The active recipient: Participatory journalism through the lens of the Dewey-Lippmann debate

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The Active Recipient:

Participatory Journalism Through the Lens of the

Dewey-Lippmann Debate

ORIGINAL ARTICLE - ISOJ 2011

Alfred Hermida, University of British Columbia, Canada

David Domingo, Universitat Rovira i Virgili in Tarragona, Spain

Ari Heinonen, University of Tampere, Finland

Steve Paulussen, University of Antwerp, Vrije Universiteit

Brussel, Ghent University, Belgium

Thorsten Quandt, University of Hohenheim, Germany

Zvi Reich, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Israel

Jane B. Singer, University of Iowa, USA

Marina Vujnovic, Monmouth University, USA

Professional news outlets are providing numerous opportunities for the

public to contribute. This study draws on the perspectives of Walter

Lippmann and John Dewey to examine how journalists view participatory

journalism. Based on interviews with journalists from two dozen newspa-

per websites, as well as a consideration of those sites, we suggest that

news professionals view the user as an active recipient of the news. As

active recipients, users are framed as idea generators and observers of

newsworthy events at the start of the journalistic process, and then in an

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Lippmann, Dewey and Participatory Journalism

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Methodology

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Yg"uwiiguv"vjcv"vjg"yc{"rctvkekrcvqt{"lqwtpcnkuo"jcu"dggp"cfqrvgf"cpf"korngogpvgf"hcnnu"uqogyjgtg"dgvyggp"NkrrocppÓu"xkgy"qh"vjg"ogfkc"cpf"c"Fgyg{cp"crrtqcej0"Qxgtcnn."pgyu"rtqhguukqpcnu"xkgy"cwfkgpegu"cu"tgegkxgtu"qh"kphqtocvkqp"etgcvgf"cpf"eqpvtqnngf"d{"vjg"lqwtpcnkuv0"Dwv"cv"vjg"ucog"vkog."pgyu"qticpk¦cvkqpu"ctg"rtq/xkfkpi"itgcvgt"qrrqtvwpkvkgu"hqt"cwfkgpegu"vq"gpicig"kp"vjg"rwdnke"fkueqwtug0"Kpfggf."uqog"lqwtpcnkuvu"ctg"kpvtkiwgf"d{"vjg"rquukdknkvkgu"qh"rctvkekrcvqt{"lqwtpcnkuo"vq"gpcdng"oqtg"xqkegu"vq"dg"jgctf."cpf"rgtjcru"gxgp"hwnÝn"fgnkdgtcvkxg"kfgcnu"kp"c"fgoqetcvke"uqekgv{0

Note: This paper draws from research conducted for the book, Par-

ticipatory Journalism in Online Newspapers: Guarding the Internet’s

Open Gates, published in April 2011 by Wiley-Blackwell.

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Cnncp."U0"*4232+0"Lqwtpcnkuo"cpf"kvu"rwdnkeu<"Vjg"NkrrocppÎFgyg{"fgdcvg0"Kp"U0"Cnncp"*Gf0+."Tqwvngfig"eqorcpkqp"vq"pgyu"cpf"lqwt-nalism."*rr"82/92+0"Cdkpifqp."Qzqp<"Tqwvngfig0

Cnvgtocp."G0"*422:+0"Qwv"qh"rtkpv<"Vjg"fgcvj"cpf"nkhg"qh"vjg"Cogtkecp"pgyurcrgt0"The New Yorker."Octej"53."6:/820

Dqyocp."U0"("Yknnku."E0"*4225+0"Yg"ogfkc<"Jqy"cwfkgpegu"ctg"ujcrkpi"vjg"hwvwtg"qh"pgyu"cpf"kphqtocvkqp0"Vjg"Ogfkc"Egpvgt0"Tg/vtkgxgf"Lcpwct{"45."4232"htqo."jvvr<11yyy0j{rgtigpg0pgv1ygogfkc1ygdnqi0rjr

D{dgg."E0"*3;;;+0"Ecp"fgoqetce{"uwtxkxg"kp"vjg"rquv/hcevwcn"cigA<"C"tgvwtp"vq"vjg"Nkrrocpp/Fgyg{"fgdcvg"cdqwv"vjg"rqnkvkeu"qh"pgyu0"Journalism and Communication Monographs."3*3+."4;/840

Ejcornkp."F0"R0"("Mpqgfngt."L0"V0"*4228+0"Vjg"ogfkc."vjg"pgyu"cpf"


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fgoqetce{<"Tgxkukvkpi"vjg"Fgyg{"Nkrrocpp"fgdcvg0"Journal of

Economic Issues."62"*3+."357/3740

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Fgw¦g."O0"*4228+0"Rctvkekrcvkqp."tgogfkcvkqp."dtkeqncig<"Eqpukfgt/kpi"rtkpekrcn"eqorqpgpvu"qh"c"fkikvcn"ewnvwtg0"The Information Soci-

ety."44.85/970

Fgyg{."L0"*3;98+0"The middle works of John Dewey, 1899–19240"Ectdqpfcng."KN<"Uqwvjgtp"Knnkpqku"Wpkxgtukv{"Rtguu0"*Qtkikpcn"yqtm"rwdnkujgf"3;44+

Fgyg{."L0"*3;49+0"The public and its problems0"Pgy"[qtm<"J0"Jqnv"cpf"Eqorcp{0

Fqokpiq."F0."Vjqtuvgp"S0."Jgkpqpgp."C0."Rcwnwuugp."U0."Ukpigt."L0D0."("Xwlpqxke."O0"*422:+0"Rctvkekrcvqt{"lqwtpcnkuo"rtcevkegu"kp"vjg"ogfkc"cpf"dg{qpf<"Cp"kpvgtpcvkqpcn"eqorctcvkxg"uvwf{"qh"kpkvkcvkxgu"kp"qpnkpg"pgyurcrgtu0"Journalism Practice"4*5+."548/5640""

Icpu."J0"L0"*4225+"Democracy and the news0"Pgy"[qtm<"Qzhqtf"Wpkxgtukv{"Rtguu0

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people, for the people0"Ugdcuvqrqn<"QÓTgknn{0

Jcdgtocu."L0"*3;:;+0"The structural transformation of the public

sphere: An inquiry into a category of bourgeois society0"Ecodtkfig."OC<"OKV"Rtguu0"

Jcttkuqp."L0"*4232+0"Wugt/igpgtcvgf"eqpvgpv"cpf"icvgmggrkpi"cv"vjg"DDE"jwd0"Journalism Studies"33*4+<"465/4780


378

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Lgpmkpu."J0"*4228+0"Convergence culture: Where old and new me-

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Rcwnwuugp."U0.."Fqokpiq."F0."Jgkpqpgp."C0."Ukpigt."L0D0."Swcpfv."V0."("Xwlpqxke."O0"*422:+0"Ekvk¦gp"rctvkekrcvkqp"kp"qpnkpg"pgyu"ogfkc<"Cp"qxgtxkgy"qh"ewttgpv"fgxgnqrogpvu"kp"hqwt"Gwtqrgcp"eqwpvtkgu"cpf"vjg"Wpkvgf"Uvcvgu0"Kp<"V0"Swcpfv."cpf"Y0"Uejygkigt"*Gfu0+."Journalismus online: Partizipation oder profession?"*rr"485/4:5+0"Ykgudcfgp<"Xgtnci"h¯t"Uq¦kcnykuugpuejchvgp0

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7+"Kpvgtrtgvcvkqp<"Vjg"uvcig"cv"yjkej"c"uvqt{"vjcv"jcu"dggp"rtq/fwegf"cpf"rwdnkujgf"ku"qrgpgf"wr"vq"eqoogpv"cpf"fkuewuukqp0""Eqnngevkxg"kpvgtxkgyu<"Ejcvu"ykvj"lqwtpcnkuvu"qt"kpxkvgf"iwguvu."ykvj"swguvkqpu"uwdokvvgf"d{"tgcfgtu"cpf"v{rkecnn{"oqfgtcvgf"d{"c"pgyu"rtqhguukqpcn0"Vjgug"ctg"wuwcnn{"ygdecuv"kp"cwfkq"qt"xkfgq."qt"vtcp/uetkdgf"nkxg."qhhgtkpi"c"ugpug"qh"kpvgtcevkxkv{"cpf"koogfkce{0

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Lqwtpcnkuv"dnqiu<"Cwvjqtgf"d{"qpg"qt"oqtg"lqwtpcnkuvu."ykvj"ujqtv"ctvkengu"kp"tgxgtug"ejtqpqnqikecn"qtfgt0"Lqwtpcnkuv"dnqiu"*cnuq"ecnngf"Ðl/dnqiuÑ+"qhvgp"ctg"cuuqekcvgf"ykvj"c"urgekÝe"vqrke"qt"rgturgevkxg."ykvj"vjg"hceknkv{"hqt"tgcfgtu"vq"eqoogpv"qp"gpvtkgu0

Rqnnu<"Vqrkecn"swguvkqpu"rqugf"d{"lqwtpcnkuvu."ykvj"wugtu"cumgf"vq"ocmg"c"ownvkrng"ejqkeg"qt"dkpct{"tgurqpug0"Vjgug"rqnnu"rtqxkfg"kpuvcpv"cpf"swcpvkÝcdng"hggfdcem"vq"wugtu0


37;

APPENDIX A

Country Newspaper Website homepage

Belgium

Het Belang van Limburg / Gazet

van Antwerpen hbvl.be /gva.be

Het Nieuwsblad pkgwyudncf0dg

De Standaard uvcpfcctf0dg

Ecpcfc The Globe and Mail vjginqdgcpfockn0eqo

The National Post pcvkqpcnrquv0eqo

Etqcvkc 24 Hours 46ucvc0jt

Vecernji List xgegtplk0jt

Hkpncpf Helsingin Sanomat ju0Ý

Kaleva mcngxc0Ý

Htcpeg Le Figaro ngÝictq0ht

Le Monde ngoqpfg0ht

Le Post"*chÝnkcvgf"ykvj"Le Monde+ ngrquv0ht

Igtocp{ Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung HC¥0pgv

Focus hqewu0fg

Der Spiegel urkgign0fg

Süddeutsche Zeitung uwgffgwvuejg0fg

Kutcgn Haaretz jcctgv¦0eq0kn

PTI pti0eq0kn

Ynet {pgv0eq0kn

Urckp 20 Minutos 42okpwvqu0gu

El País gnrcku0eqo"

Wpkvgf"Mkpifqo The Guardian"cpf"The Observer iwctfkcp0eq0wmThe Daily / Sunday Telegraph vgngitcrj0eq0wm

Wpkvgf"Uvcvgu USA Today WUCVqfc{0eqo"

The Washington Post ycujkpivqprquv0eqo


382

Alfred Hermida is an award-winning online news pioneer, digital media

scholar and journalism educator. He is an assistant professor at the

Graduate School of Journalism, University of British Columbia, Canada.

His research into digital journalism and social media has been published

in Journalism Practice and M/C Journal. Hermida was a BBC journalist for

16 years, helping to found the BBC News website.

David Domingo, PhD, is a senior lecturer in online journalism at the De-

rctvogpv"qh"Eqoowpkecvkqp"Uvwfkgu"qh"Wpkxgtukvcv"Tqxktc"k"Xktiknk"kp"Vcttc-

gona, Spain. His research interests include online journalists’ professional

ideology and work routines, as well as participatory journalism and con-

vergence. He is co-editor, with Chris Paterson, of Making Online News:

The Ethnography of New Media Production (Peter Lang, 2008).

Ari Heinonen, PhD, is journalism teacher and researcher in the Depart-

ment of Journalism and Mass Communication at the University of Tam-

pere, Finland. A former newspaper journalist, he has focused his aca-

demic research on explorations of the changing nature of professionalism

in journalism, concepts of journalism in the new media era and journalistic

ethics.

Steve Paulussen, PhD, is a part-time lecturer in journalism studies at

both the University of Antwerp and the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, as well

as a senior researcher at Ghent University, Belgium. His main research

kpvgtguvu"nkg"kp"vjg"Ýgnf"qh"lqwtpcnkuo"uvwfkgu."yjgtg"jg"jcu"rwdnkujgf"qp"developments in online journalism, newsroom convergence and the so-

ekqnqikecn"rtqÝng"qh"rtqhguukqpcn"lqwtpcnkuvu0

Thorsten Quandt, Dr. phil. habil. is a professor in Communication Stud-

ies / Interactive Media and Online Communication at the University of

Hohenheim, Germany. His widely published research includes studies on

online journalism, media evolution, network communication and computer

games.

¥xk"Tgkej."RjF."ku"c"hqtogt"lqwtpcnkuv"cpf"c"tgugctejgt"kp"lqwtpcnkuo"uvwf-

ies at the Department of Communication, Ben Gurion University of the

Negev, Israel. The author of Sourcing the News, (Hampton Press, 2009),


383

his research interests focus on online news, sociology of news, and

sourcing and authorship in journalism.

Jane B. Singer is an associate professor in the School of Journalism

and Mass Communication at the University of Iowa, USA, and a visiting

professor in the School of Journalism, Media and Communication at the

University of Central Lancashire, UK. Her research explores digital jour-

nalism, including changing roles, perceptions, norms and practices.

Marina Vujnovic, PhD, is an assistant professor at Monmouth University,

USA. The author of Forging the Bubikopf Nation: Journalism, Gender and

Oqfgtpkv{"kp"Kpvgtyct"[wiquncxkc"*Rgvgt"Ncpi."422;+."jgt"rtkoct{"Ýgnfu"qh"research are participatory journalism and new media studies, media his-

tory and gender, critical political economy, and cultural studies.

please provide emails

The active recipient: Participatory journalism through the lens of the Dewey-Lippmann debate

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