“The Age of Metternich”
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“The Age of Metternich”
1. Describe the goals of the leaders of the Congress of
Vienna. What did they want post-NapoleonicFrance to look like?
2. Discuss the characteristics and motivation of theRomantic movement.
3. Define and describe socialism, liberalism, andnationalism.
4. Explain the purpose and outcome of the revolutionsof 1848.
Learning Objectives
Europe After Napoleon
The Congress of Vienna
The leaders of the Congressincluded representatives fromGreat Britain, Austria, Prussia,and Russia.
This Quadruple Alliance’s goalwas to establish Balance-of-Power in Europe.
France was allowed to survivebut only as a lesser power.
The Map of Europe SignificantlyChanges after 1815
Europe1815
A Fight to Keep Things theSame
Austria, Russia, andPrussia form the HolyAlliance soon after theCongress met.
Their goal was tokeep things in Europethe same politicallyand socially (StatusQuo).
Klemens vonMetternich, theAustrian foreignminister, emerges asthe leader of thismovement.
Klemens von Metternich
Klemens von Metternichwas born into landednobility in the Rhineland.
He believed liberalismhad led to a generation ofwar and bloodshed.
Metternich has come tosymbolize theconservative reaction tothe French Revolution.
As chief minister ofAustria, he fearedliberalism and the rise ofnationalism within hismulti-ethnic empire.
Radical Ideas
Karl Marx
Liberalism
Declaration of theRights of Man andCitizen
Liberalism didn’t die after theFrench Revolution.
Liberalism came to beidentified with the interests ofthe middle-class(bourgeoisie).
Metternich and otherconservatives feared thatliberalism would destroy thestatus quo in Europe.
Still, liberalism will bechallenged by more radicalideologies in the 19th century.
Nationalism
The rise of industrial andurban society demandedcommon culture andcommon language. This ledpeople to feel more united.
Nationalists sought to turncultural unity into politicalunity and nationalindependence.
Nationalists argued that eachgroup of unique people hada right to theirindependence.
This ideology was feared byconservatives.
In the early 1800’s, nationalism waslinked to liberalism.
Soon the idea of defining “a nation”excluded or even demonized otherssetting up a potentially dangerous “us
vs. them” mentality.
Socialism
Socialism is defined as the willof the people directly injectedinto government action.
(2) Different types of socialismemerged in the 1800’s.
Utopian Socialism includedthe ideas of governmentplanning of the economy,greater economic equality, andstate regulation of property.
Marxist Socialism wasinfluenced by David Ricardoand Georg Hegel.
Karl Marx, the founder of MarxistSocialism predicted the working class(proletariat) would overthrow capitalistsin a violent revolution.
This frightened conservatives (pro-capitalists) the most.
The Romantic Movement
JCW Turner
Characteristics of Romantic art include:
Rejection of materialism
Criticism of the Industrial Revolution
Embrace of emotion over rationality
Recognition that man is not always in control of hisworld
The power of nature
A rejection of classicism
Romanticism
Eugene Delacroix, Joseph Turner, and John
Constable were all well known Romantic painters.
Check out the Metropolitan Museum of ArtRomanticism page:http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/roma/hd_roma.htm#slideshow1
Ludwig von Beethoven and Franz List createdemotional, romantic music.
Art and Music
William Wordsworth led the British Romantic movement
and was among the most famous Romantic poets.
Sir Walter Scott was a leading British romantic novelist.
French romantics Victor Hugo and Alexandre Dumasrejected classical themes and wrote of real life.
Russian romantic writers were also very respected.
Literature
Revolutions and Reforms
A nationalism and liberalism based revolution
succeeded first in Greece as the Greeks revoltedagainst the Islamic Turks in 1821.
With diplomatic and military help, Great Britain,France, and Russia helped Greece win theirindependence in 1830.
Greek Revolution of 1821
After the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte, the winning
powers installed Louis XVIII as king of France.
Louis XVIII created a Constitutional Charter in 1814that outlined how France was to ruled. It was basedin liberal philosophy but was not democratic.
After Louis XVIII died, his brother Charles X becameking. He wanted to end the charter (repudiate). Heused foreign conflicts to distract French citizens andwanted to return France to the more conservativepast.
Unhappiness in France
By 1830, the French people rejected Charles X’s
efforts and through civil revolt forced the collapse ofthe government.
Charles’ cousin, Louis Philippe was chosen byrevolutionary liberal in the French government to bethe king.
While he was more liberal than his cousin, Louisfavored the rich upper-middle class leaving theworkers and lower-middle class of France unhappy.This unhappiness would lead to another revolutionin France.
French Revolution of 1830
By 1848, economic and political problems forced Louis-Philippe
to abdicate (give up) his throne as students and unemployedworking class took to the streets.
A temporary government (provisional) was established butarguing between bourgeoisie and working class interestscontinued the street fighting between unhappy lower classprotestors and the bourgeoisie backed government (known asthe “June Days”).
At the end, new elections were held and a famous namereemerged to lead France. By December of 1848, LouisNapoleon was elected president of France.
As a Bonaparte, Napoleon’s nephew was more interested inpersonal power. In 1851, he overthrew the rest of the electedgovernment and declared himself Emperor Napoleon III. Theworking class of France took a chance with Napoleon and wereburned. Any hope for a democratic republic was now dead.
French Revolution of 1848
The French Revolution of 1848 launched unrest in
many other parts of Europe such as Austria andPrussia.
The Frenchmen and women of the revolutionrepresented a new struggle. It was a struggle forclass recognition and for the desire to remake aworld in which the working class would be valuedand represented by their governments.
Europe would not be the same again!
The Importance of 1848
Through the 1800’s there were two main political
parties in Great Britain called the Tories and theWhigs.
For the purposes concerning this unit, Tories weremore conservative and the Whigs more liberal.
For a helpful history of these two parties please usethe link below.
http://mason.gmu.edu/~ayadav/historical%20outline/whig%20and%20tory.htm
British Political Parties
By the 1800’s the working class in Great Britain was growing in
confidence. They demanded that their government enactpolicies that addressed their needs.
At first, the Tory government reacted against the working class. In 1815, the government passed the Corn Laws to protect rich
landowners against the importation of cheap foreign grain. As a result of the protests that followed by the working class,
the government suspended habeas corpus and the right ofassembly.
Eventually the Corn Laws were repealed
Later, Whig pressure caused the Tories to govern more with theworking class in mind. The Reform Bill of 1832 allowed for working class male voting
rights. Factory Reform Bills slowly but steadily improved working
conditions in factories.
Reforms in Great Britain
Next: Unit 10 Urbanization
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