The Alteration of Cell, Cancer and Immunology

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The Alteration of Cell,

Cancer and Immunology

FACULTY OF MEDICINE ANDALAS UNIVERSITYPADANG 2013

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GROUP 16 C

HARRY YUSEPTIAN

ERIC FIRMANDO

 WAHYU YOGMA

RAHMI FADHILA ELVA LIDYA

 WESTI PERMATA WATI

DWI ASRINI

 AUDRY TILDHA PRITAMI MAYA FATHURRAHMI

SURYA PRIMA KEMALA

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SCENARIO 1: Mr.Pesto an H s job

Mr.Pesto (56 years old), a farmer crops came tothe clinic with complaints of frequent loose stools since 1 year ago. Mr.Pesto told me that he often felt stomachpain with nausea and vomiting, especially after spraying

crops with pesticides. this happens over and over againand only be solved with traditional medicine. pasto alsoeasy to pack sickly complaining though only exposed tothe wind and drizzle a little.

six months ago Mr.Pesto had experienced severe chestpain radiating to the neck and left arm, feels as if placingheavy objects. reduced pain after resting Mr.Pesto. sincea month ago urination is also not smooth.

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on physical examination found komposmentis state,cooperative, weight 45 kg, height 170 cm, anaemisconjunctiva, sclera subikterik. many patches of skin black spot. thoracic examination found signs

cardiomegaly. lymphadenopathy were also found in theregion of the left colli 1 piece with a diameter of 1 cm andfound mobile. Examination of rectal toucher foundprostate enlargement. doctor advised to conductinvestigations such as x-ray images, EKG, and aspiration

 biopsy. clinic physician is concerned with the state ofMr.Pesto, he remembered the first thing he learned aboutthe changes in the cells due to the influence of variousagents or as a mechanism of adaptation as experiencedMr.Pesto?

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CLARIFICATION TERMINOLOGY

1. anemic conjunctiva: a state of the conjunctiva which shows a person anemic

2. subikteric sclera; circumstances which looks yellowish sclera

3. pesticides: a substance used to kill pests

4. lymphadenopathy: swollen lymph nodes

5. Toucher rectal : examination with mememasukkan

1 finger into the anus6. cardiomegaly; enlargement of heart size normal1size. conjunctiva anemis

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7. aspiration biopsy: a diagnostic method in theform of an assessment of the yng cells taken fromtumors using fine needle

8. mobile: bumps, low effort9. regio colli sinistra: Lehen the left

10. subikteric: Yellowish

11. ECG: a tool that serves to monitor the electricalactivity of the heart

12. composmentis: a person's level of consciousness

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IDENTIFY THE PROBLEM

1. why Mr.Pesto abdominal pain accompanied by nausea and vomiting, especially after spraying crops with pesticides?

2. Why Mr.Pesto frequent diarrhea since 1 year ago and was brought to the clinic?

3. what drug relationship traditionally taken Mr.Pesto withsymptoms repeatedly?

4. Why Mr.Pesto easily hurt if only exposed to the wind anddrizzle?

5. how the relationship of age with conditions experienced

Mr.Pesto?

6. what causes the Mr.Pesto catching experiencing chest painto the neck and left arm?

7. why the pain was reduced after resting?

8. why urination Mr.Pesto not smooth since 1 month ago?

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9. why the anemic state of the conjunctiva and sclerasubikteric?

10. why are black spots on the face?

11. why Mr.Pesto had cardiomegaly?

12. why the lymphadenopathy in regio colli sinistra?

13. what is the purpose of the toucher rectal examination?

14, what are the causes of cell damage?

15. what are the mechanisms of adaptation experienced bythe cell?

16. what is the function of x-rays, ECG, and biosi aspirations?

17 What form of cell adaptation?

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 ANALYSE THE PROBLEM

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SCHEME

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LEARNING OBJECTIVE

1. Student able to explain about influence of physicalagent and mechanism to cell

2. Student able to explain about influence of

chemistry egent and mechanism to cell3. Student able to explain about influence of biology

agent and mechanism to cell

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5. Student able to explain adaptation of cell6. Student able to explain death of cell

7. Student able to explain mechanism of rever-

irreversible lession8. Student able to explain division of cell lession

9. Student able to explain disease that cause by agentof area’s 

10. Student able to explain the risk factor and thedivision of work of cell lession

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LO 1

Biological Product InducedHuman Cells and Tissue Damage

:

 A. From Inside Human Body :

1. Complement.

2. Antibody.

3. Cytokines

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B. From Outside Human Body

Biological Product From:

 A. Animal

B. Parasite

C. Bacteria

D. Fungi

E. Virus

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 Virus Replication Cycle

1. Lytic Phase

 Virus will destroy the stem cells after successfullyreproduce.

2. Lysogenic Phase Virus doesn’t destroy cells, but integrated withstem cell DNA, then virus will multiply when thehost cell divides.

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Lytic Phasea.  Absorption

 With its tail fibers, phage attached at specific part of the cell wall of bacteria. The area is called the receptor area. This area is typicalfor other phage phage that can’t be attached in place.

 b. PenetrationBacteriophages have lysosomal enzymes that damage bacterial cell wall function. After the wall hydrolyzed (broken), phage DNA intothe cell.

c. Replication and Synthesis

Phage DNA damaging bacteria and use it as material forreplication and synthesis. When replication, phage DNA constructand reproduce. When synthesis, phage capsid-capsid forming new.

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d.  Assembly

Phage components will be arranged to form a newphage, which produced hundreds of new phage

DNA and complete with kapsid.e. Exemption

Once mature phage, bacterial cells would burst, sonew phage will come out. The number of new

 viruses can reach 200 pieces. The bacteriophageparticle formation takes 20 minutes.

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LO 51. Hyperplasia

 increase in cell number, volumeincrease

Physiology (hormonal and compensatory)

ex : proliferation of mamary gland at puberty,pregnancy

Pathology

ex : endometrial hyperplasia

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2. Hypertrophy addition of cell size

 Physiology

ex : uterus during pregnancy

 Pathology

ex : enlargement of heart caused by hypertension

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Pathological

Hypertrophy

Physiological

Hypertroph y

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3.  Atrophy

 reduction of cell size

 caused by decrease in working, loss ofinnervation, insufficient nutrition, loss ofendocrine stimulus, aging.

 Physiology

ex : when embryonic development

 Pathology

ex : extremities are not used in a long time,continuous pressure

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 Atrophy of the brain

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4. Metaplasiaone adult cell type is replaced byanother adult cell

reversiblein order to survive in the environmentcontrary

ex : columnar cells

 squamous cells5. Displasia beginning of malignancyreversible

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Squamous metaplasia of the cervix

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LO 6 : Cell Death

Cell Death is terminal failure of a cell to maintainessential life function.

2 kind of cell death are :1.  Apoptosis

2. Necrosis

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1.  Apoptosis:  A form of cell death in which aprogrammed sequence of events leads to theelimination of cells without releasing harmfulsubstances into the surrounding area.

2. Necrosis in the death of tissues of the body.Necrosis can not be treated, the tissue may beremoved, but it can not be returned to good health.

Necrosis is caused by a lack of blood and oxygen to

the tissue. It may be triggered by chemicals, cold,trauma, radiation or chronic conditions that impair

 blood flow.

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Mechanisms of Apoptosis

Signaling

Control and the integration

Executionprotein separation

extensive protein crosslinking via the activationof transglutaminase

of DNA into fragments with base pairs 180 to200

Removal of the dead cells

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Comparison chart

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Comparison chart

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REVERSIBLE – IRREVERSIBLE

MECHANISM

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