The Ancient Romans
Rome
Founded
Rome
Republic
Established
Julius
Caesar
Republic is
DEAD
Roman
Empire
Began as Greece Fell
753 BC it began!
Ruled by Etruscan Kings
Romans kicked out kings
509 BC Republic was established
44 BC Caesar seizes power!
Rules as dictator
Was assassinated
Octavian (Caesar’s heir)
defeats all rivals – seizes power
27 BC Senate proclaims him
Augustus (holy one)
Republic is dead – never to be
revived!!
Establishes Monarchy
Endures for 500 years until
476AD
The Roman
TimelineWhat are the stages of Ancient Rome?
Left Page Table
Romans were famous for…
– Roads
– Bridges
– Aqueducts
– Fast curing cement
– Reinforced concrete
– Holiday Travel
– Gladiator games
– Calendar
– Locks and keys for doors
– Census for population
– Apartment blocks
– First circulated newspaper
– Public toilets
– Crucifixion and torture
– Candles - sticks of animal fat which the legionaries could even eat in times of starvation.
– Scissors
– Magnifying glass
– shoe soles made of cork
– Different shoe shapes for left and right foot.
– Bikinis
– Showers
– Public buildings
• spas and heated pools
• gymnasiums
• public libraries
– Postal system
– Street lighting
– Hooliganism at the stadiums
– Brides dressed in white being carried over the threshold of their new home.
Founding of Rome 753 BC
• 2 legends
– Romulus and Remus
– Aeneas
• Settlers:
– Greeks were in S. Italy
– Etruscans in N. Italy
– Latins around Rome 1000BC
• 650-600 BC
– Etruscans unite surrounding
settlements w/ Palestine Hill
– Most influenced by Greeks (ex.
Religion: Jupiter is Zeus, Mars is
Ares, Venus is Aphrodite)
Early Roman RepublicSummarize how the republic came to power.
• 510 BC began w/ revolt against
Etruscan King Tarquin
– Son of king raped a wife of
nobleman
– Lead by Lucius Brutus
– King escaped
– Republic formed 509 BC (Brutus in
charge)
• Late 509 BC
– Tarquin came back to reclaim
throne
– Fails
– Republic stands!
Friendly reminder….
A Republic• Officials are chosen by
the people
• Officials represent the people who vote
• **Legal system –contributed to unity and stability of Rome
Roman Republic
12 Tables:• Ancient legislation that was the foundation of Roman
Law (Centerpiece of Roman Republic constitution)
• In 450 BCE citizens grew tired of no voice in gov’t.
– Leaders wrote down old laws (that’s a big deal!!)
– Laws organized into 12 sections = 12 tables
– Dealt with property, crime, family, theft, marriage and
inheritance.
• Engraved on metal and put on display at the Forum in
the city of Rome (so that everyone could see)
– Each law applied to every Roman citizen, be he rich or poor.
The Roman
Republic
The Senate (Patricians)•The aristocracy
The Assembly (Plebeians)•Were voted on by the people
•Represented the people
•Called Tribunes
Why is having
both the senate
& the assembly
a good idea?
How is this system similar
To that of the United States?
2nd left page table
Patricians
• Patricians (aristocrats)
dominated the
Republic:
– Senate was the main
body that set foreign
policy, and was in
charge of the treasury.
– Senators served by
virtue of their class
How was the Roman Republic divided?
Plebeians
Plebeians (lower class):
• Included everyone in ancient Rome (except the patricians)
– Well-to-do tradesmen to very poor.
• Membership to Senate denied to them
• Were totally unrepresented in the Republican institutions of government.
• 287 BC = Laws passed giving PLEBIANS FULL LEGAL EQUALITY W/ PATRICIANS.
Collapse of
Republic 49 BC
Senate orders Caesar to hand over his army to their control (Refuses).
Instead Caesar advances on Italy (stops at border with Gaul (France) and Italy) Roman law said that a governor was not allowed to leave his province. Caesar ignored this law, crossed the
Rubicon and advanced to confront his enemies in Rome.
Senate considered this to be a treasonable offense (couldn’t do anything).
Caesar had a powerful army and for the next 3 years he picked off his enemies one by one, whether they were in North Africa, the Middle East or Europe.
45 BC
Caesar returned to Rome as a dictator.
Allowed the Senate to continue working Replaced disloyal senators with his own loyal men.
Kicked out senators plotted against him.
44 BC
Caesar was murdered
Rome was divided Good thing or Bad?
What lead to the collapse of the republic?
Roman Empire
After 10 years of civil war:
36 BC: Octavius appointed, by senate, tribune for life
27 BC: Octavius appoints himself "Augustus" (the first emperor)
Republic dead Roman
Empire born
Senātus Populusque
Rōmānus ("The
Senate and People of
Rome“)
Augustus Octavian• Augustus reigned
from 27 BC to 14 AD
– Ruled with absolute
power (monarchy).
– He reestablished
political and social
stability
– Launched 2 centuries
of prosperity called
the Roman Peace
(Pax Romana)
Roman EmpireHow was the Empire so successful?
• The Roman Empire covered a huge amount of territory allowed people of different cultures to retain their heritage.
– The empire carried on the art, literature, and philosophy of the Greeks
– The religious and ethical system of the Jews,
– The new religion of the Christians,
– Babylonian astronomy and astrology,
– Cultural elements from Persia, Egypt, and other eastern civilizations.
Religious Tolerance!!!
Transition of Roman Empire
• Constantine legalized Christianity approx 300 AD
• Then splits empire in two, moved the new “Rome” to Constantinople (Istanbul)
– protect the Christian "West" from the barbaric and Muslim threats from the East
– Didn’t work…
– Empire is becoming weaker
How did Rome become the
powerful Holy Roman Empire?• The Church was the only
stable structure of order in Rome (Kings/Emperors, not so much)
• Pope Leo launched a coup for Papal authority took it upon himself to crown Charlemagne (Charles the great) "Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire" on Christmas day of the year 800, at St. Peter's
– Rome before that, but was in turmoil. Charlemagne, restored Rome to it’s glory!
Charlemagne dies…
• Dies 814“From the lands where the sun rises to western shores, People are crying and wailing...the Franks,
the Romans, all Christians, are stung with mourning and great worry...the young and old,
glorious nobles, all lament the loss of their Caesar...the world laments the death of
Charles...O Christ, you who govern the heavenly host, grant a peaceful place to Charles in your
kingdom. Alas for miserable me.”
• He was succeeded by his surviving son, Louis (was crowned 813).
• His empire lasted only another generation in its entirety
• Empire divided by 3 between Louis's own sons (after father's death) laid foundation for the modern states of France and Germany.
What happens to the HRE?
What’s in a name…?
• Becomes known as a political entity in western Europe from 800 to 1806.
– It was initially known as the Empire in the West.
– In the 11th century it was called the Roman Empire and in the 12th century the Holy Empire.
– The title Holy Roman Empire was adopted in the 13th century.
– Destroyed by Napoleon 1806
Legacy/Influence of Roman LawDescribe the legacy of Roman Law
• All citizens treated equally
– Religious tolerance for all religions
• Innocent until proven guilty
• Person is punishable for actions,
not thoughts
• Burden of proof lies with accuser
Code of Justinian• Byzantine emperor Justinian
from 529 to 565 AD
• Emperor Justinian wanted to
save in writing all the laws that
began in ancient Rome.
– Twelve Tables.
• He collected up all the old laws,
& added new ones that gave his
people even more rights.
• “a govt. of laws, not men”
Impact of Rome Justinian Code would influence
European law for the next 1,000 years
New and existing governments still refer to his laws as guides when creating laws for their own countries today!
Rome had a…(What was Rome’s influence on the US?)
• Rome had been ruled by a monarchy,
– Expanded greatly during its republican period
that lasted until Caesar became emperor
• Members of the Roman Senate held the
greatest amount of power
• The Romans used a Republican form of
Government - Representative Democracy.