The Animal Kingdom Animal Kingdom Phylums: 1. Sponges 2. Cnidaria – Jelly Fish, Hydra 3. Flatworms – Flukes, Tapeworms 4. Roundworms - Hookworms 5. Segmented Worms - Earthworms 6. Rotifera - Rotifers 7. Mullusca – Snails, Clams, Squid 8. Arthropoda – Insects, Crabs, Spiders 9. Echinodermata – Starfish, Sea Cucumber 10.Chordata –Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals Characteristics of All Animals • 1) Eukaryotic • 2) Multi-Celled • 3) Heterotrophic Major Characteristics Used To Classify Animals • 1) Body Organization • 2) Number of Body Layers • 3) Body Symmetry • 4) Digestive Tract of Guts • 5) Coelom or Body Cavity Major Characteristics Used To Classify Animals • 1) Body Organization : – Have Tissues – Tissues Organized into Organs – Have Organ Systems • 2) Number of Body Layers : – Germ Layers: layers of cells in embryo that give rise to specific tissues in the adult. – 3 Germ Layers: • A) Ectoderm (Ecto –outside) –develops into Skin & Nervous System (some animals –scales, feathers, hair, nails, etc) • B) Endoderm (Endo –inner) –develops into lining of gut. • C) Mesoderm (Meso –middle) – between Ecto & Endoderm. Develops into circulatory system, reproductive system, excretory system & muscular system.
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– Germ Layers: layers of cells in embryo that give rise to
specific tissues in the adult.
– 3 Germ Layers:
• A) Ectoderm (Ecto – outside) – develops into Skin & Nervous
System (some animals – scales, feathers, hair, nails, etc)
• B) Endoderm (Endo – inner) – develops into lining of gut.
• C) Mesoderm (Meso – middle) – between Ecto & Endoderm.
Develops into circulatory system, reproductive system,
excretory system & muscular system.
• 3) Body Symmetry:
– Radial Symmetry: Ex: Jelly fish & Star Fish
– - Can be cut many different
– directions, & all parts look
– the same.
– - No region leads meaning slow
– movement.
• 3) Body Symmetry – Coninued
– Bilateral Symmetry
– - Can be cut on one plane only
– into 2 same halves.
– - Defined Head or Anterior End
– - Since one end enters area
– before other, nerve cells are
– concentrated in anterior
(head)
– - Called Cephalization –
– concentration of nerve cells in Anterior End.
– Cephalization warns of danger or food – helps
animals that move forward.
• 4) Digestive Tracts or Guts:
– Gut: When the organism only has on opening.
The food and wastes enter and leave through the
same opening.
– Digestive Tract: When the organism has 2
openings. One for taking food in (mouth) and the
other for the release of waste products (anus).
• 5) Coelom or Body Cavity:
– A) Acoelom: lower invertebrates without a body
cavity.
– B) Pseudocoelom: some invertebrates don’t have
a coelom, but do have a cavity NOT lined with the
Peritoneum.
– 5) Coelom or Body Cavity Continued:
– C) Coelom: a body cavity filled with fluid inside
the body, lined with a layer of cells called
PERITONEUM.
– Coelom develops from the embryo’s Mesoderm.
– In all Vertebrates and Higher Invertebrates.
– Peritoneum not only lines the Coelom, but the
organs and holds them in place.
Worms
• Phylum:
• 1) Platyhelminthes – Flatworms
• 2) Nematoda – Roundworms
• 3) Annelida – Segmented worms
Platyhelminthes – Flatworms
• Invertebrates
• Acoelomates – no body cavity or coelom.
• Bilateral Symmetry – most primitive animal to
have bilateral symmetry.
• Have a Mesoderm, not found in simpler
organisms.
• Have true organs and simple organs systems
(digestive & excretion)
Free-Living Flatworms
Free – Living Flatworm
• Planaria – best known free-living flatworm
• Live in Moist, Fresh or Salt water.
• Small – less then 1 cm long, with some as long as 60 cm.
• Gut – mouth is where food enters and leaves.
• Nerve Tissue in Anterior like primitive brain.
• Have Eyespot – can sense light and chemical sense to find food.
• Hermaphroditic: but need 2 worms to reproduce. (Sexual)
• Asexual – by growing new worms from fragments.
Parasitic Flatworms
Parasitic Flatworms
• Live inside or outside organisms.
• Fluke & Tapeworm most common.
• Don’t have sensory receptors because they live inside organisms.
• Reduced or No Digestive System: Most feed off digested food of host so don’t need digestion themselves. Others will feed off host itself and needs to digest host cells.
• This leave room for very specialized Reproductive organs.
• 1 Tapeworm can produce over 100,000 eggs in life time.
Tapeworm Life Cycle
Tapeworm Lifecycle Nematoda – Round Worms
Nematoda – Round Worms
Nematoda – Round Worms
• Pseudocoelom – body cavity but no Peritoneum lining.