The Anatomy of a Cell Created by Christina Zhang Sydney Hollingshead Mr. Thiel 7 th period 12/2006.

The Anatomy of a Cell

Created by

Christina ZhangSydney Hollingshead

Mr. Thiel7th period12/2006

Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic

Similarities– Have cell wall with

pores to let material in and out

– Has plasma membrane to regulate what passes through cell wall

– Has DNA for reproduction held together in a certain part of the cell

Eukaryotic V.S. Prokaryotic

Has wall around nucleus to keep DNA inside

Nuclear body is called a nucleus

Nuclear body is called a nucleoid

No nucleic wall

Eukaryotic V.S. Prokaryotic

Reproduces by sexual and asexual reproduction

Capable of endocytosis and exocytosis

Generally larger than prokaryotic

Reproduces by division (binary fission)

Not capable of endocytosis and exocytosis

Prokaryotic

Only organelles are ribosomes Doesn’t have chloroplasts or

cytoskeleton Moves self with flagella Examples of Prokaryotic cells =

bacteria - some disease species, but many are essential and important, - digest cellulose, convert nitrogen, yogurt and sourdough

Eukaryotic

Has organelles held together by a membrane

May have flagella or cilia to move around with

Generally larger than Prokaryotic

Examples of Eukaryotic cells = animal, plant, protozoans, and fungi

Shape=Function

Lack of stiff cell wall gives Animal cells chance for diversity of shapes (i.e. muscle, nerve), have evolved ability to move

– Impossible for Plant cells to change cell shape so much, can’t evolve movement like animals

Shape=Function

Nerve cells - long skinny extentions, can be up to 5 meters in one cell - impulses don’t have to be handed off from cell to cell, makes reactions faster

Red blood cells - double sided indents increase surface area, more space to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide - very very small, can get into tiny capillaries, pack as many in as possible

– When blood cell shape is damaged, effectiveness of what it does is decreased - anemic blood cells

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

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QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

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Quiz Time!

Which trait is shared by Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells?

2. Cell wall has pores

1. Reproduces by fission

3. Capable of exocytosis

4. Only organelles are ribosomes

2. Cell wall has pores

Plasma Membrane

Built from proteins and lipids - a double layer of a type of lipids, facing away from each other like a sandwich (tails don’t like water)

Has different kinds of proteins stuck into the lipid layer to make holes to let in specific molecules

Sits just behind cell wall - Holds in internal liquid and organelles - limits what can and cannot enter the cell, versus cell wall which freely lets in anything that can fit

Plant Cell Wall

Made up of cellulose, which provides a stiff and rigid environment for the cell to live in.

Tough outer surface of the cell

Vacuole

Membranous bag – takes up most of the room in a plant cell, pushes organelles to sides of cell

Stores water, salts, sugars, proteins, and other nutrients Also contains pigments that gives flowers their pigments

Vacuole

Also contains plant wastes that taste bitter to certain insects, to discourage eating

Expands and contracts with amount of water being taken in by cell

Water pressure in vacuole gives plants stiffness and support for stems, leaves, and flowers

When plant isn’t taking in much water, water pressure drops, cells shrink, and plant wilts

Cytoskeleton

Found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Network of protein fibers found in the cytoplasm

Cytoskeleton

Enables cell motion, protects cell, maintains shape of cell

Contains: microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments.

Quiz Time!

What helps stop bugs from eating the cells that contain this?

1. Cell Wall

2. Plasma Membrane

3. Cytoskeleton

4. Vacuole4. Vacuole

Nucleus

Has a round structure, surrounded by a membrane that serves as the control center for all activities that take place within the cell.

Largest organelle of the cell

Nucleus

The job of a nucleus is to be the control center of the cell by directing the cell's activities is through sending instructions to the ribosomes.

Controlls Hereditary characteristics

Controls cell division

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Made of a network of tubes or stacks that are interconnected Attached to the Nuclear Membrane “Rough” - Holds onto ribosomes (make it look bumpy) while protiens are being

assembled, then sends them to the Golgi Apparatus “Smooth” – stores enzymes needed for construction of molecules like

carbohydrates and lipids

Ribosomes

Protein builders Found either floating in

cell liquid (cytoplasm) or attatched to endoplasmic reticulum

Is two subunits until time to make protein, then comes together

Protein Synthesis

Parts come together like a hotdog into a bun– Messenger RNA combines with the small subunit– Then, with Transfer RNA, the large subunit attatches to the

small subunit– Now create proteins, one Amino Acid at a time

Golgi Apparatus

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Found in eukaryotic cells Modifies protiens and fats that have been built in the endoplasmic

reticulum Prepares them for export outside of the cell Prepares for transport to other locations in the cell.

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Golgi Apparatus

This organelle updates products through glycosylation

Packages them into small membrane bound sacs called vesicles. These sacs can be targeted at various locations in the cell and even to its exterior.

Quiz Time!

Which organelle is found either floating in cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

1. Golgi Apparatus

2. Nucleus

3. Ribosomes

4. Smooth E.R.

3. Ribosomes

Mitochondria

inner and outer membranes composed of proteins and phospholipids bilayers.

Includes outer membrane, intermembrane, inner membrane, cristae space , and the matrix.

Mitochondria

•convert food molecules into energy

•Produce ATP, a form of energy in which the cells can use.

•Just like when you eat something and your intestines breaks it down for you to use, when a cell eats, the mitochondria breaks it down for the cell to use

Lysosomes

Golgi apparatus and Endoplasmic reticulum create Enzymes – molecules used to break down large molecules

When enzymes are packaged into vesicles, they’re called lysosomes

Lysosomes

Combine with food taken in by cell

Enzymes bind to the food and digest it

Smaller molecules are released and absorbed by the mitochondria

Lysosomes

Also can break down old organelles If a lysosome breaks open accidentally, it can digest the cell

If enzyme can digest anything, why doesn’t it digest the lysosome membrane?

Centriole

Important in cell division – helps create a spindle that directs division in chromosomes

Barrel shaped, walls made of trios of tubes

Two are put together like a T, but not touching

Centriole

Some cells can divide their chromosomes without centrioles

Centrioles are duplicated during cell division, so each cell has its own set

Plastids

Only occur in plant cells and photosynthetic protists Found in cytoplasm, have a double membrane Stores molecules – one molecule they store is pigment

– Gives plants green color– Gives certain fruits and veggies red or orange color when they are ripe

Plastids

Also store molecules for photosynthesis when plant is not growing – winter and spring

Most plastids contain starch – sugar is changed into starch during photosynthesis

Potatoes cells have a lot of plastids

Plastids

Chromoplasts– Pigment creation and

storage, give color to flowers and leaves during fall

Leucoplasts– Colorless, store starch,

proteins, fats– Released from

leucoplasts when cell needs them

Plastids

Chloroplasts– Organelles where

photosynthesis takes place

– Contain green pigment chlorophyll that absorbs light needed for energy to complete photosynthesis

– Has stacks of vesicles called thylakoids

Quiz Time!

What process are Centrioles important for?

1. Photosynthesis

2. Food breakdown

3. Storage of pigment

4. Chromosome division4. Chromosome division

Websites Used

http://student.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit1/prostruct/euproreview/eupro.htmlhttp://sun.menloschool.org/~birchler/cells/animals/nucleus/endoplasmicreticulumhttp://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/rer1.htmhttp://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/ser.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosomehttp://biology.about.com/library/weekly/aa040600a.htmhttp://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/mitochondria/mitochondria.htmlhttp://www.scripps.edu/mem/biochem/ayagi/mito.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysosomehttp://biology.about.com/library/weekly/aa050400a.htmhttp://projects.edtech.sandi.net/miramesa/Organelles/vacuole.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuolehttp://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/cytoskeleton/main.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoskeletonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centriolehttp://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/cilia.htmhttp://sun.menloschool.org/~cweaver/cells/c/plastids/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastidhttp://library.thinkquest.org/27819/ch3_9.shtmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_wallhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbi3a1/cells/cellwall.htmhttp://www.becomehealthynow.com/article/bodycell.html

Bunny says “Good Job!”