The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop

The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop

S.M.Mirzababaei

1388-89

Tehran University

In the name of GOD

History

• 2000 BC - Abacuses • 1614 AD - Slide Rules• 1640 AD - Adding Machine• 1671 AD - Calculating Machine• 1745 AD - Jacquard Machine• 1812 AD - Differential Machine• 1822 AD - Analytic Machine (Charles Babbage)• 1937 AD - Mark-1• 1944 AD - ENIAC• 1949 AD - EDVAC• 1951 AD - UNIVAC• 1953 AD - IBM

2The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop

Computer Generations

• 1st: Electro Mechanical– 103 Instruction Per Second

• 2nd: Transistor Based– 106 Instruction Per Second

• 3rd: IC Based– 109 Instruction Per Second

• 4th: VLSI Based– 1012Instruction Per Second

• 5th: Artificial Intelligence, Optical Systems, Wireless Communications, …


Essential Parts

• Vacuum Tubes• Resistor• Capacitor• Relay• Transistor• ICs• Diode• Crystals• Some Sensors• LEDs & LCDs• …


Bytes & Gates• Wire States:

– Analog– Digital

• Multi States: 0,1, 2, 3, 4, …– Binary Digital

• One (1), Zero (0), High Impedance (Z)• Important Gates are:

– AND, OR, NAND, NOR, NOT, XOR, XNOR• 1 bit = one binary digit• 4 bits = 1 Nibble• 8 bits = 1 Byte• 16 bits = 1 Word• 32 bits = a double word• 64 bits = a quad word


Intels 80x86 Family µProcessors

• 4004• 8008• 8080• 8085 Z80• 8086 8088 , 8087• 80186 80188 (µControllers)• 80286 (Protected Mode) 80287• 80386 (Full Protected Mode) 80387

– 80386DX, SX• i486 (80386+387) OverDrive

– i486DX,SX, i487SX, DX/2, DX/4, DX/5• Pentium

– MMX• Pentium Pro• Pentium II • Celeron/ Xeon• Pentium III

– Processor Unique ID• Pentium IV• Pentium D• Dual Core/Core Duo/Core 2 Duo/Centrino/ Intel M Tech• Quad Core/Hex Core/Oct Core (Westmere,Nehalem)• Multi Cores• Many Cores


Other µProcessor Families• FreeScale PPC401

– Apple/Motorola/IBM

• IBM Cell Engine– Dual Hammer Mode

• FreeScale/STI Cell Engine / Play Station 3• GPGPUs / 2.1 Billion Tr/Chip• Single Precision/ Dual Precision

– Catrina /Rita 2006

• Super Computers– Blue Gene/L/C/P/Q– Earth Simulator– Road Runner– IRIMO

• Software– Google’s Map/Reduce Model– Cooperative Parallelism

• MPI, PVM, Charm++


Parallel Processing• Micro Computers• Workstations• Mini Computers• Computers & Main Frames• IDCs vs. HPCs• Super Computers

– Clusters– MPPs– Constellations

• Grid Computing– Volunteer Computing– SETI@Home– BOINC

• Cloud Computing– Google App Engine

• Pervasive Computing– Aura / Aura@Home– Sixth Sense– …


PC Family

• IBM– PC – XT– AT ISA– PS/2 (Micro Channel Architecture)

• …– EISA

• VESA– Local Bus

• Intel– PCI

• Multi voltage, Multi Bus Width, Multi Speed

– PCI –X– PCI Express– AGP


Memories

• ROM

• RAM

• RAM Buffering

• ECC/FEC– 64/72/80 Bits Data Bus,


ROM

• MROM• PROM(27xx)

– EPROM (OTP)

• EPROM (UV)(27xx)• EEPROM (E2PROM)(28xx)• FE2PROM(28Fxx, 29xx)

– Charge Pump– SD/ MMC/ Sony’s Magic Gate/ …– Solid State HardDisks

• Size, Price, Life Time, …


ROM Contents

• POST• INIT• Configuration

– Ascii Table & font– Plug & Play

• Boot Strap• Setup Program• BIOS

• Dual Bios12The Abstract Titles of Computer

Workshop

RAM• SRAM (61xx,62xx)

– Cache Memory (L1/L2/L3)– NVRAM– VRAM (Dual Port RAM) (Samsung’s WRAM)

• DRAM(41xx)• FPM• EDO• SDRAM/PBSRAM/RDRAM/SGRAM• DDR/DDR2/DDR3/

– Double Data Rate-Double Pumped-Dual Pumped-Double Transition

• QDR/GDDR2/GDDR3/GDDR4/GDDR5• PS3’s XDR = DDR2 = GDDR4• MDDR• CAS Latency/t RAS to CAS Delay/t RAS Precharge/t Row Access Stroke

• Packaging– DIP/SIP– SIMM/DIMM/EBDIMM


Interface Parts

• Direct Memory Access (8237)• Programmable Interval Timer (8253,8254)• Programmable Interrupt Controller (8259)

– IRQs• Real Time Clock (M48T86PC1)• Programmable Peripheral Interface (8255)• USART, UART (8250/8251/16450/16550)• Floppy Controller (8271)• ChipSet (82284, … , 82371,82439, PC87306B)

– Above Chips + Glue Circuits + Appropriate Buffers + Bridges• PCI Chipsets

– 430HX, TX, …


Peripheral Devices

• Keyboard• Mouse• Joy-Sticks• Printers

– Laser Jet/ Bubble Jet/ Ink Jet

• Plotters• Digitizers• Scanners• Touch Screens• …

The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop

15

Peripheral Devices

• Serial Port– Start Bit– Stop Bit (1, 1.5, 2)– Parity Bit– Speed– Byte Wide

• Example– 8n1, 7e2, …


Peripheral Devices

• Parallel Port

• IEEE1284– SPP– PS/2– EPP– ECP

• DMA

• Hand Shaking


Peripheral Devices

• RS232C– Carrier Detect– Rxd– Txd– Data Terminal Ready– Ground– Data Set Ready– Request To Send– Clear To Send– Ring Indicator

• 0,1 +12v, -12v• D type connector


Peripheral Devices

• Modems– Half Duplex, Full Duplex– MNP1,2,3,4,5

• Error Correction Codes and Error Detection Codes• Data Compression

– Asymmetric Transition in 56.7Kbps Modems• E1 Lines

– ADSL– ITU: V standards


Peripheral Devices

• Fax– V.17 14400bps, V.29, V.27, V21– Fax Groups I, II, III, IV– Class I, Class II (binary file transfers, and

unattended fax transmission)

• Voice Modems• AT Commands Summary

– ATZ, ATH, ATL, ATS, ATD, ATX, ATU, ATO, +Fclass, +++, …


Peripheral Devices

• Sound Card– Frequency Modulation Synthesizer– DSP– Mixer– Wave Tables– PCM, ADPCM– Sound Parameters

• Mono, Stereo• Sampling Rate• Sampling Size• Sampling Time

– Sound Volume on Disk– File Formats

• MID, Wav, MP3, …


Peripheral Devices

• Microphones– Piezo Electric– Electro Magnetic– Carbon

• Speakers– Tweeters– Ordinaries– Sub Woofers


Peripheral Devices

• Cathodic Ray Tubes (CRTs)

• Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs)

• Plasma Display Panel (PDPs)

• Electro Luminescence Display (ELDs)

• Vacuum Fluorescence Displays (VFDs)

• Field Emission Displays (FEDs)


Peripheral Devices

• Cathodic Ray Tubes (CRTs)– Horizontal Signal and Vertical Signal– Interlacing and non Interlacing– Coloring– Canonic Rays– Calibrated Colors– X-Ray– Dot Pitch– Refresh Rate, …– Resolution– Flat Screens


Peripheral Devices

• Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs)– Active and Passive– Polarization– Coloring– View Angle– Speed– Power Consumption– Weight


Peripheral Devices

• Graphic Card– Controller– DDC Line and PnP– α Channel– Text and Graphic Modes (AN, APA)– Screen Size and its Memory Requirement– Accelerators (MPEG,3D, …)– MultiMonitoring


USB• Half Duplex• USB 1, 1.1, 2, 3

– Transfer Rate, 1.5 (Low Speed,1K5D-), 12(Full Speed, 1K5D+), 480(High Speed), 4800 Mbps (Super Speed, 2010)

• Host/Device/OTG– OHCI/ UHCI/ EHCI

• Classes– MSD, CDC, Style Image, Printer, HID, HUB, . . .

• SCSI Stack• Hot Plug• Plug & Play• Power Consumption• Cable Length, D+/D-, Vcc, GND

– NRZ, JK States

• 126 Devices• Signaling

– Enumeration, Configuration

– Transactions: Control, Isochronous, Interrupt, Bulk

– End Points, Pipes, Frames


FireWire

• iLink, IEEE 1394• 400 Mbps, 800 Mbps, 3.2 Gbps• Master/Slave• Read

– 5000 files, 300 MB 30% better than USB– 160 files, 650 MB 70% better than USB

• Write– 5000 files, 300 MB 16% better than USB– 160 files, 650 MB 48% better than USB


Wireless Technologies

• Infra Red (Line of Sight)

• Blue Tooth 802.15

• GSM, UMTS, EUMTS(Mobile 4G)

• WiFi/WLAN 802.11

• WiMAX 802.16


Infra Red

• Straight• P2P• Remote Control• Far (10um, warm), Near (0.5 um, cold)• IrdA• Serial Port Stack• TxD & RxD• SIR up to 115kbps• MIR up to 1.152 mbps• FIR up to 4mbps• VFIR up to 16 mbps• XP Support: IrLPT, IrOBEX, ImageIrTran_P, IrCOMM, IrNET


Blue Tooth• Ericson Company, Sony, IBM, Nokia, Intel, Toshiba, …• Peer To Peer• Spread spectrum 2.402 to 2.480• Piconet PAN• Dane King• Privacy Issues• Classes:

– 100 m, 10m, 1m

• 768 kbps• Security

– W/O– Before Connection– After Connection– Symmetric Encryption by 128 bits key

• 48 bits address• IEEE 802.15


WiMAX

• Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access 802.16.d

• IEEE 802.11 a,b,g• Up to 70 Mbps • Up to 70 miles• Line of Sight 10 - 66 GHz• Non Line of Sight 2-11 GHz• Video on LAN• Wireless MAN• Ad hoc Networks


Storage Devices

• Floppy Disk– 5¼ , 3½ – FAT

• Hard Disk– ESDI, ST506– Drive Geometry CHS

• Large / LBA

– Zone Bit/ Landing Zone/ Interleaving/ Pre Comp/ Auto Park– One Sided Buffer/2 Sided Buffers– ANSI X396.2 Committee– IDE/ EIDE

• Access Time, Data Transfer Rate

– SCSI• SCSI2,WideSCSI, Fast SCSI, Ultra SCSI, Ultra 2

– PCB Assembly, HAD, Clean Room


Optical Drives

• AT Attachment– PATA, SATA

– SATA, SATA II, SATA III• Hot Plug, Driver, RAID, Low Cost, Air Cond., Cable Length

• CD Silver/Gold• Double Sided/Single Sided• WORM• Super CD• DVD +/-• DVD Ram• Blu Ray• M/O Disks

– Magnetism / Polarization / Warm Laser34The Abstract Titles of Computer

Workshop

Disk Partitioning

• FDISK

• Format /S /U

• Active Partitioning

• Disk Assignment


Network

• Topologies– Start, Bus, Ring

• IP vs X.25• Telnet, Ftp, Web, Gopher, Mail, Trackle, …• VRML• RFS, NFS,IPC, RPC• File Servers, Print Servers• Daemons• PPP


Operating Systems

• Script Programming

• History– Unix, VMS, DOS, PCMOS, Windows, NT, Linux

• Important Commands– Help, CD, Mkdir, Cat, Time, …

• Protected Mode

• OS Installation

• Script Programming

• Multi Task, Multi User, Real Time OS

• Remote Control– Windows, Linux, DOS

• Multi Boot• Hypervisors

– Type I, Type II


Script Porgramming

• Linux Shell Script

• Windows Script Programming

• DOS Batch Files


The Abstract Titles of Computer Workshop

Documents