The Age of Revolution 1750-1850 • The Age of Revolution (industrial, political, scientific) • The World in 1750 and the World in 1850 • The Industrial Revolution – Why Britain? – The First Phase (Cotton textiles) – Crisis of the 1830s – Second Phase (Coal, Iron, Railways) – Industrial Revolution and Society
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The Age of Revolution 1750-1850 The Age of Revolution (industrial, political, scientific) The World in 1750 and the World in 1850 The Industrial Revolution.
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The Age of Revolution1750-1850
• The Age of Revolution (industrial, political, scientific)
• The World in 1750 and the World in 1850• The Industrial Revolution
– Why Britain?– The First Phase (Cotton textiles)– Crisis of the 1830s– Second Phase (Coal, Iron, Railways)– Industrial Revolution and Society
1450-1650 Europe Middle East Asia Transformation
Econ. Polit. Ottoman Portug. Empire Dutch in
SEA
End of feudal relations, StateExpansion
1450-1650-1750
Europe Middle East Asia
To America -Ottoman Empire Ming
Africa, Asia -Persian Empire to Qing
Absolutism Portug, Mercantilism Dutch
in SEA
Mughal
WORLD ECONOMIES COMPARED 1500-1775
The Age of Revolution (1750-1850)
• Economy (Industrial Revolution) Individual’s ability to apply scientific thinking to production, and the creation of a society based on modern industry
• Politics (American, French Revolutions; Revolutions of 1848) Individual’s right to challenge the old order, and claim his political rights and popular sovereignty
• Science (Enlightenment) Individual’s ability to understand and control nature.
World in 1750 and in 1850
Second half of the 18th. c
• Limited transportation• Rural• Trade and merchants
dominate• Natural sources of energy
Second half of the 19th. c
• New methods of transportation
• Industry dominates trade and agriculture
• Nature harnessed
The Age of Revolution1750-1850
• The Age of Revolution (industrial, political, scientific)
• The World in 1750 and the World in 1850• The Industrial Revolution
– Why Britain?– The First Phase (Cotton textiles)– Crisis of the 1830s– Second Phase (Coal, Iron, Railways)– Industrial Revolution and Society
Why Britain?
• Agricultural background• Supportive state• Expansion of trade (mercantilism) • Suitable institutions• Suitable infrastructure• Overseas victories• Cultural environment• Seeds of early industries (cotton textiles, coal,
iron, railroads)
Stages in the Mechanization of Textile Industry in Britain
• Separating the seeds from the fibers– 1793: Eli Whitney’s mechanical gin
• Spinning– 1764 Spinning jenny (no mechanical power)– 1775 Richard Arkwright: Water powered spinning
machine– 1780 Steam powered mule (finer threads)
• Weaving– 1785 Edmund Cartwright (power loom)
• Printing and dyeing – 1772-1780s pullers
Spinning jenny (1764) Water mule (1775) Steam mule (1780)
Power loom (1785) Early factory
Raw Cotton Imports to Britain1785: 11m lbs1850: 588m lbs