The Age of Andrew Jackson!! The expansion of Democracy changes Politics.

The Age of Andrew The Age of Andrew Jackson!!Jackson!!

The expansion of Democracy The expansion of Democracy changes Politicschanges Politics

Tension…Tension…

After the presidency of James After the presidency of James Monroe, John Quincy Adams took the Monroe, John Quincy Adams took the job, although he was not as job, although he was not as effective..effective..

The main reason was because of his The main reason was because of his nemesis:nemesis:

Andrew JacksonAndrew Jackson

The electionThe election

IN the election of 1825, Jackson won IN the election of 1825, Jackson won the popular vote but lacked the the popular vote but lacked the majority of electoral votes.majority of electoral votes.

Since no one won the majority of Since no one won the majority of electoral votes, the House of Reps electoral votes, the House of Reps had to decide (again)had to decide (again)

By of his power in the House, Henry By of his power in the House, Henry Clay could swing the election either Clay could swing the election either wayway

He He hatedhated Jackson… Jackson… Quincy Adams had previously agreed Quincy Adams had previously agreed

with his “American System” and with his “American System” and Adams was elected.Adams was elected.

Jacksonians,Jacksonians, however accused however accused Adams of stealing the presidency.Adams of stealing the presidency.

He made things worse by appointing He made things worse by appointing Clay Secretary of State.Clay Secretary of State.

Which political party were the Which political party were the Jacksonians?Jacksonians?

Voting requirements began to ease Voting requirements began to ease up - what would that mean for the up - what would that mean for the population?population?

Jackson’s Presidential Style:Jackson’s Presidential Style:

During the 1828 campaign, Jackson During the 1828 campaign, Jackson portrayed Adams as an elitist..and portrayed Adams as an elitist..and portrayed himself as a man of poor portrayed himself as a man of poor origins – even though he was a origins – even though he was a wealthy plantation owner.wealthy plantation owner.

He won by a landslide…He won by a landslide…

Rachel…Rachel…

Andrew Jackson married her in 1791; and Andrew Jackson married her in 1791; and after two happy years they learned to that after two happy years they learned to that Robards had not obtained a divorce, only Robards had not obtained a divorce, only permission to file for one. Now he brought permission to file for one. Now he brought suit on grounds of adultery. suit on grounds of adultery.

After the divorce was granted, the After the divorce was granted, the Jacksons quietly Jacksons quietly remarried remarried in 1794. They in 1794. They had made an had made an honest mistake,honest mistake, as friends as friends well understood, but whispers of adultery well understood, but whispers of adultery and bigamy followed Rachel as Jackson's and bigamy followed Rachel as Jackson's career advanced in both politics and war. career advanced in both politics and war.

Wearing the white dress she had Wearing the white dress she had purchased for her husband's purchased for her husband's inaugural ceremonies in March 1829, inaugural ceremonies in March 1829, Rachel Donelson Jackson was buried Rachel Donelson Jackson was buried in the garden at The Hermitage, her in the garden at The Hermitage, her home near Nashville, Tennessee, on home near Nashville, Tennessee, on Christmas Eve in 1828 Christmas Eve in 1828

Jackson’s Jackson’s election of 1828election of 1828 was the first was the first true smear campaign in American history.true smear campaign in American history.

Jackson's campaign was a Jackson's campaign was a

grassroots grassroots campaign complete with campaign complete with buttons, pamphlets, and paraphenalia.buttons, pamphlets, and paraphenalia.

For Jackson’s inauguration, the capital For Jackson’s inauguration, the capital was flooded with excited well wishers.was flooded with excited well wishers.

Jackson himself shook Jackson himself shook 10,000 hands10,000 hands

Enormous crowds gathered at the Capitol building as Jackson, surrounded by supporters, walked to the ceremony. There was a fear of people being injured in the crush, and a ship's cable was stretched across the Capitol steps to keep the crowd back.

As the ceremony concluded, the exuberant crowd did rush Jackson, and he had to be protected by marshals and rushed into the safety of the Capitol building.

Later that day a public reception was held at the Executive Mansion (now called the White House), and the celebration got raucous. Jackson supporters, fueled by pails of liquor, packed rooms on the first floor of the mansion. Furniture was broken, china was smashed. Men with muddy boots stood on damask furniture, hoping to get a glimpse of the new president.

Jackson himself managed to escape and flee back to his temporary quarters at a Washington hotel. And when the crowd got so large that it was feared the Executive Mansion might actually collapse, liquor was supplied out on the lawn. The crowds rushed outside, relieving some of the stress on the mansion's groaning floorboards.

Spoils SystemSpoils System If Jackson knew how to inspire loyalty during a If Jackson knew how to inspire loyalty during a

campaign, he also knew how to use the powers campaign, he also knew how to use the powers of the Presidency after getting into office.of the Presidency after getting into office.

His Administration (who makes up the His Administration (who makes up the Administration, again?) practiced the Administration, again?) practiced the spoils spoils system…system…

In which incoming officials throw out the former In which incoming officials throw out the former officials and replace them with their….officials and replace them with their….

Friends. Friends.

He also fired nearly He also fired nearly 10%10% of the federal of the federal employees from Adams’ presidency and employees from Adams’ presidency and gave their jobs to loyal Jacksonians.gave their jobs to loyal Jacksonians.

Jackson’s drinking buddies became his Jackson’s drinking buddies became his primary advisors and named them his primary advisors and named them his “kitchen cabinet”“kitchen cabinet” – because they – because they supposedly slipped into the White House supposedly slipped into the White House through the kitchen.through the kitchen.

Removal of Native Americans…Removal of Native Americans…

Since the 1600’s settlers had one of Since the 1600’s settlers had one of 2 attitudes2 attitudes of Native Americans:of Native Americans:

Favored the displacement of themFavored the displacement of them Others wished to convert them to Christianity Others wished to convert them to Christianity

and absorb them into the white culture.and absorb them into the white culture. Since the end of the war of 1812,k Southeastern Since the end of the war of 1812,k Southeastern

tribes, the Cherokee, the Creek, Seminoles, etc, tribes, the Cherokee, the Creek, Seminoles, etc, willingly absorbed into the culturewillingly absorbed into the culture

They were dubbed the They were dubbed the “5 Civilized Tribes”“5 Civilized Tribes”

Indian Removal ActIndian Removal Act

However, many white planters still wanted However, many white planters still wanted their land for farms.their land for farms.

Jackson decided Jackson decided “assimilation”“assimilation” could not could not work.work.

Only solution was to physically move them Only solution was to physically move them off their lands farther out west.off their lands farther out west.

Congress passed the Indian Congress passed the Indian Removal Act Removal Act of 1830.of 1830.

The Cherokee fight backThe Cherokee fight back

The Cherokee tried to win just treatment The Cherokee tried to win just treatment thought the U.S. legal systemthought the U.S. legal system

Chief Justice John Marshall refused to rule Chief Justice John Marshall refused to rule be the Natives had “no federal standing”.be the Natives had “no federal standing”.

They were neither a foreign nation, nor a They were neither a foreign nation, nor a state!state!

The Cherokee hired Sam Worcester to The Cherokee hired Sam Worcester to represent them in court.represent them in court.

Worcester vs. GeorgiaWorcester vs. Georgia

In this case, the Cherokee finally won In this case, the Cherokee finally won recognition as a distinct political recognition as a distinct political community.community.

The Court ruled that GA was NOT entitled The Court ruled that GA was NOT entitled to control the Cherokee or invade their to control the Cherokee or invade their lands.lands.

How do you think Jackson reacted?How do you think Jackson reacted?

Refused..Refused..

Jackson refused to abide by the Supreme Jackson refused to abide by the Supreme Court’s decision.Court’s decision.

““John Marshall has made his decision, now let John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it”.him enforce it”.

By 1838, the Cherokee were sent off in groups By 1838, the Cherokee were sent off in groups of about 1,000 each on a long journey (800 of about 1,000 each on a long journey (800 miles)miles)

It was made mostly on foot.It was made mostly on foot. As the winter came, more and more died by As the winter came, more and more died by

freezing to deathfreezing to death

Trail of TearsTrail of Tears

Along the way, government officials Along the way, government officials stole the Cherokee’s money, while stole the Cherokee’s money, while outlaws stole their livestock and outlaws stole their livestock and buried ¼ of their dead along the buried ¼ of their dead along the way.way.

They ended up on land that was dry, They ended up on land that was dry, desolate, hot and far worse to that desolate, hot and far worse to that on which they had previously lived on which they had previously lived on.on.

The Nullification Crisis!The Nullification Crisis!

Began to focus on the national crisis – Began to focus on the national crisis – centered on South Carolina - - also centered on South Carolina - - also growing rift between the north and growing rift between the north and south:south:

.A. Debate of Over Nullification.A. Debate of Over Nullification

1. SC’s economy had been weakening – 1. SC’s economy had been weakening – blamed the nation’s tariffs – bc it had blamed the nation’s tariffs – bc it had few industries , purchased most few industries , purchased most manufactured goods from England.manufactured goods from England.

2. Congress levied another tariff – critics 2. Congress levied another tariff – critics called did the Tariff of Abominations! – called did the Tariff of Abominations! – many South Carolinians threatened to many South Carolinians threatened to secede.secede.

3. John C. Calhoun – the nations’ Vice 3. John C. Calhoun – the nations’ Vice President felt torn – between President felt torn – between upholding federal gov’t policy and his upholding federal gov’t policy and his native South Carolina!native South Carolina!

4. Put forth nullification – argued that 4. Put forth nullification – argued that the states had the right to declare a the states had the right to declare a federal law NULL (VOID).federal law NULL (VOID).

Jackson DEFENDS the Jackson DEFENDS the Union!!Union!!

Over dinner – he let everyone know Over dinner – he let everyone know where he stood on the issue:..Stood where he stood on the issue:..Stood up to make a toast:up to make a toast:

““Our Federal Union – it MUST be Our Federal Union – it MUST be preserved”…preserved”…

Used the Force Bill – authorizing Used the Force Bill – authorizing President to use military to enforce President to use military to enforce acts of Congress.acts of Congress.

What is a political cartoon?What is a political cartoon?

There were many famous political There were many famous political cartoons made about Andrew cartoons made about Andrew Jackson during his Presidency:Jackson during his Presidency:

His handling of the National Bank His handling of the National Bank The Trail of TearsThe Trail of Tears The Refusal to submit to the The Refusal to submit to the

Supreme Court.Supreme Court.

Pro-Andrew Jackson political cartoon Pro-Andrew Jackson political cartoon applauds the president's September applauds the president's September 1833 order for the removal of federal 1833 order for the removal of federal deposits from the Bank of the United deposits from the Bank of the United States. On the right, Jackson, cheered States. On the right, Jackson, cheered on by Major Jack Downing, holds aloft on by Major Jack Downing, holds aloft a scroll with the words "Order for the a scroll with the words "Order for the Removal of Public Money." To the left, Removal of Public Money." To the left, the combined opposition to the the combined opposition to the president's move -- represented by president's move -- represented by Bank President Nicholas Biddle, Whig Bank President Nicholas Biddle, Whig Senators Daniel Webster and Henry Senators Daniel Webster and Henry Clay, and the pro-Bank press -- are Clay, and the pro-Bank press -- are ridiculedridiculed