THE 20 TH-CENTURY ARCHITECTURE OF FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT Nomination to the World Heritage List by the United States of America (2016) Revised 2019
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The 20Th-cenTury ArchiTecTure of frAnk LLoyd WrighT
Nomination to the World Heritage List by the United States of America (2016) Revised 2019
n 2
Nomination to the World Heritage List by the United States of America (2016) Revised 2019
The 20Th-cenTury ArchiTecTure of
FOREWORD
The Frank Lloyd Wright Building Conservancy is honored to present this revised document, The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright, as a nomination for inscription to the World Heritage List. As the only organization with the mission to facilitate the pres- ervation and maintenance of the remaining structures designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, this nomination is one of the most important shared endeavors we have undertaken.
After the World Heritage Committee’s referral decision in July 2016, the Frank Lloyd Wright World Heritage Council worked closely with the United States National Park Service and, through them, with ICOMOS, to seriously consider their comments and use them to make appropriate changes to the proposal.
This dossier represents a strong collaboration between the eight Wright component sites and a group of established Wright scholars, in- cluding the Conservancy’s current and former Board members David DeLong, Neil Levine, Richard Longstreth, and Jack Quinan. We thank representatives from each site who contributed their time and knowledge to this project. We are enormously grateful to Lynda Waggoner and Scott Perkins (both of Fallingwater), Jeffrey Herr (Hollyhock House), and Stuart Graff (Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation) for their contributions to writing the revised sections, and to the invaluable guidance of Phyllis Ellin and Stephen Morris of the Office of International Affairs at the National Park Service.
Edith Payne Barbara Gordon
President Executive Director
53 W. Jackson Blvd., Suite 1120 | Chicago, IL 60604 | T 312.663.5500 | [email protected]
Composition and justification of the series
n Two of the components of the original series, Price Tower and the Marin County Civic Center, are no longer included, leaving eight components.
n Only criterion (ii) is now proposed as justification [criterion (i) was dropped at the suggestion of ICOMOS].
n Six additional buildings have been identified as possible future exten- sions to the series. These would include an example of a textile block house, two additional Usonian houses, an additional example of a Prai- rie house, a house in Japan, and the unique S.C. Johnson Administra- tion Building and Research Tower.
n A new historical context has been provided in Section 2.b.
n Section 3 has been revised to reflect these changes.
n The bibliography in Section 7 has been supplemented.
Boundaries
n The proposed boundaries of Taliesin West and Hollyhock House have been expanded.
n The proposed buffer zones of the Herbert and Katherine Jacobs House and Hollyhock House have been enlarged.
n Minor changes have been made to the buffer zones of Fallingwater and Taliesin.
n These boundary changes are explained in the Executive Summary and Section 2.a.
Protection and Management
n Additional information on the legal protections for the buffer zones has been provided in Section 5.c.
n New synthetic summaries of the management systems for the indi- vidual components and the overall management of the series has been provided in Section 5.c., for greater clarity and to address questions raised by ICOMOS.
n The monitoring indicators have been updated to reflect the revised Outstanding Universal Value.
n A number of supplementary documents relating to protection and management were provided following the onsite evaluation of the property in 2015. These are now listed in Section 7.b.
INTRODUCTION
Changes made in response to the World Heritage Committee’s 2016 Referral Decision and after Consultation with ICOMOS
How to Identify the Revised Parts of the Dossier
The revised parts of the dossier are indicated by green triangles in the lower right- or left-hand corner of the affected pages. The changed text (either the whole page, paragraph, or individual sentences) is highlighted in green. Other parts of the
dossier have been edited to streamline the text and update, clarify, and correct minor errors and inconsistencies.
Photograph courtesy of the Frank Lloyd Wright Archives (Museum of Modern Art/Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library, Columbia University, New York), 6007.0019.
i n
1.a State Party ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................28
1.d Geographical Coordinates to the Nearest Second ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 29
1.e Maps and Plans, Showing the Boundaries of the Nominated Property and Buffer Zone ..................................................................................................................................... 30
1.f Area of Nominated Property and Proposed Buffer Zone .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................51
Section 2. Description
2.b History and Development ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................119
Introduction by Richard Longstreth ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................184
Summary of Each Building’s Contribution to Outstanding Universal Value ......................................................................................................................................................................198
Conclusion: Demonstration of the Influence of the Series ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................202
3.1.c Statement of Integrity ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................218
n ii
Section 4. State of Conservation and Factors Affecting the Property
4.a Present State of Conservation ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................268
4.b Factors Affecting the Property ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................277
Section 5. Protection and Management of the Property
5.a Ownership .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................284
5.d Existing Plans ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................298
5.g Sources of Expertise and Training ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................316
5.h Visitor Facilities and Infrastructure ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................317
5.i Policies and Programs Related to the Presentation and Promotion of the Property ..............................................................................................................................................321
5.j Staffing Levels and Expertise ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................325
Section 6. Monitoring
6.b Administrative Arrangements for Monitoring Property .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................338
6.c Results of Previous Reporting Exercises ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................339
iii n
7.b Texts Relating to Protective Designation, Copies of Property Management Plans or Documented Management Systems, and Extracts of Other Plans Relevant to the Property .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................343
7.c Form and Date of Most Recent Records or Inventory of Property ...........................................................................................................................................................................................346
7.d Addresses Where Inventory, Records and Archives are Held .......................................................................................................................................................................................................346
7.e Bibliography ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................348
8.a Preparer ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................362
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 n
E X
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t h e 2 0 t h - c e n t u r y A r c h i t e c t u r e o f f r A n k L L o y d W r i g h t
State Party United States of America
State Arizona, California, Illinois, Pennsylvania, New York, Wisconsin
Name of Property The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright
The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright is a serial nomination that refers to structures designed by the American architect Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959), spanning the years 1905-1959 and located in six states across the United States of America.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Name of compoNeNt Site city / State GeoGraphical coordiNateS
unity Temple Oak Park 87°47'47.767"W Illinois 41°53’18.308”N
frederick c. robie house Chicago 87°35'45.053"W Illinois 41°47'23.001"N
Taliesin Spring Green 90°4’12.979”W Wisconsin 43°8’27.962”N
hollyhock house Los Angeles 118°17'34"W California 34°5'0.54"N
fallingwater Mill Run 79°27'59.312"W Pennsylvania 39°54'20.055"N
herbert and katherine Jacobs house Madison 43° 3' 30.8874"W Wisconsin 89° 26' 29.7594"N
Taliesin West Scottsdale 111°50'44.31"W Arizona 33°36'32.834"N
Solomon r. guggenheim Museum New York 73°57'35.353"W New York 40°46'57.72"N
3 n
E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y
Textual Description of the Boundaries of the Nominated Property The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright is a series of eight component sites located in six states within the United States of America. The boundaries of the eight component sites total 26.369ha. All component sites within the series have buffer zones proposed, totaling 710.103ha. For those components whose natural setting supports the Outstanding Universal Value, the buffer zones are consequently larger.
Generally, the boundaries for each component site were developed based on their respective National Historic Landmark boundaries, which are shown on the accompanying maps. Under United States law, the nominated property can- not exceed those boundaries. These boundaries were used for five of the eight components: Unity Temple, the Frederick C. Robie House, Hollyhock House, the Herbert and Katherine Jacobs House, and the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum.
For Taliesin, Fallingwater, and Taliesin West, which are located in expansive nat- ural settings, the boundaries are proposed to encompass the primary designed buildings and their immediate settings, while the much larger boundaries of the National Historic Landmarks contribute to the buffer zones, thus ensuring that the larger settings are protected. This is explained further in Sections 2.a and 3.1.c in response to the comments made by ICOMOS in their 2015 evaluation.
Letter Size Maps of the Nominated Property, Showing Boundaries and Buffer Zones Global/National Map Sources:
Environmental Systems Research Institute, Great Lakes Information Network, National Atlas, National Hydrography Dataset, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Natural Earth Data, United States Census, United States Department of Agriculture, United States Geological Survey, United States National Park Service.
State Map Sources:
Columbia University, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, State of Arizona, State of California, State of Kansas, State of New York, State of Wisconsin, Pennsylvania Spatial Data Access (PASDA), The Pennsylvania State University, Taliesin Preservation Inc., University of Arizona, University of Hawaii, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Western Pennsylvania Conservancy.
Local Map Sources:
City of Chicago, City of New York, City of Scottsdale (Arizona), Cook County (Illinois), Iowa County (Wisconsin), Los Angeles County (California), Maricopa County (Arizona).
Other Map Sources:
5 n
!!
L a k e
K a n e
Gary
Chicago
Hammond
Aurora
Projection: Transverse Mercator, North American Datum 1983 Production Date: September 2014 Gould Center, Department of Geography, The Pennsylvania State University
1:10,000,000
0 100km
Lake Michigan
1:60,000,000 0 1,000 km
Enlarged area at right
¹
The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright Unity Temple, Oak Park, Illinois – Regional Locator
n 6
The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright Unity Temple, Oak Park, Illinois
E
41.8878° N, 87.7995° W
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¹ Projection: Lambert Conformal Conic Datum: North American Datum 1983 Production Date: October 2015 Gould Center, Department of Geography The Pennsylvania State University
1:4,500
7 n
!!
K e n d a l l Gary
Chicago
Hammond
Projection: Transverse Mercator, North American Datum 1983 Production Date: September 2014 Gould Center, Department of Geography, The Pennsylvania State University
1:10,000,000
0 100km
¹1:60,000,000 0 1,000 km
0 10 km 1:700,000
Enlarged area at right
The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright Frederick C. Robie House, Chicago, Illinois – Regional Locator
n 8
!!
Key Works of Modern American Architecture by Frank Lloyd Wright Frederick C. Robie House, Chicago, Illinois City Locator
¹ Projection: Lambert Conformal Conic Datum: North American Datum 1983 Production Date: September 2014 Gould Center, Department of Geography The Pennsylvania State University
0 1Kilometers
r
r
Washington Park
Jackson Park
The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright Frederick C. Robie House, Chicago, Illinois – City Locator
9 n
!
41.7896° N, 87.5956° W
41.7896° N, 87.5979° W
Projection: Transverse Mercator Datum: North American Datum 1983 Production Date: November 2015 Gould Center, Department of Geography The Pennsylvania State University¹ 0 100 Meters
1:3,500
G r a n t
R i c h l a n d
L a f a y e t t e
S a u k
Lodi
Madison
Baraboo
Portage
Dodgeville
Reedsburg
Verona
OF AMERICA UNITED STATES
Projection: Lambert Conformal Conic, North American Datum 1983 Production Date: September 2014 Gould Center, Department of Geography, The Pennsylvania State University
1:60,000,000
1:9,000,000
0 1,000 km
0 100 km
The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright Taliesin, Spring Green, Wisconsin – Regional Locator
11 n
E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R YThe 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright Taliesin, Spring Green, Wisconsin
E
E
E
E
Projection: Lambert Conformal Conic Datum: North American Datum 1983 Production Date: September 2018 Gould Center, Department of Geography The Pennsylvania State University¹ 0 400 Meters
1:12,000
Taliesin
n 12
!!
Thousand Oaks
Simi Valley
Pacific Ocean
L o s A n g e l e sV e n t u r a
El Monte
Projection: California Teale Albers, North American Datum 1983 Production Date: September 2014 Gould Center, Department of Geography, The Pennsylvania State University
1:15,000,000
0 190km
!! OF AMERICA
UNITED STATES
1:60,000,000 0 1,000 km
The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright Hollyhock House, Los Angeles, California – Regional Locator
13 n
!!
Key Works of Modern American Architecture by Frank Lloyd Wright Hollyhock House, Los Angeles, California City Locator
¹ Projection: Lambert Conformal Conic Datum: North American Datum 1983 Production Date: September 2014 Gould Center, Department of Geography The Pennsylvania State University
0 1Kilometers
estern Ave
N W
The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright Hollyhock House, Los Angeles, California – City Locator
E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y
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The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright Hollyhock House, Los Angeles, California
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Lower Rd
Key Works of Modern Architecture by Frank Lloyd Wright Hollyhock House, Los Angeles, California
¹ 0 100 Meters 1:3,000
Projection: Lambert Conformal Conic Datum: North American Datum 1983 Production Date: Gould Center, Department of Geography The Pennsylvania State University
Hollyhock House
Residence "A"
Junior Art GallerySpring
Barnsdall Shopping Center
September 2018
Green Space/Park
15 n
E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R YThe 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright Fallingwater, Mill Run, Pennsylvania – Regional Locator
!!Mill Run
§¦70£¤40
W a s h i n g t o n
G a r r e t t M o n o n g a l i a
F a y e t t e
P r e s t o n
W e s t m o r e l a n d A l l e g h e n y
S o m e r s e t
I n d i a n a
Morgantown
Uniontown
Jeannette
Latrobe
!!
Projection: Lambert Conformal Conic, North American Datum 1983 Production Date: September 2014 Gould Center, Department of Geography, The Pennsylvania State University
1:60,000,000
1:7,000,000
0 1,000km
0 100km
39.890° N, 79.442° W
Youghiogheny River
Projection: Lambert Conformal Conic Datum: North American Datum 1983 Production Date: November 2015 Gould Center, Department of Geography The Pennsylvania State University¹ 0 400Meters
1:20,000
Fallingwater
The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright Fallingwater, Mill Run, Pennsylvania
17 n
!!
L a f a y e t t e
S a u k
C o l u m b i a
Lodi
Madison
Monona
Edgerton
Milton
Baraboo
Portage
Dodgeville
Reedsburg
Verona
OF AMERICA UNITED STATES
Projection: Lambert Conformal Conic, North American Datum 1983 Production Date: September 2014 Gould Center, Department of Geography, The Pennsylvania State University
1:60,000,000
1:9,000,000
0 1,000km
0 100km
n 18
The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright Herbert and Katherine Jacobs House, Madison, Wisconsin
E
43.0590º N, 89.4411º W
Herbert and Katherine Jacobs House, Madison, Wisconsin
Projection: Lambert Conformal Conic Datum: North American Datum 1983 Production Date: November 2016 Gould Center, Department of Geography The Pennsylvania State University¹ 0 100Meters
1:3,000
89.438° W
89.438° W
89.440° W
89.440° W
89.442° W
89.442° W
89.444° W
89.444° W
£¤60
Ya v a p a i
M a r i c o p a
!!
!!
Projection: Transverse Mercator, North American Datum 1983 Production Date: September 2014 Gould Center, Department of Geography, The Pennsylvania State University
1:60,000,000
1:12,000,000
0 1,000km
0 200km
The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright Taliesin West, Scottsdale, Arizona – Regional Locator
E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y
n 20
The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright Taliesin West, Scottsdale, Arizona
E
E
E
E
E
E
Projection: Transverse Mercator Datum: North American Datum 1983 Production Date: September 2018 Gould Center, Department of Geography The Pennsylvania State University¹ 0 400 Meters
1:15,000 111.830° W
Green Space/Park
21 n
!!
M o n m o u t h
U n i o n
B e r g e n
P a s s a i c
M o r r i s
M i d d l e s e x
N e w Yo r k Q u e e n s
B r o n x
R i c h m o n d
R o c k l a n d W e s t c h e s t e r
N a s s a u
K i n g s
F a i r f i e l d
Location of Nominated Property
!!
0 10km 1:700,000
Projection: Lambert Conformal Conic, North American Datum 1983 Production Date: September 2014 Gould Center, Department of Geography, The Pennsylvania State University
1:60,000,000
1:8,000,000
0 1,000km
0 100km
Guggenheim Museum
Key Works of Modern American Architecture by Frank Lloyd Wright Guggenheim Museum, New York, New York City Locator
¹ Projection: Lambert Conformal Conic Datum: North American Datum 1983 Production Date: September 2014 Gould Center, Department of Geography The Pennsylvania State University
0 1Kilometers
A ve
Central Park
The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright Guggenheim Museum, New York, New York – City Locator
23 n
E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R YThe 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright Guggenheim Museum, New York, New York
E
E
E
E
Guggenheim Museum, New York, New York
Projection: Lambert Conformal Conic Datum: North American Datum 1983 Production Date: October 2015 Gould Center, Department of Geography The Pennsylvania State University¹ 0 100Meters
1:3,000
Guggenheim Museum
n 24
t h e 2 0 t h - c e n t u r y A r c h i t e c t u r e o f f r A n k L L o y d W r i g h t
Criterion Under Which Property is Nominated The series The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright is nominated under the following criterion:
(ii) To exhibit an important interchange of human values, over a span of time or within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town-planning, or landscape design.
Draft Statement of Outstanding Universal Value Brief synthesis
The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright is a series of eight buildings that illustrate a full range of ways in which Wright’s unique approach to archi- tectural design fused form with spirit to influence the course of architecture in both North America and beyond. The components, located in six states across the continental United States of America, were designed and built over a period spanning the first half of the twentieth century. Each has strong individual char- acteristics, presenting a specific aspect or facet of a new architectural solution to the needs of Americans for housing, worship, work, and leisure. The build- ings employ geometric abstraction and spatial manipulation as a response to functional and emotional needs and are based literally or figuratively on nature’s forms and principles. In adapting inspirations from global cultures, they break free of traditional forms and facilitate modern life. Wright’s solutions would go on to influence architecture and design throughout the world, and continue to do so to this day.
The components of the series include houses both grand and modest (includ- ing the consummate example of a “Prairie” house and the prototype “Usonian” house); a place of worship; a museum; and complexes of the architect’s own homes with studio and education facilities. These buildings are located variously in city, suburb, forest, and desert. The substantial range of function, scale, and setting in the series underscores both the consistency and the wide applicabil- ity of these principles, which are often called “organic architecture.” Each has been specifically recognized for its individual influence, which also contributes uniquely to the elaboration of this original architectural language.
The series showcases innovations such as: the open plan; the blurring of the boundary between interior and exterior; new uses of materials such as steel and concrete, as in cantilevered construction; new technologies such as radiant heat- ing; the embrace of the automobile; and explicit responses to natural settings. Such features, however,…
Nomination to the World Heritage List by the United States of America (2016) Revised 2019
n 2
Nomination to the World Heritage List by the United States of America (2016) Revised 2019
The 20Th-cenTury ArchiTecTure of
FOREWORD
The Frank Lloyd Wright Building Conservancy is honored to present this revised document, The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright, as a nomination for inscription to the World Heritage List. As the only organization with the mission to facilitate the pres- ervation and maintenance of the remaining structures designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, this nomination is one of the most important shared endeavors we have undertaken.
After the World Heritage Committee’s referral decision in July 2016, the Frank Lloyd Wright World Heritage Council worked closely with the United States National Park Service and, through them, with ICOMOS, to seriously consider their comments and use them to make appropriate changes to the proposal.
This dossier represents a strong collaboration between the eight Wright component sites and a group of established Wright scholars, in- cluding the Conservancy’s current and former Board members David DeLong, Neil Levine, Richard Longstreth, and Jack Quinan. We thank representatives from each site who contributed their time and knowledge to this project. We are enormously grateful to Lynda Waggoner and Scott Perkins (both of Fallingwater), Jeffrey Herr (Hollyhock House), and Stuart Graff (Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation) for their contributions to writing the revised sections, and to the invaluable guidance of Phyllis Ellin and Stephen Morris of the Office of International Affairs at the National Park Service.
Edith Payne Barbara Gordon
President Executive Director
53 W. Jackson Blvd., Suite 1120 | Chicago, IL 60604 | T 312.663.5500 | [email protected]
Composition and justification of the series
n Two of the components of the original series, Price Tower and the Marin County Civic Center, are no longer included, leaving eight components.
n Only criterion (ii) is now proposed as justification [criterion (i) was dropped at the suggestion of ICOMOS].
n Six additional buildings have been identified as possible future exten- sions to the series. These would include an example of a textile block house, two additional Usonian houses, an additional example of a Prai- rie house, a house in Japan, and the unique S.C. Johnson Administra- tion Building and Research Tower.
n A new historical context has been provided in Section 2.b.
n Section 3 has been revised to reflect these changes.
n The bibliography in Section 7 has been supplemented.
Boundaries
n The proposed boundaries of Taliesin West and Hollyhock House have been expanded.
n The proposed buffer zones of the Herbert and Katherine Jacobs House and Hollyhock House have been enlarged.
n Minor changes have been made to the buffer zones of Fallingwater and Taliesin.
n These boundary changes are explained in the Executive Summary and Section 2.a.
Protection and Management
n Additional information on the legal protections for the buffer zones has been provided in Section 5.c.
n New synthetic summaries of the management systems for the indi- vidual components and the overall management of the series has been provided in Section 5.c., for greater clarity and to address questions raised by ICOMOS.
n The monitoring indicators have been updated to reflect the revised Outstanding Universal Value.
n A number of supplementary documents relating to protection and management were provided following the onsite evaluation of the property in 2015. These are now listed in Section 7.b.
INTRODUCTION
Changes made in response to the World Heritage Committee’s 2016 Referral Decision and after Consultation with ICOMOS
How to Identify the Revised Parts of the Dossier
The revised parts of the dossier are indicated by green triangles in the lower right- or left-hand corner of the affected pages. The changed text (either the whole page, paragraph, or individual sentences) is highlighted in green. Other parts of the
dossier have been edited to streamline the text and update, clarify, and correct minor errors and inconsistencies.
Photograph courtesy of the Frank Lloyd Wright Archives (Museum of Modern Art/Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library, Columbia University, New York), 6007.0019.
i n
1.a State Party ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................28
1.d Geographical Coordinates to the Nearest Second ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 29
1.e Maps and Plans, Showing the Boundaries of the Nominated Property and Buffer Zone ..................................................................................................................................... 30
1.f Area of Nominated Property and Proposed Buffer Zone .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................51
Section 2. Description
2.b History and Development ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................119
Introduction by Richard Longstreth ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................184
Summary of Each Building’s Contribution to Outstanding Universal Value ......................................................................................................................................................................198
Conclusion: Demonstration of the Influence of the Series ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................202
3.1.c Statement of Integrity ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................218
n ii
Section 4. State of Conservation and Factors Affecting the Property
4.a Present State of Conservation ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................268
4.b Factors Affecting the Property ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................277
Section 5. Protection and Management of the Property
5.a Ownership .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................284
5.d Existing Plans ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................298
5.g Sources of Expertise and Training ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................316
5.h Visitor Facilities and Infrastructure ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................317
5.i Policies and Programs Related to the Presentation and Promotion of the Property ..............................................................................................................................................321
5.j Staffing Levels and Expertise ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................325
Section 6. Monitoring
6.b Administrative Arrangements for Monitoring Property .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................338
6.c Results of Previous Reporting Exercises ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................339
iii n
7.b Texts Relating to Protective Designation, Copies of Property Management Plans or Documented Management Systems, and Extracts of Other Plans Relevant to the Property .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................343
7.c Form and Date of Most Recent Records or Inventory of Property ...........................................................................................................................................................................................346
7.d Addresses Where Inventory, Records and Archives are Held .......................................................................................................................................................................................................346
7.e Bibliography ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................348
8.a Preparer ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................362
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 n
E X
E C
U T
IV E
S U
M M
A R
n 2
t h e 2 0 t h - c e n t u r y A r c h i t e c t u r e o f f r A n k L L o y d W r i g h t
State Party United States of America
State Arizona, California, Illinois, Pennsylvania, New York, Wisconsin
Name of Property The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright
The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright is a serial nomination that refers to structures designed by the American architect Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959), spanning the years 1905-1959 and located in six states across the United States of America.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Name of compoNeNt Site city / State GeoGraphical coordiNateS
unity Temple Oak Park 87°47'47.767"W Illinois 41°53’18.308”N
frederick c. robie house Chicago 87°35'45.053"W Illinois 41°47'23.001"N
Taliesin Spring Green 90°4’12.979”W Wisconsin 43°8’27.962”N
hollyhock house Los Angeles 118°17'34"W California 34°5'0.54"N
fallingwater Mill Run 79°27'59.312"W Pennsylvania 39°54'20.055"N
herbert and katherine Jacobs house Madison 43° 3' 30.8874"W Wisconsin 89° 26' 29.7594"N
Taliesin West Scottsdale 111°50'44.31"W Arizona 33°36'32.834"N
Solomon r. guggenheim Museum New York 73°57'35.353"W New York 40°46'57.72"N
3 n
E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y
Textual Description of the Boundaries of the Nominated Property The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright is a series of eight component sites located in six states within the United States of America. The boundaries of the eight component sites total 26.369ha. All component sites within the series have buffer zones proposed, totaling 710.103ha. For those components whose natural setting supports the Outstanding Universal Value, the buffer zones are consequently larger.
Generally, the boundaries for each component site were developed based on their respective National Historic Landmark boundaries, which are shown on the accompanying maps. Under United States law, the nominated property can- not exceed those boundaries. These boundaries were used for five of the eight components: Unity Temple, the Frederick C. Robie House, Hollyhock House, the Herbert and Katherine Jacobs House, and the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum.
For Taliesin, Fallingwater, and Taliesin West, which are located in expansive nat- ural settings, the boundaries are proposed to encompass the primary designed buildings and their immediate settings, while the much larger boundaries of the National Historic Landmarks contribute to the buffer zones, thus ensuring that the larger settings are protected. This is explained further in Sections 2.a and 3.1.c in response to the comments made by ICOMOS in their 2015 evaluation.
Letter Size Maps of the Nominated Property, Showing Boundaries and Buffer Zones Global/National Map Sources:
Environmental Systems Research Institute, Great Lakes Information Network, National Atlas, National Hydrography Dataset, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Natural Earth Data, United States Census, United States Department of Agriculture, United States Geological Survey, United States National Park Service.
State Map Sources:
Columbia University, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, State of Arizona, State of California, State of Kansas, State of New York, State of Wisconsin, Pennsylvania Spatial Data Access (PASDA), The Pennsylvania State University, Taliesin Preservation Inc., University of Arizona, University of Hawaii, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Western Pennsylvania Conservancy.
Local Map Sources:
City of Chicago, City of New York, City of Scottsdale (Arizona), Cook County (Illinois), Iowa County (Wisconsin), Los Angeles County (California), Maricopa County (Arizona).
Other Map Sources:
5 n
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L a k e
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Gary
Chicago
Hammond
Aurora
Projection: Transverse Mercator, North American Datum 1983 Production Date: September 2014 Gould Center, Department of Geography, The Pennsylvania State University
1:10,000,000
0 100km
Lake Michigan
1:60,000,000 0 1,000 km
Enlarged area at right
¹
The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright Unity Temple, Oak Park, Illinois – Regional Locator
n 6
The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright Unity Temple, Oak Park, Illinois
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41.8878° N, 87.7995° W
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¹ Projection: Lambert Conformal Conic Datum: North American Datum 1983 Production Date: October 2015 Gould Center, Department of Geography The Pennsylvania State University
1:4,500
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K e n d a l l Gary
Chicago
Hammond
Projection: Transverse Mercator, North American Datum 1983 Production Date: September 2014 Gould Center, Department of Geography, The Pennsylvania State University
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0 100km
¹1:60,000,000 0 1,000 km
0 10 km 1:700,000
Enlarged area at right
The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright Frederick C. Robie House, Chicago, Illinois – Regional Locator
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Key Works of Modern American Architecture by Frank Lloyd Wright Frederick C. Robie House, Chicago, Illinois City Locator
¹ Projection: Lambert Conformal Conic Datum: North American Datum 1983 Production Date: September 2014 Gould Center, Department of Geography The Pennsylvania State University
0 1Kilometers
r
r
Washington Park
Jackson Park
The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright Frederick C. Robie House, Chicago, Illinois – City Locator
9 n
!
41.7896° N, 87.5956° W
41.7896° N, 87.5979° W
Projection: Transverse Mercator Datum: North American Datum 1983 Production Date: November 2015 Gould Center, Department of Geography The Pennsylvania State University¹ 0 100 Meters
1:3,500
G r a n t
R i c h l a n d
L a f a y e t t e
S a u k
Lodi
Madison
Baraboo
Portage
Dodgeville
Reedsburg
Verona
OF AMERICA UNITED STATES
Projection: Lambert Conformal Conic, North American Datum 1983 Production Date: September 2014 Gould Center, Department of Geography, The Pennsylvania State University
1:60,000,000
1:9,000,000
0 1,000 km
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The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright Taliesin, Spring Green, Wisconsin – Regional Locator
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E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R YThe 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright Taliesin, Spring Green, Wisconsin
E
E
E
E
Projection: Lambert Conformal Conic Datum: North American Datum 1983 Production Date: September 2018 Gould Center, Department of Geography The Pennsylvania State University¹ 0 400 Meters
1:12,000
Taliesin
n 12
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Thousand Oaks
Simi Valley
Pacific Ocean
L o s A n g e l e sV e n t u r a
El Monte
Projection: California Teale Albers, North American Datum 1983 Production Date: September 2014 Gould Center, Department of Geography, The Pennsylvania State University
1:15,000,000
0 190km
!! OF AMERICA
UNITED STATES
1:60,000,000 0 1,000 km
The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright Hollyhock House, Los Angeles, California – Regional Locator
13 n
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Key Works of Modern American Architecture by Frank Lloyd Wright Hollyhock House, Los Angeles, California City Locator
¹ Projection: Lambert Conformal Conic Datum: North American Datum 1983 Production Date: September 2014 Gould Center, Department of Geography The Pennsylvania State University
0 1Kilometers
estern Ave
N W
The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright Hollyhock House, Los Angeles, California – City Locator
E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y
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The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright Hollyhock House, Los Angeles, California
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Key Works of Modern Architecture by Frank Lloyd Wright Hollyhock House, Los Angeles, California
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Projection: Lambert Conformal Conic Datum: North American Datum 1983 Production Date: Gould Center, Department of Geography The Pennsylvania State University
Hollyhock House
Residence "A"
Junior Art GallerySpring
Barnsdall Shopping Center
September 2018
Green Space/Park
15 n
E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R YThe 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright Fallingwater, Mill Run, Pennsylvania – Regional Locator
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S o m e r s e t
I n d i a n a
Morgantown
Uniontown
Jeannette
Latrobe
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Projection: Lambert Conformal Conic, North American Datum 1983 Production Date: September 2014 Gould Center, Department of Geography, The Pennsylvania State University
1:60,000,000
1:7,000,000
0 1,000km
0 100km
39.890° N, 79.442° W
Youghiogheny River
Projection: Lambert Conformal Conic Datum: North American Datum 1983 Production Date: November 2015 Gould Center, Department of Geography The Pennsylvania State University¹ 0 400Meters
1:20,000
Fallingwater
The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright Fallingwater, Mill Run, Pennsylvania
17 n
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L a f a y e t t e
S a u k
C o l u m b i a
Lodi
Madison
Monona
Edgerton
Milton
Baraboo
Portage
Dodgeville
Reedsburg
Verona
OF AMERICA UNITED STATES
Projection: Lambert Conformal Conic, North American Datum 1983 Production Date: September 2014 Gould Center, Department of Geography, The Pennsylvania State University
1:60,000,000
1:9,000,000
0 1,000km
0 100km
n 18
The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright Herbert and Katherine Jacobs House, Madison, Wisconsin
E
43.0590º N, 89.4411º W
Herbert and Katherine Jacobs House, Madison, Wisconsin
Projection: Lambert Conformal Conic Datum: North American Datum 1983 Production Date: November 2016 Gould Center, Department of Geography The Pennsylvania State University¹ 0 100Meters
1:3,000
89.438° W
89.438° W
89.440° W
89.440° W
89.442° W
89.442° W
89.444° W
89.444° W
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Projection: Transverse Mercator, North American Datum 1983 Production Date: September 2014 Gould Center, Department of Geography, The Pennsylvania State University
1:60,000,000
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The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright Taliesin West, Scottsdale, Arizona – Regional Locator
E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y
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The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright Taliesin West, Scottsdale, Arizona
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E
E
E
E
E
Projection: Transverse Mercator Datum: North American Datum 1983 Production Date: September 2018 Gould Center, Department of Geography The Pennsylvania State University¹ 0 400 Meters
1:15,000 111.830° W
Green Space/Park
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M o n m o u t h
U n i o n
B e r g e n
P a s s a i c
M o r r i s
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N e w Yo r k Q u e e n s
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R i c h m o n d
R o c k l a n d W e s t c h e s t e r
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K i n g s
F a i r f i e l d
Location of Nominated Property
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0 10km 1:700,000
Projection: Lambert Conformal Conic, North American Datum 1983 Production Date: September 2014 Gould Center, Department of Geography, The Pennsylvania State University
1:60,000,000
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Guggenheim Museum
Key Works of Modern American Architecture by Frank Lloyd Wright Guggenheim Museum, New York, New York City Locator
¹ Projection: Lambert Conformal Conic Datum: North American Datum 1983 Production Date: September 2014 Gould Center, Department of Geography The Pennsylvania State University
0 1Kilometers
A ve
Central Park
The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright Guggenheim Museum, New York, New York – City Locator
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E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R YThe 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright Guggenheim Museum, New York, New York
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E
E
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Guggenheim Museum, New York, New York
Projection: Lambert Conformal Conic Datum: North American Datum 1983 Production Date: October 2015 Gould Center, Department of Geography The Pennsylvania State University¹ 0 100Meters
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Guggenheim Museum
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t h e 2 0 t h - c e n t u r y A r c h i t e c t u r e o f f r A n k L L o y d W r i g h t
Criterion Under Which Property is Nominated The series The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright is nominated under the following criterion:
(ii) To exhibit an important interchange of human values, over a span of time or within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town-planning, or landscape design.
Draft Statement of Outstanding Universal Value Brief synthesis
The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright is a series of eight buildings that illustrate a full range of ways in which Wright’s unique approach to archi- tectural design fused form with spirit to influence the course of architecture in both North America and beyond. The components, located in six states across the continental United States of America, were designed and built over a period spanning the first half of the twentieth century. Each has strong individual char- acteristics, presenting a specific aspect or facet of a new architectural solution to the needs of Americans for housing, worship, work, and leisure. The build- ings employ geometric abstraction and spatial manipulation as a response to functional and emotional needs and are based literally or figuratively on nature’s forms and principles. In adapting inspirations from global cultures, they break free of traditional forms and facilitate modern life. Wright’s solutions would go on to influence architecture and design throughout the world, and continue to do so to this day.
The components of the series include houses both grand and modest (includ- ing the consummate example of a “Prairie” house and the prototype “Usonian” house); a place of worship; a museum; and complexes of the architect’s own homes with studio and education facilities. These buildings are located variously in city, suburb, forest, and desert. The substantial range of function, scale, and setting in the series underscores both the consistency and the wide applicabil- ity of these principles, which are often called “organic architecture.” Each has been specifically recognized for its individual influence, which also contributes uniquely to the elaboration of this original architectural language.
The series showcases innovations such as: the open plan; the blurring of the boundary between interior and exterior; new uses of materials such as steel and concrete, as in cantilevered construction; new technologies such as radiant heat- ing; the embrace of the automobile; and explicit responses to natural settings. Such features, however,…
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