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re- o on a n uences nthe Asia-Pacific Re ion
Emeritus Professor Carl ThayerEmeritus Professor Carl Thayer
Centre forCentre for DefenceDefence and Strategic Studiesand Strategic Studies
,,
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1.1. BackgroundBackgroundGeography, climate,Geography, climate,water, domesticationwater, domestication
of crops andof crops andanimals, surplusanimals, surplus
pro uc on, se en arypro uc on, se en ary
societies, writing,societies, writing,
(kings, bureaucrats,(kings, bureaucrats,
military, corveemilitary, corvee
labour, craftsmen)labour, craftsmen)
technologytechnology
ronze ron, tra eronze ron, tra e
navigation,navigation,
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Expansion of Modern Humansrom , years ago
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PrePre--ColonialColonial CivilisationsCivilisations
Indus Valley
Yellow River-
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Pre-colonial Asia: States and Securityyy
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The Silk Road
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2. Pre2. Pre--Colonial States in IndiaColonial States in IndiaUnified sub-continent
Ashoka first universalemperorBudhism peaked
Kautilya, ArthashastraBramin advisersLand revenue
MandalaBorder with Greece
321 BCE 183 CE
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Buddhism 6th C
First area ofBuddhist
m ss onary act v ty
Rise of Maha anaBuddhism
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--
IndiaIndia
HinduismHinduismo erance towar so erance towar s
BuddhismBuddhism
SubSub--continentalcontinentalfocusfocus
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MoghulMoghul EmpireEmpire15261526--1858 CE1858 CE
subjected tosubjected to
by Persians,by Persians,,,
Central AsiansCentral Asians
Hinduism coHinduism co--
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Indianization of Southeast Asia
Chola Dynasty 9thChola Dynasty 9th--13th Century CE13th Century CE
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thth--
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Indianization of Southeast AsiaIndianization of Southeast Asia
Prambanan Temple, Java 850 CE
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Srivijaya Empire 10Srivijaya Empire 10thth--1111thth CenturyCentury
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--
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..
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The Chinese Tribute SystemThe Chinese Tribute System
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World viewed as aWorld viewed as a No interNo inter-- overnmentovernment
single unitsingle unitChina was the MiddleChina was the Middle
relations per serelations per seNo role forNo role for
KingdomKingdom
Emperor hadEmperor had
international law orinternational law orcooperationcooperation
people under heavenpeople under heaven
Con uest throu hCon uest throu h
Secure recognitionSecure recognition
Chastise a state that hadChastise a state that had
culture and virtueculture and virtue
of conductof conduct
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Inequality of nations aInequality of nations afundamental featurefundamental feature Strong dynastiesStrong dynastieswere expansivewere expansive
ns stence onns stence onhierarchy in relationshierarchy in relations
China did not interfereChina did not interfere
in internal affairsin internal affairsr u ary re a onsr u ary re a onsbased on personalbased on personal
Compliant behaviorCompliant behaviorrewardedrewarded
China recognized asChina recognized as ogue s a esogue s a eschastised or punishedchastised or punished
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Chinese S stemChinese S stem The RealitThe Realit
warwar China unified bChina unified b
subjected to periodicsubjected to periodicinvasioninvasion
warwar
War and or anizinWar and or anizin
Korea seen as aKorea seen as a
model tributary statemodel tributary statefor war mainstays offor war mainstays ofgovernmentgovernment
Vietnam seen as aVietnam seen as anoncompliant andnoncompliant and
Two strategic culturesTwo strategic cultures IdealizedIdealized
rebelliousrebellious
OperationalOperational
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Sinification
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Admiral Cheng Ho, 1405Admiral Cheng Ho, 1405--3333
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--
Hereditary nonHereditary non--
NonNon--hereditaryhereditarycentralizedcentralized
administrationadministration
Aggressive interstateAggressive interstate
administrationadministration
Relativel beni n,Relativel beni n,behavior, need tobehavior, need toprove superiorityprove superiority
superiority manifest insuperiority manifest incultural terms,cultural terms,
of superior powerof superior power superiority notsuperiority notamenable to proof byamenable to proof by
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Vague definition ofVague definition ofbordersborders
Clear notion of ownClear notion of ownborders but not ofborders but not of
international politicalinternational political
ower in form ofower in form of
Concentric circlesConcentric circles
re resentinre resentinconcentric circles;concentric circles;enemies and friendsenemies and friends
decreasing culturaldecreasing culturalinfluence, hostilityinfluence, hostility
,,neighbor primaryneighbor primaryenemyenemy
,,neighbors likeneighbors likeyounger brothersyounger brothers
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..
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5. The Age of Commerce5. The Age of Commerce14501450--16801680
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Islam and the WestIslam and the West
Direct contact with Mecca
Portugal attacked and seizedMalacca Sultanate 1511
Span fought the Moors in the
Philippines
Christian-Muslim conflict -discourse of jihad
Aid received from OttomanEmpire
Collision of Christianity and Islam setoff violent confrontation
Portugal attacked and destroyed
Indonesian volunteers fought
in India
us m tra e n n an cean romlate 15th Century
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PrePre--colonial Forces as Fundamentalcolonial Forces as Fundamental
Drivers in the Contemporary PeriodDrivers in the Contemporary Period
n u smn u sm as ta en a nat ona st po t caas ta en a nat ona st po t caformform ara ya ana a ar y n n aara ya ana a ar y n n a
Malaysia in 2007Malaysia in 2007--0808
u sm p ays an mpor an omes cu sm p ays an mpor an omes cpolitical role in Thailand, Cambodia, Tibetpolitical role in Thailand, Cambodia, Tibet
Opposition to government Vietnam, MyanmarOpposition to government Vietnam, Myanmar
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PrePre--colonial Forces as Fundamentalcolonial Forces as Fundamental
Drivers in the Contemporary PeriodDrivers in the Contemporary Period
s ams am -- po ca ro epo ca ro e
Pakistan/Malaysia/BruneiPakistan/Malaysia/Brunei
Domestic politics in Indonesia & MalaysiaDomestic politics in Indonesia & Malaysia
Introduction of sharia law/reIntroduction of sharia law/re--establishment ofestablishment of
EthnoEthno--nationalist conflicts in Kashmir,nationalist conflicts in Kashmir,, ,, ,
Xinjiang (China)Xinjiang (China)
EastEast
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PrePre--colonial Forces as Fundamentalcolonial Forces as Fundamental
Drivers in the Contemporary PeriodDrivers in the Contemporary Period
ConfucianismConfucianism
China, Vietnam and South KoreaChina, Vietnam and South Korea
Role in Asian values debateRole in Asian values debate
Hu JinHu Jin--tao harmony and harmonious worldtao harmony and harmonious worldChinas economic and political influence inChinas economic and political influence inSoutheast AsiaSoutheast Asia
Ming Dynasty stimulated production for ChinaMing Dynasty stimulated production for Chinamarketmarket
Revival of tribute systemRevival of tribute system
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PrePre--colonial Forces as Fundamentalcolonial Forces as Fundamental
Drivers in the Contemporary PeriodDrivers in the Contemporary Period
err tor a sputeserr tor a sputes East and South China SeaEast and South China Sea
Cambodia and Preah Vihear Temple disputeCambodia and Preah Vihear Temple dispute
PiracyPiracyInternational trade passes through strategicInternational trade passes through strategicstraits and choke points of Southeast Asiastraits and choke points of Southeast Asia
potent drivers of changepotent drivers of change
--
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DirectDirect andand IndirectIndirect colonialcolonial rulerule
TerritoryTerritory rigidlyrigidly demarcateddemarcatedCentralizedCentralized administrationadministration && lawlaw && orderorder Taxation,Taxation, coveecovee labourlabour
AlienAlien immi rantsimmi rantsEconomicEconomic developmentdevelopment
MediaMedia developeddeveloped
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PrePre--Colonial Influences inColonial Influences in
[email protected]@adfa.edu.au