The Age Of Absolutism: Rise of the Great Monarchies.

The Age Of The Age Of Absolutism: Rise Absolutism: Rise

of the Great of the Great MonarchiesMonarchies

The Dutch Golden AgeThe Dutch Golden Age► I. The Growth and Decline of the Netherlands I. The Growth and Decline of the Netherlands ► A. After the Age of Religious WarsA. After the Age of Religious Wars► 1. Netherlands remains a republic1. Netherlands remains a republic► 2. Calvinism becomes official religion2. Calvinism becomes official religion► 3. Religious Tolerance for all3. Religious Tolerance for all► a. Safe haven for Jewsa. Safe haven for Jews► B. Economic Growth and AchievementB. Economic Growth and Achievement

1. Growth and Prosperity of cities1. Growth and Prosperity of cities► 2. Reclaiming of the Sea, agricultural development2. Reclaiming of the Sea, agricultural development► 3. Dutch dominate fishing, textiles, dairy and beef3. Dutch dominate fishing, textiles, dairy and beef► C. Dutch East Indies CompanyC. Dutch East Indies Company► 1. Established in 16021. Established in 1602► 2. Gained control of spice Trade2. Gained control of spice Trade► 3. 3. By By 16691669, the VOC was the richest private company , the VOC was the richest private company

in the in the ► world world ► a. over 150 merchant shipsa. over 150 merchant ships► b. 40 warships, b. 40 warships, ► c. 50,000 employees,c. 50,000 employees,► d. a private army of 10,000 soldiersd. a private army of 10,000 soldiers

Dutch East Indies Co. Dutch East Indies Co. ColoniesColonies

The End of Dutch DominanceThe End of Dutch Dominance

►D. DeclineD. Decline► 1. William III of Orange1. William III of Orange

► The Glorious Revolution 1688The Glorious Revolution 1688

► 2. Becomes King of England2. Becomes King of England► 3. After Death the Netherlands lack unity3. After Death the Netherlands lack unity► 4. Gradual decline politically and 4. Gradual decline politically and ► economicallyeconomically► 5. Trade power shifts from Dutch to 5. Trade power shifts from Dutch to ► EnglishEnglish

James II

William of Orange

Constitutional v. Absolute Constitutional v. Absolute MonarchiesMonarchies

► EnglandEngland► Tradition of limited Tradition of limited

governmentgovernment► Magna Charta 1215Magna Charta 1215► Petition of Rights Petition of Rights

16271627► English Bill of Rights English Bill of Rights

16891689► Increased Increased

Parliamentary Parliamentary LimitationLimitation

► The Rest of EuropeThe Rest of Europe► France, Austria, RussiaFrance, Austria, Russia► Consolidation of PowerConsolidation of Power► Creation of Creation of

Professional ArmiesProfessional Armies►Growth of BureaucracyGrowth of Bureaucracy►Great Ministers. Great Ministers.

Richelieu and MazarinRichelieu and Mazarin► Age of Nation StatesAge of Nation States

England:England:The past cannot be cured - Elizabeth IThe past cannot be cured - Elizabeth I

► The Elizabethan EraThe Elizabethan Era► Illegitimate Illegitimate

Daughter of Henry IIIDaughter of Henry III►Mother Executed on Mother Executed on

False ChargesFalse Charges► Henry wants a sonHenry wants a son► Half Sister takes the Half Sister takes the

Throne, Bloody MaryThrone, Bloody Mary► Re-establishes Re-establishes

Catholicism Catholicism

Elizabeth ContinuedElizabeth Continued

► Takes the Throne Takes the Throne 11/17/158811/17/1588

► Religious Strife, first Religious Strife, first concernconcern

► Act of Supremacy Act of Supremacy Repeals 10 Acts of MaryRepeals 10 Acts of Mary Establishes Elizabeth as Establishes Elizabeth as

Supreme Governor of the Supreme Governor of the Church of EnglandChurch of England

► Act of UniformityAct of Uniformity Established Anglican Established Anglican

ChurchChurch Realistic approach to Realistic approach to

CatholicsCatholics Royal Injunctions over 40 Royal Injunctions over 40

yearsyears

Elizabeth: Scotland and Elizabeth: Scotland and FranceFrance

► Mary Queen of Scots married Francis Mary Queen of Scots married Francis II of France.II of France.

► Mother, Mary Guise (Sound Familiar)Mother, Mary Guise (Sound Familiar)► Scotland provides fortification for Scotland provides fortification for

French TroopsFrench Troops► Mary declares herself Queen of Mary declares herself Queen of

England with French Support.England with French Support.► When Francis Dies Mary returns to When Francis Dies Mary returns to

ScotlandScotland► The Babington Plot The Babington Plot (Plot to Assassinate (Plot to Assassinate

Queen)Queen)

► Beheaded for Treason 1587Beheaded for Treason 1587

Challenges from SpainChallenges from Spain

► Religious conflictReligious conflict► Pope encourages invasion of IrelandPope encourages invasion of Ireland► England begin to openly support Dutch England begin to openly support Dutch

independenceindependence► Anglo-Spanish War 1585Anglo-Spanish War 1585► Spain has claim to English throne (Mary’s Spain has claim to English throne (Mary’s

Will)Will)►Defeat of the Spanish Armada 1587Defeat of the Spanish Armada 1587► PrivateersPrivateers

Elizabethan Golden AgeElizabethan Golden Age

► Promoted Art and LiteraturePromoted Art and Literature► Shakespeare and MarloweShakespeare and Marlowe► Settled Virginia, Drake, Cabot explore the Settled Virginia, Drake, Cabot explore the

New WorldNew World► Brings religious peace to the region while Brings religious peace to the region while

Europe is at warEurope is at war► Legacy is mixed, Military Failure, Domestic Legacy is mixed, Military Failure, Domestic

ProsperityProsperity Loses CalaisLoses Calais Struggles to contain SpainStruggles to contain Spain English Culture ThrivesEnglish Culture Thrives Avoids Religious WarsAvoids Religious Wars

Homework: Begin Online Homework: Begin Online Lesson, Located at Lesson, Located at bottom of AP Webpagebottom of AP Webpage

James IJames I►Mary’s Son, Catholic SympathiesMary’s Son, Catholic Sympathies►Believes in Divine Right of KingsBelieves in Divine Right of Kings►Alienates ParliamentAlienates Parliament►Reign of Scandal and CorruptionReign of Scandal and Corruption►Rise of the Puritans, 1620-29 settle in Rise of the Puritans, 1620-29 settle in

New EnglandNew England►Protestants question his religious Protestants question his religious

loyaltyloyalty Eases penalties on CatholicsEases penalties on Catholics Does not support protestants in the 30 Does not support protestants in the 30

years waryears war

Charles ICharles I

► Parliament does not trust MonarchyParliament does not trust Monarchy►Negotiates for new taxes by Negotiates for new taxes by

agreeing to the Petition of Rights agreeing to the Petition of Rights 16271627 Taxes approved by Parliament Taxes approved by Parliament Due ProcessDue Process

►Makes peace with Spain and FranceMakes peace with Spain and France► Tries to enforce uniformity in Tries to enforce uniformity in

religion: Outrages Scotlandreligion: Outrages Scotland► Religious Conflict leads to Civil WarReligious Conflict leads to Civil War► Result-Long Parliament, Four years Result-Long Parliament, Four years

of Civil Warof Civil War► Roundheads v. CavaliersRoundheads v. Cavaliers

Oliver Cromwell: Oliver Cromwell: The Puritan RepublicThe Puritan Republic

► Roundheads win, alliance with ScotsRoundheads win, alliance with Scots►Government re-arranged based on Government re-arranged based on

Presbyterian systemPresbyterian system► Cromwell, reorganizes armyCromwell, reorganizes army► Protestant Dictatorship, “The Puritan Protestant Dictatorship, “The Puritan

Republic”Republic” Abolishes Monarchy and House of LordsAbolishes Monarchy and House of Lords

► Charles is assassinated for undermining the Charles is assassinated for undermining the republicrepublic

► Puritan Army Conquers Ireland and ScotlandPuritan Army Conquers Ireland and Scotland►Oliver Cromwell becomes as hated as CharlesOliver Cromwell becomes as hated as Charles

Outlaws drinking, dancing and theaterOutlaws drinking, dancing and theater

Charles IICharles II

► Restores Monarchy in 1660Restores Monarchy in 1660► Life returns to normalLife returns to normal

Anglican ChurchAnglican Church Social CultureSocial Culture

► Catholic SympathiesCatholic Sympathies► Secret Alliance with Louis XIVSecret Alliance with Louis XIV►Declaration of IndulgenceDeclaration of Indulgence► Parliament forces him to rescindParliament forces him to rescind► Establishes the Test Act Establishes the Test Act (Oath Against Transubstantiation)(Oath Against Transubstantiation)

James II: James II: The Glorious The Glorious RevolutionRevolution

► First Act: Repeal the Test ActFirst Act: Repeal the Test Act►Dissolves Parliament and appoints Dissolves Parliament and appoints

Catholic AdvisorsCatholic Advisors►New Declaration of Indulgences, New Declaration of Indulgences,

Proclaims religious freedomProclaims religious freedom► English nobility hope that his English nobility hope that his

sister Mary will inherit the thronesister Mary will inherit the throne► James has a son, raises him James has a son, raises him

CatholicCatholic►William of Orange, invited to William of Orange, invited to

invade by parliamentinvade by parliament►His Army meets no resistance, His Army meets no resistance,

““Bloodless Revolution” 1689Bloodless Revolution” 1689

William III and Mary II of EnglandWilliam III and Mary II of England

► Forced to sign English Bill of RightsForced to sign English Bill of Rights Connection: English influence on Connection: English influence on

AmericaAmerica► Toleration Act 1701Toleration Act 1701► Act of Settlement: German Act of Settlement: German

Protestant HeirProtestant Heir► Act of Union 1707Act of Union 1707► William dies without HeirWilliam dies without Heir► George I of HanoverGeorge I of Hanover► John Locke, Two treatise of John Locke, Two treatise of

GovernmentGovernment Justification for the Glorious RevolutionJustification for the Glorious Revolution Early influence on EnlightenmentEarly influence on Enlightenment

George I George I ► Early Challenges to the throne from Early Challenges to the throne from

James sonJames son► Sir Robert WalpoleSir Robert Walpole

Brilliant manager of ParliamentBrilliant manager of Parliament Maintained PeaceMaintained Peace Local affairs controlled by local NobilityLocal affairs controlled by local Nobility Maintains the Status QuoMaintains the Status Quo Expands trade to New England and IndiaExpands trade to New England and India

► ImpactImpact England first truly “Limited Government”England first truly “Limited Government” Checks and BalancesChecks and Balances Period of Economic GrowthPeriod of Economic Growth Model for all Progressive European PoliticsModel for all Progressive European Politics Free Speech, Public Debate, Mass MediaFree Speech, Public Debate, Mass Media

France: Rise of AbsolutismFrance: Rise of Absolutism

► RichelieuRichelieu► Minister to Louis XIII (Son of Henry IV) Minister to Louis XIII (Son of Henry IV) ► Brilliant PoliticianBrilliant Politician► Centralizes Power of MonarchyCentralizes Power of Monarchy► Pacifies the NobilityPacifies the Nobility► Model of AbsolutismModel of Absolutism

Reform of BureaucracyReform of Bureaucracy Tax ReformTax Reform Modern Army and NavyModern Army and Navy

► International OpportunistInternational Opportunist 30 years war30 years war Suppresses HabsburgsSuppresses Habsburgs

► Promoter of Arts and EducationPromoter of Arts and Education

Richelieu

Louis XIV: The Sun KingLouis XIV: The Sun King

Louis XIV: Early YearsLouis XIV: Early Years

► Louis inherits a powerful nationLouis inherits a powerful nation► Childhood, experiences the FrondeChildhood, experiences the Fronde

A rebellion against reformsA rebellion against reforms Powerful Impact on KingPowerful Impact on King

► Continues Reforms of Richelieu and MazarinContinues Reforms of Richelieu and Mazarin► Franco- Spanish Conflict nearly bankrupts Franco- Spanish Conflict nearly bankrupts

FranceFrance► Louis hires Jean-Baptiste Colbert as chief Louis hires Jean-Baptiste Colbert as chief

financial ministerfinancial minister Brings France BackBrings France Back Balance of TradeBalance of Trade Expansion of IndustryExpansion of Industry Corporation SystemCorporation System

Louis AdministrationLouis Administration

►Develops a dominant Army and NavyDevelops a dominant Army and Navy► Stabilizes the economy, increases revenue Stabilizes the economy, increases revenue

through the Taille. (Tax)through the Taille. (Tax)► Instituted Legal ReformsInstituted Legal Reforms► Surrounded himself with great military and Surrounded himself with great military and

financial minds (Bureaucrats, Loyal to the King)financial minds (Bureaucrats, Loyal to the King)► Patron of Sciences and the ArtsPatron of Sciences and the Arts► Supports Colonialism, Competition in the Supports Colonialism, Competition in the

America’sAmerica’s► Suppression of the JansenistsSuppression of the Jansenists► Revocation of the Edict of NantesRevocation of the Edict of Nantes

Major Blunder, seen as a fanaticMajor Blunder, seen as a fanatic

VersaillesVersailles

► Center of Political LifeCenter of Political Life► Symbol of King’s Symbol of King’s

absolute power and absolute power and France’s GreatnessFrance’s Greatness

► Access to the King is Access to the King is key to political powerkey to political power

► Elaborate EtiquetteElaborate Etiquette► Housed ThousandsHoused Thousands

12,000 Horses12,000 Horses►Why Versailles?Why Versailles?

Louis and WarLouis and War

► 1667 War of Devolution1667 War of Devolution Conflict over the Netherlands with SpainConflict over the Netherlands with Spain

► 1689-1697 League of Augsburgs and the 1689-1697 League of Augsburgs and the Nine Year WarNine Year War Louis again attacks the RhinelandLouis again attacks the Rhineland Europe allies against him (Balance of Power)Europe allies against him (Balance of Power)

► 1701-1714 War of the Spanish Succession1701-1714 War of the Spanish Succession No Spanish Heir, title goes to Louis’s son Phillip VNo Spanish Heir, title goes to Louis’s son Phillip V Grand Alliance (HRE, England, Holland)Grand Alliance (HRE, England, Holland) Louis is beaten but not defeated, settles with the Louis is beaten but not defeated, settles with the

Alliance – Phillip stays on the Spanish ThroneAlliance – Phillip stays on the Spanish Throne

France: After Louis XIVFrance: After Louis XIVRoad to RevolutionRoad to Revolution

► Louis left France in economic recessionLouis left France in economic recession► Louis XV was a child, his uncle Duke of Louis XV was a child, his uncle Duke of

Orleans is regentOrleans is regent► Gambler: John Law and the Mississippi BubbleGambler: John Law and the Mississippi Bubble

Banking and investment scandalBanking and investment scandal Mistrust of Government and paper moneyMistrust of Government and paper money

► Parlements reassert their authorityParlements reassert their authority► Louis is inept, Cardinal Fleury AdvisesLouis is inept, Cardinal Fleury Advises► The Seven Years War (French and Indian War)The Seven Years War (French and Indian War)

The Habsburg EmpireThe Habsburg Empire

►After 30 years war Spanish Hapsburgs After 30 years war Spanish Hapsburgs declinedecline

►Austrian Hapsburgs must stand on Austrian Hapsburgs must stand on their owntheir own

►Consolidates power through artful Consolidates power through artful negotiationnegotiation

►Empire is diverse, religion still an issueEmpire is diverse, religion still an issue►Councils created to manage regionsCouncils created to manage regions

Habsburg RulersHabsburg Rulers►Leopold I (1658-1705)Leopold I (1658-1705)

Held off France and OttomansHeld off France and Ottomans Sovereign of Hungary and BalkansSovereign of Hungary and Balkans Losing power as Holy Roman EmperorLosing power as Holy Roman Emperor Gaining in Eastern EuropeGaining in Eastern Europe

► Joseph I (1705-1711)Joseph I (1705-1711)►Charles VI (1711-1740)Charles VI (1711-1740)

Obsession with inheritanceObsession with inheritance Pragmatic SanctionPragmatic Sanction

►Guarantees Maria Theresa the thrown in 1740Guarantees Maria Theresa the thrown in 1740

PrussiaPrussia

►Chaos ensues after Peace of WestphaliaChaos ensues after Peace of Westphalia►Hohenzollern acquire several titlesHohenzollern acquire several titles►Fredrick William (The Great Elector) Fredrick William (The Great Elector)

1640-16881640-1688 Centralizes powerCentralizes power Creates a bureaucracyCreates a bureaucracy Develops a Strong ArmyDevelops a Strong Army Over powers the nobilityOver powers the nobility Increases TaxesIncreases Taxes

The Junkers and The ElectorsThe Junkers and The Electors

►Nobility control Nobility control serfsserfs

► Pledge Loyalty to Pledge Loyalty to FrederickFrederick

► Become members Become members of the Bureaucracy of the Bureaucracy and militaryand military

►Heavy taxes on Heavy taxes on peasants and peasants and townspeopletownspeople

► Fredrick I (1688-Fredrick I (1688-1713)1713) Patron of the ArtsPatron of the Arts Receives title Receives title

“King of Prussia “King of Prussia in exchange for in exchange for his armies his armies service to service to Leopold ILeopold I

Very little state Very little state buildingbuilding

Austro-Prussian RivalryAustro-Prussian Rivalry► Frederick William I Frederick William I

1713-1740 (The 1713-1740 (The Soldier King)Soldier King) Extremely Extremely

effective leadereffective leader Increases size of Increases size of

the Army to the Army to 80,00080,000

Very DisciplinedVery Disciplined Separate laws Separate laws

for soldiersfor soldiers Attracts Junkers Attracts Junkers

to the ranksto the ranks Best Army in Best Army in

Europe never to Europe never to take the take the BattlefieldBattlefield

► Frederick II (The Frederick II (The Great) 1740-1786Great) 1740-1786 Breaks the Breaks the

Pragmatic SanctionPragmatic Sanction Invades SilesiaInvades Silesia Modernizes PrussiaModernizes Prussia Religious toleranceReligious tolerance Prussia begins to Prussia begins to

challenge challenge traditional traditional authorities in authorities in EuropeEurope

First Partition of First Partition of PolandPoland

Enlightened Enlightened MonarchyMonarchy

RussiaRussia

► Ivan The Terrible (1533-1584Ivan The Terrible (1533-1584 Starts out strongStarts out strong Goes insane, paranoid, tyranny ensuesGoes insane, paranoid, tyranny ensues

►Romanov DynastyRomanov Dynasty In 1613, Nobles elect Michael Romanov In 1613, Nobles elect Michael Romanov

TsarTsar Family rules until 1917Family rules until 1917 Early leaders struggle to gain powerEarly leaders struggle to gain power Boyars (Old Nobility) control bureaucracyBoyars (Old Nobility) control bureaucracy

Peter the Great (1682-1725)Peter the Great (1682-1725)

► Childhood Childhood tumultuoustumultuous

► Emulated Louis XIVEmulated Louis XIV Increase PowerIncrease Power Suppress the NobilitySuppress the Nobility Build a strong ArmyBuild a strong Army Modernize RussiaModernize Russia Tours Europe in 1697Tours Europe in 1697

► Streltsy (Guard of Streltsy (Guard of Moscow) RebelMoscow) Rebel

► Rebellion CrushedRebellion Crushed► Peter must rebuild Peter must rebuild

Russia in the Russia in the Likeness of other Likeness of other European European SuperpowersSuperpowers

Political and Military ActionsPolitical and Military Actions

► MilitaryMilitary► Develops 300,000 man Develops 300,000 man

army and small navyarmy and small navy► Wants Baltic PortWants Baltic Port► Great Northern War Great Northern War

1700-17211700-1721► In the end, establishes In the end, establishes

Ice Free PortsIce Free Ports

► PoliticalPolitical► Founds St. PetersburgFounds St. Petersburg► Symbolizes new Symbolizes new

Western OrientationWestern Orientation► Administrative collegesAdministrative colleges

Eliminates CorruptionEliminates Corruption► Table of RanksTable of Ranks

Revolutionizes the Revolutionizes the BureaucracyBureaucracy

► Holy SynodHoly Synod Unification of Church and Unification of Church and

StateState

Demise of the OttomansDemise of the Ottomans

►The Empire is enormous and diverseThe Empire is enormous and diverse►Constant conflicts with the WestConstant conflicts with the West►Religious ToleranceReligious Tolerance

Millets- Self governing religious communitiesMillets- Self governing religious communities Government fused with religion- UlamaGovernment fused with religion- Ulama

►Power begins to recedePower begins to recede Resistance to western progressResistance to western progress Military and political competition for powerMilitary and political competition for power

Key ConceptsKey Concepts

► AbsolutismAbsolutism

► Divine Right Divine Right

► PrussiaPrussia

► Rise of the Nation StateRise of the Nation State

► More Centralized More Centralized AuthorityAuthority

► Constitutional Constitutional MonarchyMonarchy

► Enlightened MonarchEnlightened Monarch

► AustriaAustria

► Battle For Supremacy Battle For Supremacy in Europein Europe

► Growth and reform of Growth and reform of the Bureaucracythe Bureaucracy