The Age of Early European Explorations & Conquests

Earlier ExplorationsEarlier ExplorationsEarlier ExplorationsEarlier Explorations1. Islam & the Spice Trade

Malacca

2. A New Player Europe

Nicolo, Maffeo, & Marco Polo, 1271

Expansion becomes a state enterprise monarchs had the authority & the resources.

Better seaworthy ships.

3.Chinese Admiral Zheng He & the Ming “Treasure Fleet”

Viking Exploration

Marco Polo • (1275)– Italian trader

searching for trade routes to Asia by land.

• He was received by the Mongol Chinese Emperor Kublai Khan.

• The stories of his travels increased interest in Asia.

Zheng He

• Chinese explorer• Sent out to extend trade

partnerships for the empire.

• Traveled with a fleet of 300 and crew of close to 27,000

• SE Asia, eastern Africa, and India

A Map of the Known A Map of the Known World,World, pre- 1492pre- 1492

A Map of the Known A Map of the Known World,World, pre- 1492pre- 1492

Causes of European Exploration

• Reasons for new exploration: – 1. More Wealth – 2. Better prices on goods

• 1453• Muslims/Italians dominated Asian trade• Often charged high prices

– 3. Faster trade routes • Needed to bypass Italians/Muslims to get to

Asia (need for a direct route)

– 4. Spread Christianity (Jesuits)

Early Spice Trade

Motives for European Motives for European ExplorationExploration

Motives for European Motives for European ExplorationExploration1. Renaissance curiosity about

other lands and peoples.

2. Reformation refugees & missionaries.

3. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.

4. Technological advances.

5. Fame and fortune.

New Maritime New Maritime TechnologiesTechnologiesNew Maritime New Maritime TechnologiesTechnologies

Hartman Astrolabe

(1532)

(calculated latitude)

Better Maps [Portulan]

SextantMariner’s Compass

New Weapons New Weapons TechnologyTechnology

New Weapons New Weapons TechnologyTechnology

The new Caravel was much larger and deeper which meant more cargo and it could go into deeper waters

Prince Henry, the Prince Henry, the NavigatorNavigator

Prince Henry, the Prince Henry, the NavigatorNavigator

School for Navigation, 1419

Museum of Museum of NavigationNavigationin Lisbonin Lisbon

Museum of Museum of NavigationNavigationin Lisbonin Lisbon

Bartolomeo Dias, 1487.

Bartolomeo Dias, 1487.

(1488) Portuguese captain who attempted to reach Asia by sailing south of Africa at the Cape of Good Hope. A storm nearly destroyed his fleet and they ran out of supplies so the voyage returned to Portugal.

(1488) Portuguese captain who attempted to reach Asia by sailing south of Africa at the Cape of Good Hope. A storm nearly destroyed his fleet and they ran out of supplies so the voyage returned to Portugal.

Vasco da Gama (1497)

•Continued Dias’ work. He explored East Africa and reached India in 1498. •The goods collected in India were worth approximately 60 times the cost of the entire voyage.•By this time the Spanish were jealous of Portugal’s new wealth

•Continued Dias’ work. He explored East Africa and reached India in 1498. •The goods collected in India were worth approximately 60 times the cost of the entire voyage.•By this time the Spanish were jealous of Portugal’s new wealth

Christófo Colón Christófo Colón [1451-1506][1451-1506]

Christófo Colón Christófo Colón [1451-1506][1451-1506]

Columbus’ Four Columbus’ Four VoyagesVoyages

Columbus’ Four Columbus’ Four VoyagesVoyages

Other Voyages of Other Voyages of ExplorationExploration

Other Voyages of Other Voyages of ExplorationExploration

Ferdinand Magellan & Ferdinand Magellan & the First the First

Circumnavigation of the Circumnavigation of the World:World:Early 16cEarly 16c

Ferdinand Magellan & Ferdinand Magellan & the First the First

Circumnavigation of the Circumnavigation of the World:World:Early 16cEarly 16c

French Exploration

English and Dutch Exploration

Atlantic ExplorationsAtlantic ExplorationsAtlantic ExplorationsAtlantic Explorations

Looking for “El Dorado”Looking for “El Dorado”Looking for “El Dorado”Looking for “El Dorado”

European Empires in the Americas

Western European Empires were marked by maritime expansion

Spaniards in Caribbean, then on to the Aztec and Inca empiresPortuguese in BrazilBritish, French, and Dutch colonies in North AmericaEuropeans controlled most of the Americas by the mid-nineteenth century

European Empires in the

AmericasThe European Advantage

• Geography– Countries on the

Atlantic rim of Europe (Portugal, Spain, Britain, and France) were simply closer to the Americas than was any possible Asian competitor.

– They also understood winds and currents much different from monsoon winds in the Indian Ocean.

The European Advantage•Need•Europeans were aware of their marginal position in Eurasian commerce and wanted to change it.

•Rivalry•Interstate rivalry drove rulers to compete.

•Merchants•Sought access to Asian Wealth•avoid the reliance on Muslim middlemen that they found so distasteful.

•Wealth•Colonies were an opportunity for impoverished nobles and commoners.•The silver mines in Mexico and Peru needed to buy Asian goods

•Religion•Crusade Zeal•Persecuted minorities looking for more freedom.•Christian saints in many places blended easily with specialized indigenous gods, while belief in magic, folk medicine, and communion with the dead remained strong. Many gravitated toward the world of their conqueror, learned Spanish, and converted to Christianity.

Fernando CortésFernando CortésFernando CortésFernando Cortés

The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:The AztecsThe Aztecs

The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:The AztecsThe Aztecs

Montezuma IIMontezuma IIMontezuma IIMontezuma II

vsvs..

vsvs..

Mexico Surrenders to Mexico Surrenders to CortésCortés

Mexico Surrenders to Mexico Surrenders to CortésCortés

The Death of The Death of Montezuma IIMontezuma IIThe Death of The Death of Montezuma IIMontezuma II

Francisco Francisco PizarroPizarro

Francisco Francisco PizarroPizarro

The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:

The The IncasIncas

The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:

The The IncasIncas

AtahualpaAtahualpaAtahualpaAtahualpa

vsvs..

vsvs..

Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization

Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization

Explorers Conquistadores

Mission

arie

s

PermanentSettlers

OfficialEuropeanColony!

European Empires in the European Empires in the AmericasAmericas

European Empires in the European Empires in the AmericasAmericas

The Great Dying•Created an acute labor shortage and made room for immigrant newcomers—colonizers and enslaved Africans

•Pre-Columbian Western Hemisphere had 60-80 million•No immunity to Old World Diseases•Europeans brought European and African diseases.

•Morality rate of up to 90 percent among Native American populations•Native population nearly vanished in the Caribbean•Central Mexico: population drops from 10-20 million to around 1 million by 1650.•Similar mortality in North America

Population decline

Slaves Working in a Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar MillBrazilian Sugar MillSlaves Working in a Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar MillBrazilian Sugar Mill

The Columbian Exchange•It was the enormous network of communication, migration, trade, the spread of disease, and the transfer of plants and animals between the Old and New Worlds. This was an interacting Atlantic world connecting four continents

•Massive native mortality created labor shortage.

•Migrant Europeans and African slaves created entirely new societies.

•American food crops( corn, potatoes and cassava) spread widely in the Eastern Hemisphere.

•Potatoes especially allowed enormous population growth•Corn and sweet potatoes were important in China and Africa

The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange”

The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet

Potatoes

Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine

Cocoa Pineapple

Cassava POTATO

Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE

Syphilis

Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice

Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley

Grape Peach SUGAR CANE

Oats

Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE

Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox

Flu Typhus Measles Malaria

Diptheria Whooping Cough

Trinkets

Liquor

GUNS

Comparing Colonial Societiesin the Americas

•Europeans did not just conquer and govern established societies •They created wholly new societies.•All were shaped by mercantilism- This view held that European countries’ economic interests were best served by encouraging exports and accumulating silver and gold which represented prosperity. Colonies provided their mother countries with great quantities of bullion.•Colonies should provide closed markets for the mother country’s manufactured goods.•But colonies differed widely, depending on native cultures and the sort of economy that was established•Three types of economies

–settler-dominated agriculture–slave-based plantations–ranching or mining

Comparing Colonial Societiesin the Americas

In the Lands of the Aztecs and the Incas•Spanish conquest

•The most wealthy, urbanized, and populous regions of the Western Hemisphere.•Within a century, the Spaniards established major cities, universities, and religious and bureaucratic infrastructure.•A distinctive social order grew up, replicating the Spanish hierarchy while accommodating the racially and culturally different Indians and Africans, as well as growing numbers of racially mixed people. The society was dominated by Europeans.

The Colonial Class The Colonial Class SystemSystem

The Colonial Class The Colonial Class SystemSystem

PeninsularPeninsulareses

PeninsularPeninsulareses CreolesCreolesCreolesCreoles

MestizoMestizoss

MestizoMestizoss

MulattMulattosos

MulattMulattosos

Native IndiansNative IndiansNative IndiansNative Indians Black SlavesBlack SlavesBlack SlavesBlack Slaves

Administration of the Administration of the Spanish Empire in the Spanish Empire in the

New WorldNew World

Administration of the Administration of the Spanish Empire in the Spanish Empire in the

New WorldNew World1. Encomienda or forced labor.

2. Hacienda -landed estates

3. Council of the Indies.

Viceroy.

New Spain and Peru.

4. Papal agreement. The The

Treaty of TordesillasTreaty of Tordesillas

The Influence of the The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Colonial Catholic

ChurchChurch

The Influence of the The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Colonial Catholic

ChurchChurch

Guadalajara Guadalajara CathedralCathedral

Guadalajara Guadalajara CathedralCathedral

Our Lady of Our Lady of GuadalupeGuadalupe

Our Lady of Our Lady of GuadalupeGuadalupe

Spanish Spanish MissionMission Spanish Spanish MissionMission

Spain vs. PortugalDeath to those who talk

Pope Alexander VI acted as a mediator & drew up a line of demarcation which split the Atlantic.

Spain got the western part; Portugal got the east. Portugal wanted a piece of the New World, (1494) Treaty of Tordesillas granted Brazil to Portugal by moving the line of demarcation over parts of south America.

The Portugal began conquering major trading cities in the Arabian Sea, India, & as far east as Indonesia & Malaysia.The Portuguese made it possible to end Muslim & Italian domination of trade and brought cheaper prices to Europe.

The Treaty of Tordesillas, The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & 1494 &

The Pope’s Line of The Pope’s Line of DemarcationDemarcation

The Treaty of Tordesillas, The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & 1494 &

The Pope’s Line of The Pope’s Line of DemarcationDemarcation

Father Bartolomé de Father Bartolomé de Las CasasLas Casas

Father Bartolomé de Father Bartolomé de Las CasasLas Casas

New Laws --> 1542New Laws --> 1542

Connection: The European conquest of the Americas increased global connections in all EXCEPT which of the following ways?a. It brought new crops and technologies to the Americas.b. Although no American crops spread beyond Europe to the

rest of Eurasia and Africa, the European conquest did result in the adoption of several American crops in Western Europe.

c. It resulted in the extensive mixing of indigenous American, African, and European peoples.

d. It reshaped the world economy by providing Europeans with access to large amounts of silver.

Colonies of Sugar V. Settler Colonies in North America

Brazil/Caribbean British North America

Sugar plantation economy Plantation economy- tobacco, cotton, rice, indigo

Slave labor/harsh Slave labor/less harsh

Racial mixing took place;In Brazil, a person of African or non-African ancestry was not considered “black,” but some other mixed-race category. The perception of color in Brazil changed with the educational or economic standing of individuals.

A sharply defined racial system (with Black Africans, red Native Americans, and white Europeans)In North America, any African ancestry, no matter how small or distant, made a person “black.”

Colonies of Sugar

•Lowland Brazil and the Caribbean developed a different society.

•Regions had not been home to great civilizations and didn’t have great mineral wealth until the 1690’s•Sugar was in high demand in Europe.•Colonies produced almost solely for export.

•Arabs introduced large scale sugar production in the Mediterranean

•Europeans transferred it to the Atlantic islands and the Americas.•Portuguese on Brazilian coast dominated the world sugar market. 1570-1670.•British, French, and Dutch in the Caribbean broke the Portuguese monopoly.

Settler Colonies in North America•Because the British were the last of the European powers to establish a colonial presence in the Americas, they found that “only the dregs were left.” Lands they acquired were regarded as the unpromising leftovers of the New World. •British society was changing more rapidly than Catholic Spain•British colonist were trying to escape European society•British colonist were more numerous and by 1750 outnumbered the Spanish by 5 to 1.

•By 1776 90% of North American colonies were European•Indians were killed off by disease and military policy.•Small scale farming did not need slaves.

•Literacy Rates:•The Protestant emphasis on reading the Bible for oneself led to a much greater mass literacy than in Latin America whereas the Catholic Church was far more focused on converting the natives to Christianity.

•British colonies developed traditions of local self government.•Britain didn’t impose an elaborate bureaucracy like Spain.•British civil war (seventeenth century) distracted government from involved colonies.•North America gradually became dominant, more developed than South America.

Impact of Exploration on the Americas

• Conquest of most territories.• New rulers • Natives pushed from land• Natives used as slave labor• Forced to assimilate• New products and diseases• Population decline• Break down of traditional culture• Influx of Christianity

Discussion Starter: In terms of global history, which of the following do you consider the most profound long-term outcome of the Columbian Exchange?

a. The emergence of the Atlantic slave systemb. The exchange of crops and animals between the Americas

and the Afro-Eurasian worldc. The demographic collapse of Native American societiesd. The establishment of European colonial empires

EXPLAIN

Discussion Starter: Aside from the creation of European empires in the Americas, what do you think is the most profound outcome of empire building during the early modern era?a. The expansion of Muslim rule over non-Muslim peoples of

Europe and Indiab. The emergence of Russia as a multi-ethnic empirec. The doubling of the population and size of the Chinese

empired. The decline of the power and influence of pastoral

societies on world history

Change: The differences among colonial societies that emerged in the Americas after European conquest can be accounted for through all EXCEPT which of the following factors?a. The number of Europeans who settled in a regionb. The type of economy that took shape in the regionc. The rejection of slave holding in the early 1600s by

Portuguese and Dutch rulersd. Whether a Protestant or Catholic power settled a region