems Encountered During the Research

lv

before this project work was made

meaningful, the researcher encountered many

problems and difficulties in the process of

data collection.

There was inadequate money to enable the

researcher to provide the necessary materials

to carry out the research work. The cost of

transportation from one place to another

considering the distance from her school to

the town. Another problem was getting back

all the questionnaires issued only as were

returned for analysis.

Interviewing respondents was another test

as an interpreter was on several times

lvi

brought in where neither English nor Hausa

was understood by some of the respondents.

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.0 Introduction

In chapter three the researcher dealt

with the methodology of the research and

provided their research tools used and why

they also explained how the research

questionnaire forms had been administered and

lvii

the problems encountered during the research

work among others.

In this chapter efforts are being made to

analyze and interpret the data that had been

collected in chapter three for example 100

questionnaire were administered to the Lafia

Local Government Town of Nasarawa State, 95

were returned while 5 were not returned.

4.1 Data Analysis and Interpretation

Table 4.1: Does government provides disposal

facilities in Lafia town?

Options Responses Percentagelviii

Yes 10 11%

No 80 89%

Total 90 100%

Source: field survey (2005)

From table 4.1 responses to question one

(1) show that 10(11%) of the 5 respondents

were of the view that government provided

waste disposal want while 80 (89%) disagreed

that government do not provided any disposal

facilities. Even where vans are provided

other certain factors militate against

effective coverage of the entire town.

lix

Table 4.2 if no, what type of waste disposal

facilities?

Options Responses Percentage

Refusal

disposal van

85 94%

Dustbin 5 6%

Total 90 100%


With regards to types of waste disposal

facilities provided by the government,

responses to question two (2) showed that 5

(6%) agreed that government provided disposal

vans. The remaining 85 (95%) disagreed that

dustbins were provided.

lx

Table 4.3 Improper disposal of waste can be

attributed to lack of incineration in Lafia

town?


Agreed 85 95%

Not Agreed 5 6%

Total 90 100%


Responses to question three (3) show that

of the respondents is of 5, the view that

improper disposal of waste can be attributed

to lack of incinerators or dustbins has led

to (improper) indiscriminate dumping of

refuse anywhere within town 5 (5%) of the

respondents disagreed with the statement in

the sense that most families in the town havelxi

dustbins for dumping of household refuse but

do not make proper use of them, instead these

refuse are dumping in the open places there

by blocking human movement on some streets.

Table 4.4 Does government provide place for

dumping of refuse in Lafia town?


Yes 25 28%

No 65 72

Total 90 100%


In the response to question four (4) in

the questionnaire on provision for dumping of

refuse 25 (28%) of respondents are of the

view that government actually (provided) make

lxii

provision for dumping of refuse in different

location of the town. This is to facilitate

the collections of refuse by disposal vans

since some streets are unmemorable, 65 (72%)

of respondents are of the view that such

places are not provided. This agreement is

base on the fact that refuse and waste

materials litter several streets of the town.

Table 4.5 Are there any public toilets

facilities provided by the Lafia Local

Government?


Yes 30 33%

No 60 67%

Total 90 100%

lxiii


Responses to question five (5) on

provision of public toilets are provided at

strategic location all over the town, 60

(67%) of respondents are of the view that

such not exist except in the motor park.

Table 4.6 Lack of toilets facilities

constitutes sanitary problem in Lafia town?


True 60 67%

False 30 33%

Total 90 100%


lxiv

Table six (6) shows that 60 (67%) of

respondents to the question of whether lack

of toilet facilities in Lafia town constitute

sanitary problem agreed that it does while 30

(33%) are of the view that does not.

Table 4.7: What is your source of drinking

water?


Pipe born

water

35 39%

Well water 55 61%

Total 90 100%


lxv

Question seven (7) source of water used

by inhabitants of Lafia town, 35(39%) of the

respondents indicate that of incinerators in

Lafia town is the cause of improper disposal

of waste table 4.4 response to whether any

place has been provided for dumping of refuse

in Lafia town 72% said on such place has been

provided.

Hypothesis 11

Indicate toilets facilities do not result

in poor sanitation condition in Lafia urban

environment.

Table 4.13

lxvi

Tables Highest Responses

4.5 67%

4.6 67%


Table 4.13 has shown that 61% of

respondents said that, the majority of Lafia

town source of water are well water. The

research not she with dismay hence well can

also contribute water born disease.

Hypothesis iv

Health Problem

Table 4.14

Table Highest % responses

4.8 30


lxvii

Table 4.14 the above table clearly shows

the 61% o the respondents are aware of the

health problem the will face for not keeping

their environment clean. The research is of

the view that this is a good development

sanitation by the hypothesis V (health

workers) attitude of sanitary works.

Table 4.15

Their source of water is pipe born water.

In the same view 56 (61%) of the respondents”

source of water is well water.

Table 4.8 Do you know the health problems you

will have for not keeping you environment

clean?

Options Responses Percentagelxviii

Yes 55 61%

No 35 39%

Total 90 100%


Question eight (8) show that 55 (61) of

the respondents are aware of health hazard

they will face for not keeping their

environment healthy, at the same 35 (39%) are

ignorant of the dangers they will face

without keeping their surrounding neat.

Table 4.9 Do sanitary workers from time to

time visit your area to advice residents on

how best to keep their environment?


lxix

Yes 20 22%

No 70 78%

Total 90 100%


Responses to question nine (9) above

shows that 20 (22%) of the people interviewed

are of the view that sanitary workers pay

residents visits to advise them on how best

to keep their environment. Another 70 (78%)

disagreed, they strongly hold to the view

that the workers were seen only on sanitary

days. This had since been scraped by Dr. A.

Goodluck Jonathan administration.

lxx

Table 4.11


Yes 80 89%

No 10 39%

Total 90 100%


On the question of whether or not

sanitary defaulters be penalized 80 (89%) of

respondents agreed that they may be punished

while 10 (11%) are of the view that the may

be exampled.

In conclusion therefore the researcher

recalls the hypothesis reliability of the

hypothesis are tested based on the table of

questions analyzed in this chapter.

lxxi

Hypothesis

That the improper sanitation in Lafia is

not due disposal of waste refused.

Table 4.12


4.1 89%

4.2 98%

4.3 94%

4.4 72%


The above table shows clearly improper

sanitation condition in Lafia town is due to

bad disposal of waste. Evidence can be seen

under the following table: in table 4.1 which

lxxii

requires provision of waste disposal

facilities, 85% proved improper sanitation

condition in Lafia is due to bad disposal of

waste. Table 4.2 which concerned with the

type of waste disposal facilities, 98% of the

table population said that it is dustbin.

Table 4.3 proved that 94% which deals with

the causes of improper disposal of waste in

the study area, agreed the lack of.


4.9 78%


Whether or not sanitary workers pay

regular visits peoples houses to advice on

how best to keep their environment clear. 78%

lxxiii

of the respondents are of the view that they

don’t show up.

That the only show up on environment

sanitation days, which unfortunately have

long been scrapped by the present

administration of Dr. A. Goodluck Jonathan.

Hypothesis vi

Do you agree that sanitation defaulters be

penalized?

Table 4.16


4.10 89%


On the question whether sanitation

defaulters are penalized or not as shown in

lxxiv

the above table, 89% of the respondents are

of the view that they be penalized.

The researcher view that should serve as

a deterrent to punishing those who

contributed to sanitary degradation should

sure as a good lesson to others.

lxxv

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Introduction

In chapter four researcher have given

summary of the data collected in chapter

three (3) and made analysis of it testing the

validity of the hypothesis postulated in

chapter one

In this chapter therefore, the researcher

intends to summarized the whole work, and

bring out some suggestions in the form of

recommendation to individuals and the Lafia

lxxvi

people of Lafia Local Government particularly

Lafia town towards environmental sanitation

in order to enhance urban environmental

sanitation. The researcher has divided the

work into five chapters in order to make it

cashier and better understood.

Chapter one: Is the introduction

Chapter two: Literature review

Chapter three: Deals with data collection

instruments

Chapter four: Analysis of data

Chapter five: Summary, conclusion and

recommendations of the work

lxxvii

5.2 Summary

This project particularly concerns with

the attitudes of people towards environmental

sanitation. A case study of Kabari Community

in Lafia Local Government of Nasarawa State.

Sanitation is a global problem characterized

by such factors as uncontrolled refuse

disposal, lack of good water supply and

pollution.

It is a well-known fact that most of

these problems reduce the life span of the

people living in this study includes

provision of waste disposed, toilet

facilities, pollution and water supply.

lxxviii

Questionnaire interview and observation

methods were used for data collected.

The result of the data collected showed

that lack of toilets facilities constituted

sanitation problem even where the facilities

are provided maintenance is the problem. The

data collected also shows that improper

disposal of waste can be attributed to lack

of incinerators: pollution is also observe as

another case of concern during this study,

from observation, the researcher notes that

Lafia town is faced with a lot of sanitary

problems.

Apart from sanitary problems created by

the inhabitants such a defacing some streets

lxxix

by dumping waste and human feaces, the major

source of drinking water as well. It’s

unfortunate that pipe born water which would

have improved the life of people, is enjoyed

only once a while. The hypothesis on the

problems tested are put under analysis, the

researcher have draw their conclusion that,

for the attitudes of people to be changed the

most be educated on the health hazards as it

negative effect on them.

5.3 Recommendation

In view of the above findings on the

attitude of people towards environmental

lxxx

sanitation in Lafia town, the researcher

therefore, recommends that:

“Toilet facilities be provided by the

local government for public use in market

square and other places and any one found

wanting in case of mistake be punished”. More

waste disposal facilities such as dustbins,

incinerator and refuse van be provide

anywhere within the town to avoid

indiscriminate dumping of refuse. The

taskforce on environmental sanitation should

see that every household without exemption

provides dustbin. There should be many refuse

collection centers instead of only one

designated area.

lxxxi

This will also help to beautiful the

town. Selected dumping areas are chosen by

environmental sanitation taskforce for

dumping of refuse for easier collection by

refuse disposal van. An edict restraining

record sellers from playing record at high

volume is enacted to avoid noise pollution as

well as disturbing the peace of the

inhabitants. To ensure that inhabitants clear

all the bushes around their houses,

government should place on edict to that

effect.

All stray animals are cleared off the

streets. Town planners should ensure that

lxxxii

any new structure has provision for toilet

and waste collection.

Monthly sanitation should introduced.

5.4 Conclusion

Generally sanitation is a global problem

confronting people of all areas, Nigeria and

in particular Lafia is not left out it is on

this ground that the federal government

having viewed this fact decided to lunch

environmental sanitation programme to enhance

cleanliness of environment of the entire

nation to uplift the better living condition

of the citizenry.

To further strengthen this programme,

sanitation edict was equally erected here in

lxxxiii

Nasarawa State to help educate people on how

they should behave towards environment

sanitation in various localities, emulate the

federal authority in changing the opposite

side of our people attitudes towards

environmental sanitation as it applies here

in Lafia Local Government Area.

lxxxiv

APPENDIX II

QUESTIONNAIRE

Department of PrimaryEducation Studies, College of Education Akwanga,Nasarawa State.

Dear Sir,

I am a student of the above college

undertaking a project in Primary Education

Studies (PES) for the award of Nigeria

Certificate in Education (NCE). I will be

glad if you can answer the under listed

questions for me. This can facilitate the

success of this project.

Your cooperation is highly solicited

please: response appropriately to the

following questions: (tick where applicable).

lxxxv

1. Your name:

__________________________________________

2. Sex: Male ( ) Female ( )

3. Age

_____________________________________________

___

4. Occupation

__________________________________________

5. Does government provide waste disposal

facilities in Lafia town? (a) Yes ( ) (b) No

( )

6. If no, what type of waste disposal

facilities?

(a) Refuse disposal van ( ) (b) dustbin ( )

7. Improper disposal for waste can attributed to

lack of incinerator in Lafia town. (a) agreed

( ) (b) Not agreed ( )

8. Does government provide any place for dumping

of refuse in Lafia town? (a) Yes ( ) (b) No (

)lxxxvi

9. Are there any public toilet facilities

provided by the Lafia Local Government? (a)

Yes ( ) (b) No ( )

10. Lack of sanitary problem in Lafia town. (a)

true ( ) (b) false ( )

11. What is your source of drinking water?

(a) Pipe borne water ( ) (b) well water ( )

12. Do you know the health problem you will have

for not keeping your environment clean? (a)

Yes ( ) (b) No ( )

13. Do sanitary workers from time to time visit

your area to advice dwellers on how best to

keep their environment?

(a) Yes ( ) (b) No ( )

lxxxvii

APPENDIX IIBIBLIOGRAPHY

Benue state of Nigeria (1984): EnvironmentalSanitation edict No10.Borstorm G (1988): Too many on Ecologicalover view of the earths limitation 0.365 Encyclopedia American Vol. ix, P845.Nasarawa State of Nigeria (2002): Programmefor the official installation andpreservation of staff of office to his royal

highness, Mr. Sylvester Obo Ayihi,October 26.Olu Akereke (1986): Government to enactsanitation edict, National Concord August 7.Orailchi (1988): Indiscriminate refusedisposal in Lagos, true health magazine.Richard Aleve (1989): The Nigeria Voice Vol.9 no, 2477 Wednesday, July 21.The Nigeria Voice (1990): Vol. 9, No.2479Tuesday, January 2.

lxxxviii

Turner C. E. (1971): Personal and Communityhealth Mushy Company 14th edition, Pp. 364-377.

lxxxix

THE ATTITUDES OF PEOPLE OF NASSARAWA STATE TOWARDS ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION: A CASE STUDY OF LAFIA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA.

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