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The Art of Systems

Mar 23, 2016

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Greg Reid

Description of the body systems, and how to keep them healthy.
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Page 1: The Art of Systems
Page 2: The Art of Systems

Table  of  contents:    Chapter  1:  Introduction,  and  personal  health  goals    Chapter  2:  Main  parts  of  a  cell    Chapter  3:  Proteins,  and  how  they  are  essential  to  our  body    Chapter  4:  Lipids  and  how  they  keep  our  body  healthy    Chapter  5:  The  four  main  tissue  types  in  our  body    Chapter  6:  The  integumentary  system    Chapter  7:  The  digestive,  and  muscular  systems    

                                             

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The  Chemistry  of  Life     The  purpose  of  this  book  is  to  help  people  learn  about  the  different  body  systems  and  how  they  work.  A  health  goal  for  everyone  could  be  to  eat  more  vegetables,  and  take  vitamins  daily.  Also  eating  protein  and  watching  the  different  foods  you  eat  will  help  out  with  keeping  your  diet  balanced.    

 A  personal  health  goal  that  I  have  is  to  keep  all  of  my  body  systems  healthy,  and  start  eating  healthy  so  that  later  on  in  my  life  my  body  will  function  well.  

 The  purpose  of  this  book  is  to  inform  people  about  the  different  

parts  of  the  body  as  well  as  how  you  can  keep  them  healthy.  Amongst  the  different  things  to  eat  to  keep  your  body  healthy  protein  is  used  for  a  majority  of  the  different  parts  to  keep  them  healthy.  My  health  goal  is  to  build  muscle,  as  well  as  to  eat  protein,  and  other  healthy  foods.  

 The  purpose  of  our  books  is  to  inform  people  of  all  the  different  

systems  in  the  body.  We  go  about  that  in  many  different  ways,  in  which  we  make  up  stories  and  chapters  that  have  to  do  with  it—My  personal  health  goal  is  to  live  to  be  a  hundred  and  twelve.  I  will  accomplish  this  by  taking  vitamins  and  drinking  water.  

                 

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     A  cell  makes  up  what  you  are  

they  have  many  parts  and  functions  that  help  them  do  many  things.  The  main  part  of  a  cell  is  the  nucleus,  this  is  a  large  oval  shaped  body  near  the  center  of  the  cell  it  is  basically  the  brain,  which  tells  the  other  parts  of  the  cell  what  to  do.      

   The  nucleoplasm  is  the  protoplasm  that  is  found  in  the  nucleus  

this  contains  genetic  material  which  is  chromosomes  or  DNA  which  you  would  pass  on  to  your  offspring  if  you  had  kids.  The  nucleolus  is  also  found  in  the  nucleus,  and  contains  genetic  information  such  as  RNA.  The  cell  membrane  is  the  outer  part  of  the  cell  it  is  what  separates  one  cell  from  the  other—no  cell  is  like  another.    

 Cytoplasm  is  outside  of  the  nucleus,  but  within  the  cell  membrane  

and  it  is  clear  it  contains  structures  called  organelles.  Vacuoles  are  clear  fluid  sacks  that  act  as  storage  area  for  food,  minerals  and  waste  animal’s  vacuoles  are  much  smaller  than  plant  vacuoles.  The  mitochondrion  is  the  powerhouse  of  the  cell,  it  is  where  the  respiration  of  the  cell  happens,  and  they  release  energy  for  cell  functions.    

                           

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Ribosomes  are  bodies  that  help  make  up  protein,  which  are  typically  found  in  cytoplasm.  Endoplasmic  Reticulum  is  a  system  of  membranes  that  go  throughout  the  cytoplasm  and  it  connects  the  nuclear  membrane  to  the  cell  membrane,  as  well  as  provides  a  passageway  for  material  to  move  throughout  the  cell.  

 Golgi  Bodies  are  tube  like  structures  that  have  tiny  sacs  at  their  

end,  which  help  with  storing  protein.    Lysomes  is  a  small  structure  that  contains  enzymes  that  are  used  to  help  the  digestive  system  if  a  lysome  were  to  break  open  it  could  destroy  the  cell.    

 One  way  to  keep  your  cells  healthy  is  to  start  eliminating  poisons  

from  your  diet  and  environment.  Also  you  would  want  to  get  rid  of  bad  eating  habits,  and  start  eating  healthy  foods.  The  human  body  is  made  

up  of  about  45%  protein,  and  protein  is  required  for  building  and  repair  of  body  tissues.  Without  protein  in  your  diet,  your  body  tissues  can’t  repair  themselves  if  they  are  injured  as  well  as  they  could  so  protein  is  good  for  your  overall  health.  Protein  is  also  a  good  source  of  energy  especially  if  you  are  working  out  or  doing  some  athletic  exercise  such  as  running  

or  playing  sports.  Without  protein  in  your  body  you  could  not  perform  the  tasks  you  can  do  today,  and  that  is  why  it  is  vital  that  we  stay  on  a  healthy  diet  and  eat  foods  that  are  good  for  us.  

                   

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 Carbohydrates  are  another  part  of  the  chemistry  of  life  they  help  

by  supplying  energy  for  your  body.  Carbohydrates  provide  fuel  for  both  the  central  nervous  system  and  the  muscular  system,  which  helps  you  to  keep  up  and  moving  daily  so  carbohydrates  are  very  important.  They  are  also  in  a  large  number  of  foods  that  we  eat.  Some  examples  of  proteins  are  enzymes  and  hormones  and  many  immune  molecules,  which  help  essential  body  processes,  such  as  water  balancing  nutrient  transport,  and  muscle  contractions  require  proteins  to  function.      

 Lipids  help  the  body  absorb  vitamins.  Certain  parts  of  the  body  

such  as  cell  membranes  are  made  of  lipids  and  plasma,  which  can  help  with  things  such  as  steroidal  hormones.  The  human  body  is  made  up  of  about  80%  of  water;  most  of  the  important  chemical  reactions  that  take  place  in  your  body  require  water.  Ultimately  waters  importance  can  be  because  of  its  structure,  waters  structure  gives  it  important  properties  that  can  make  life  possible  for  us.  The  human  body  contains  about  1.3%  sodium,  and  one  third  of  sodium  is  found  in  our  bones.  We  receive  sodium  by  eating  foods  that  contain  it,  which  

helps  make  the  bones  stronger.  Sodium  helps  our  body  to  retain  water,  and  also  plays  a  role  in  nerve  function  and  muscle  contraction  as  well.  Sodium  works  in  close  association  with  chloride  and  potassium,  and  plays  a  very  important  role  in  controlling  the  heartbeat.  Sodium  deficiency  results  in  muscle  cramps  as  well  as  headaches.  

             

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The  main  4  tissues  that  you  will  find  in  the  human  body  include  epithelial,  connective,  muscle  and  nerve  tissue.  Epithelial  tissue  covers  the  body  surface,  and  also  lines  most  of  the  internal  cavities  in  your  body.  The  major  functions  of  the  epithelial  tissues  include  protection,  secretion,  filtration  and  absorption.  Skin  is  an  example  of  epithelial  tissue  because  it  protects  the  body  from  dirt,  dust,  bacteria  and  other  harmful  microbes.  

 

     Connective  tissue  if  the  most  widely  found  tissue  that  is  

distributed  throughout  the  body—connective  tissues  functions  include  protection  and  support.  Tissues  that  are  considered  connective  tissues  include  fat  tissue,  dents,  fibrous  tissue,  bone,  cartilage  and  blood.    

Muscle  tissue  has  3  main  types  they  include  skeletal,  smooth  and  cardiac—skeletal  muscle  in  the  only  type  of  voluntary  muscle  that  we  have.  Smooth  muscle  is  what  is  found  in  the  walls  of  internal  organs  and  blood  vessels,  cardiac  muscle  is  only  found  in  one  place  of  the  body,  which  is  your  heart.    

Nerve  tissue  is  made  of  cells,  which  don’t  only  receive  stimuli,  but  they  also  conduct  impulses  to  and  from  all  parts  of  the  body.    

Ways  to  keep  your  tissues  healthy  is  by  eating  protein,  and  healthy  foods.  

     

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The  integumentary  system  is  the  biggest  organ  in  or  body—This  system  involves  our  hair,  nails,  skin  follicles  and  glands.  Our  hair  follicles  are  lined  with  cells  that  synthesize  the  proteins  that  form  our  hair,  and  when  these  pores  get  clogged  that  is  what  creates  pimples.  Our  nails  consist  of  highly  modified  epidermal  cells;  all  of  the  cells  forming  the  nail  bed  are  linked  together  to  form  the  whole  nail.  Homeostasis  in  our  bodies  includes  protection,  regulation  of  temperatures,  water  balance,  synthesis  or  vitamins  and  hormones  and  absorption  of  materials.   The  skin’s  main  functions   are  to  serve  as  a  barrier  for   our  body  and  prevent   excessive  fluid  loss.  We   have  heat  and  cold   sensors  in  our  body—So  if   it  is  to  hot  our  sensors  will   tell  our  sweat  glands  to   release  a  certain  amount  of   water  to  cool  down  the   body.  Also  when  the  temperature  falls  the  sensor  will  tell  the  body  to  stop  sweating  and  your  body  will  start  to  generate  heat,  which  is  what  causes  shivering.  Some  skin  receptors  that  we  have  are  for  things  like  pain  and  temperature.  Skin  cells  synthesize  melanin  and  carotenes,  which  gives  the  skin  the  color  each  person  has,  and  our  skin  also  helps  in  the  synthesis  of  vitamin  D.  Some  kids  lacking  vitamin  D  sometimes  develop  bone  abnormalities.          

                   

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Your  digestive  system  is  designed  to  turn  the  food  you  eat  into  energy  that  your  body  needs.  The  beginning  of  the  digestive  system  is  the  mouth,  when  you  eat  food  it  mixes  with  your  saliva  and  your  food  breaks  down  into  a  form  that  your  body  can  absorb  and  use  as  energy.  When  you  swallow  the  food  it  goes  through  the  throat  and  travels  to  the  esophagus—From  the  esophagus  food  travels  to  the  stomach,  and  there  is  a  valve  that  keeps  the  food  from  traveling  back  into  the  esophagus.  The  stomach  is  where  most  of  the  digestion  occurs—The  stomach  releases  acid  and  powerful  enzymes  that  continue  the  process  of  breaking  down  food,  and  next  it  is  sent  to  the  small  intestine.  The  small  intestine  is  made  up  of  three  segments—It  is  a  very  long  tube  that  is  coiled  up  in  the  abdomen  this  also  helps  the  breaking  down  of  food  by  using  enzymes  released  by  the  pancreas.  The  liver  also  releases  bile,  which  helps  with  digestion  of  fats  and  eliminates  waste  from  the  blood.  The  duodenum  is  responsible  for  continuing  the  process  of  breaking  down  food,  and  the  jejunum  and  ileum  are  responsible  for  absorbing  the  nutrients  from  the  food  into  the  bloodstream.  All  of  these  processes  are  very  important  in  the  breaking  down  of  food.    

The  immune  system  is  our  body’s  “defense  system”  against  things  such  as  viruses  and  bacteria.  Our  organs,  tissues  and  cells  work  together  to  help  respond  to  dangerous  things  like  viruses  that  have  entered  out  body.  The  anatomic  response  helps  prevent  threatening  substances  from  entering  our  body—If  these  threatening  organisms  do  get  by  then  the  inflammatory  system  goes  to  help  get  rid  of  them.  Some  ways  to  know  that  the  inflammatory  system  is  working  are  things  like  sneezing,  runny  noses  or  a  fever  occurring.  If  the  anatomic  response  and  the  inflammatory  response  system  both  fail  then  the  immune  system  takes    

Over—This  is  the  main  part  of  the  immune  system,  which  is  made  up  of  white  blood  cells.  These  cells  help  fight  infection,  and  some  of  these  white  blood  cells  migrate  to  the  lymph  nodes  which  help  produce  antibodies,  which  fight  disease.      

   

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The  muscular  system  is  made  up  of  different  tissues  that  collaborate  with  the  skeletal  system  to  help  the  body  move.  Some  muscles  are  voluntary,  which  means  that  you  decide  when  you  want  to  move  them.  Other  muscles  like  your  heart,  intestines  and  other  digestive  organs  are  not  voluntary  which  means  that  the  nervous  

system  and  hormones   control  them.  Our  bodies  are  made  up  of  3  different  types  of  muscle  tissues  skeletal,  smooth  and  cardiac  all  of  these  different  tissues  have  the  ability  to  contract  and  expand—This  helps  the  body  top  function  correctly.  Smooth  muscles,  which  are  involuntary,  are  located  inside  organs  such  as  the  stomach  and  intestines.  The  cardiac  muscle  is  found  in  the  heart  this  is  also  involuntary.  

   

                   

   

   

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In  this  book  we  describe  some  of  the  different  body  systems,  how  they  work  and  how  we  can  keep  them  healthy  by  doing  some  simple  tasks  daily.  The  intention  of  this  book  is  to  help  people  to  understand  how  the  different  body  parts  work  inside  and  out  and  to  help  people  understand  how  vital  it  is  to  keep  your  body  healthy.  

 About  the  authors:  

We  are  three  high  school  kids,  and  the  reason  we  made  this  book  was  to  give  our  opinion  on  health  and  what  we  think  about  it.  Also  to  try  to  get  other  teenagers  like  us  learn  about  the  body,  and  how  it  works  and  how  

they  can  keep  it  healthy.    

What  this  book  is  about:  This  book  is  about  the  body  systems  and  how  they  contribute  very  much  to  keeping  us  alive  today,  and  what  steps  we  can  take  to  keep  

them  healthy  and  safe  from  dangerous  organisms.    

                                           

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Sources:    

http://www.wisegeek.com/contest/how-­‐do-­‐i-­‐get-­‐my-­‐body-­‐to-­‐grow-­‐healthy-­‐cells.htm    http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/biobookintegusys.html    http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0774536.html    http://www.webmd.com/heartburn-­‐gerd/your-­‐digestive-­‐system