“That light we see is burning in my hall. How far that little candle throws his beams!” Portia, The Merchant of Venice, Act V, Scene 1 Portia, The Merchant.

““That light we see is burning in my hall.That light we see is burning in my hall.How far that little candle throws his beams!”How far that little candle throws his beams!” Portia, The Merchant of Venice, Act V, Scene 1Portia, The Merchant of Venice, Act V, Scene 1

Those who can, doThose who can, doThose who don’t do, teachThose who don’t do, teachThose who don’t teach, think.Those who don’t teach, think. Dbeau, 2007Dbeau, 2007

Mountain Ranges caused by Plate Collisions:Mountain Ranges caused by Plate Collisions: Ancient (blue) Modern (Ancient (blue) Modern (orangeorange))From BlakeyFrom Blakey

Colored Lines (Mountains) on Continents locate areas of possible Metallic Ores

South Africa

60

to 9

0 M

iles

Continental Crust up to 50 miles thick

Oceanic Crust

Over ridden by

Continental Crust

Next: Iron Ores around Lake Superior

Oldest Rocks of North America

ErodedErodedGrenville Grenville MountainsMountainsAt the surfaceAt the surface Llano “window”, TXLlano “window”, TX Adirondacks, NYAdirondacks, NY

Williamson & Llano Co’s

Williamson & Llano Co’s

OldestOldest

Youn

gest

Youn

gest

Two Pre-Cambrian Two Pre-Cambrian Mountain RangesMountain Ranges

IronOre

Iron Ore: Minnesota and Upper Michigan

Lake Superior

What moves the Continents?

Mantle Convection Cells Moving Crustal Plates

Heated

CooledCooled

Complex Shape of Mantle Convection Cells

Crustal Plates

Oceanic Crust

Continental Crust

What did “moon” rock did Stephen buy one dark night in Calgary?

Geology in the News

Geology in the NewsTight Gas Rocks USA

Barnett gas shale: USGS est. 30 Trillion Current est. 6 Trillion

Haynesville gas shale: Drill depth 13 to17,000 ft Well cost $6.5 to $8.5 million

$24,000 pdeb = $15.00/gal

And now to Session 4

Senior University Fall 2008Senior University Fall 2008 Session 4Session 4

Last Week: The Iron Age: 1,400 to 750 BCLast Week: The Iron Age: 1,400 to 750 BC

The “Roman” Age: 750 BC to 750 ADThe “Roman” Age: 750 BC to 750 AD Out of the Flood Plains Out of the Flood Plains and into the Hillsand into the Hills

Division of Historic TimeDivision of Historic TimeSilicon AgeSilicon Age 1950 to Present 1950 to PresentModern AgeModern Age 1900 to 1950 1900 to 1950Steam AgeSteam Age 1830 to 1950 1830 to 1950

Industrial AgeIndustrial Age 1700 to 1830 1700 to 1830RenaissanceRenaissance 1450 to 1700 1450 to 1700Middle AgesMiddle Ages 470 to 1450 470 to 1450

Roman AgeRoman Age 750 BC to 470 AD 750 BC to 470 AD

Iron AgeIron Age 1400 to 750 BC 1400 to 750 BCBronze AgeBronze Age 3300 to 1400 3300 to 1400

Copper AgeCopper Age 3300 to 3000 3300 to 3000Stone Age (end of Ice Age)10,000 to 3000Stone Age (end of Ice Age)10,000 to 3000

Historic Geologic TimeHistoric Geologic Time

Silicon AgeSilicon Age 1950 to Present 1950 to Present

Modern AgeModern Age 1900 to 1950 1900 to 1950Steam AgeSteam Age 1830 to 1950 1830 to 1950


Roman AgeRoman Age 750 BC to 470 AD750 BC to 470 ADIron AgeIron Age 1400 to 750 1400 to 750Bronze AgeBronze Age 3300 to 1400 3300 to 1400

Stone Age (end of Ice Age)10,000 to 3000Stone Age (end of Ice Age)10,000 to 3000Hills vs Plains Tribes

Six Farm EmpiresFarms vs Iron (hills)Iron Empires

European Metals vs Asian Metals& Hordes

Europe Iron& Coal

USA Iron Coal & Oil

21st Century: Russian Iron Coal & Oil vs USA Coal

Now a Quick Review

Review:Humanid Sites: 1 million to 10,000 ybp

Last Continental Glacier

Last Continental Glacier110,000 to 10,000 ybp

110,000 to 10,000 ybp

Favorable Rivers:Favorable Rivers:Near but not too near the Melting GlacierNear but not too near the Melting Glacier

From: Ron Redfern, 2000, OriginsFrom: Ron Redfern, 2000, Origins

GangesGanges

Indu

sIn

dus

YellowYellow

YangtzeYangtze

Tigris Tigris

Euphrates

Euphrates

Nile

Nile

Remember the Stone Age?

10,00010,000

YearsYears

The Stone Age: A ReviewThe Stone Age: A Review

ADADBCBC

End

of La

st

End

of La

stIce

Age

Ice A

ge

5,0005,000

YearsYears

20072007

Stone Age Stone Age

30003000

years

years

A Summary of the Bronze Age

Stone Age: Stone Age: ReviewReview:: Stone Tools and WeaponsStone Tools and WeaponsClay building bricks & potteryClay building bricks & pottery Stone building blocksStone building blocks First Geologists: No RecordFirst Geologists: No Record

Stone Age: Stone Age: ReviewReview::Topography & Soils = Tribal AreasTopography & Soils = Tribal Areas and Different Storiesand Different Stories

10,00010,000

YearsYears

The Bronze Age: 3300 to 1400 BC

ADADBCBC

End

of La

st

End

of La

stIce

Age

Ice A

ge

5,0005,000

YearsYears

20072007

Hinduism Hinduism

ChristianityChristianity

Judaism Judaism

IslamIslam

Buddhism Buddhism

Stone Age Stone Age

30003000

years

years

ConfucianismConfucianism

BronzeBronze

The Bronze AgeThe Bronze Age3300 to 1300 BC3300 to 1300 BC

Bronze Age: Tools and Weapons=Copper & Tin mixture Territorial Conquests=Powerful Nations Advent of 3 Major Religions International Trade Routes

Where did Bronze Age Nations Flourish?

Six Early Major Civilizations: In the Six Major River Flood Plains

NileNile

IndusIndus

From: Hammond Atlas, 1972From: Hammond Atlas, 1972

GangesGanges

YellowYellowYangtze Yangtze

Tigris Tigris Euphrates Euphrates

Nile Nile

Egypt a Classic ExampleEgypt a Classic Example

NileNile


Bronze Age Bronze Age

The Bronze Age 3300 to 1300 BC: EgyptThe Bronze Age 3300 to 1300 BC: Egypt

1000

1000

2000

2000

3000

3000

EgyptEgypt

From: Halley’s Bible Handbook, 1991From: Halley’s Bible Handbook, 1991

Iron Iron

Bronze = Copper and Tin or Arsenic Bronze = Copper and Tin or Arsenic

Where did Egypt get Copper and Tin?Where did Egypt get Copper and Tin?

TinTin

CopperCopper

Possible sources for Copper and Tin

EgyptEgypt

CopperCopper

CopperCopper

Tin

Phoenician Empire: 800 to 270 BC a Trading NationTin

Phoenician Empire: 800 to 270 BC

National Geographic, Dec. 2007National Geographic, Dec. 2007

Let’s look at southern Spain

SouthernSpain

Copper

Southern Spain: Mineral Resources

And lead, silver, zinc, mercury, etc

Phoenicians in northwest Africa

Phoenician Empire: Northwest Africa



Copper, Iron, Lead & Zinc!

Now a detail map of northwest Africa


Copper, Iron, Lead & Zinc!Now back to Egypt in the Iron Age

Egypt

1000

1000

2000

2000

3000

3000

From: Halley’s Bible Handbook, 1991From: Halley’s Bible Handbook, 1991

IronIron


Iron Age 1400 to 750Iron Age 1400 to 750

Iron Age Egypt had a domestic source of Iron:Iron Age Egypt had a domestic source of Iron: Iron=better tools and weapons than BronzeIron=better tools and weapons than BronzeIron=Superior Weapons: Egypt Conquers nearby LandsIron=Superior Weapons: Egypt Conquers nearby Lands

Egypt: A Major Bronze Age CivilizationEgypt: A Major Bronze Age Civilization in the Flood plain of the Nile Riverin the Flood plain of the Nile River

IronIron

IronIronIronIron

Bronze Age 3300 to 1400 BCBronze Age 3300 to 1400 BC

Observation: Ready sourse of Iron equips armies for conquest!!

Let’s see what happened in the Iron Age in Arabian Gulf river flood plain

NileNile

IndusIndus


GangesGanges

YellowYellowYangtze Yangtze


Nile Nile

Early Civilization Arabian Gulf The Tigris & Euphrates Flood Plain

From: Aramco Handbook, 1968From: Aramco Handbook, 1968

The Fertile Crescent &Ancient Trade Routes



Tigris-Euphrates Flood Plain: (Iraq)Site of Bronze Age Sumarian Nation

Sumerian Empire, 1700BCSumerian Empire, 1700BC Earliest in Arabian GulfEarliest in Arabian Gulf


Note: No metals in Iraq or Iran!Note: No metals in Iraq or Iran!But look here in TurkeyBut look here in Turkey

What’s going to happen as we go into the Iron Age?

Either Sumeria will move into Turkey or the Turks (Hittites) will move south and conquer Sumeria.

Who has the iron weapons?

Arabian Gulf NationsBronze and Early Iron Ages

AssyriaAssyria

Iron Age in the Middle East: Time of constant competition between iron rich nations: Egypt, Turkey, and Arabia

Example: Assyrian Empire Late Iron Age 700 BC

Out of the Floodplainto acquire the Iron of Turkey & Egypt

5,000 Years

5,000 Years

200720073000 ye

ars

3000 years

Bronze AgeBronze Age IronIron

Assyrian Empire 700 BCAssyrian Empire 700 BC

Incorporating River Floodplains Incorporating River Floodplains with nearby “hills” where there are metalswith nearby “hills” where there are metals

The Middle East and Egypt Late Iron Age

Roman

Median & Chaldean Empire 6th Century BC (Late “Iron Age”)

Next: The Persian Empire: Greece to India: 5th Century

FloodPlains

Iron!!!

Persian Empire: 5th CenturyFrom the hills of Iran to Greece Egypt and to India! Later Conquered by the Greeks

Persia

Greece

IndiaEgypt

5,000

Year

s

5,000

Year

s200720073000 ye

ars

3000 years

Bronze AgeBronze Age IronIron

Assyrian Empire 700 BCAssyrian Empire 700 BC

Median & Chaldean Empire 600 BCMedian & Chaldean Empire 600 BC

Persian Empire 500 BCPersian Empire 500 BC

Stone AgeStone Age

Remember India? Hill country IronRemember India? Hill country Iron floodplain Empirefloodplain Empire

Summary: Tigris-Euphrates Flood PlainSummary: Tigris-Euphrates Flood Plain

Roman

With Iron; Small eastern “State”Conquers all of India and Beyond!!!

Earliest

Latest

Finally, back to China

Where were the early Chinese Civilizations?


In the flood plains

From: Hammond Atlas, 1972From: Hammond Atlas, 1972 From: Hammond Atlas, 1972From: Hammond Atlas, 1972

Flood Plains of China

Topography Natural Resources

Remember the Map of the Metallic OresOres immediately adjacent to flood plains

Major Rivers of ChinaMajor Rivers of ChinaNatural Resources MapNatural Resources Map


China Dynasty: 1027 to 771 BC Mid-Iron Age

China Dynasty: 1027 to 771 BC Mid-Iron Age

A Yellow and Yangtze river DynastyA Yellow and Yangtze river Dynasty

Note: The Great WallMongolia

China: late Iron (Roman) Age

China 220 to 206 BCLate Iron (Roman) Age

What can we surmise about the state ofWhat can we surmise about the state ofGeology in the civilized world during theGeology in the civilized world during the Bronze and Iron ages?Bronze and Iron ages?

State of Geology in the Bronze and Iron Ages

1. Worldwide use in mined metal ores2. Worldwide use in stone quarrying

and pottery clay digging3. Knowledge developed by craftsmen everywhere!!!4. No significant written records!!

Only the historical record of armies and their metal weapons

Back to Europe in the mid & late Iron (Roman) Age It’s out of the flood plains and into the hills where the iron is located

Division of Historic TimeDivision of Historic TimeSilicon AgeSilicon Age 1950 to Present 1950 to PresentModern AgeModern Age 1900 to 1950 1900 to 1950Steam AgeSteam Age 1830 to 1950 1830 to 1950


Roman AgeRoman Age 750 BC to 470 AD 750 BC to 470 AD

Iron AgeIron Age 1400 to 750 BC 1400 to 750 BCBronze AgeBronze Age 3300 to 1400 3300 to 1400

Copper AgeCopper Age 3300 to 3000 3300 to 3000Stone Age (end of Ice Age)10,000 to 3000Stone Age (end of Ice Age)10,000 to 3000

Greece is the first major “Hill” Country Empire

Iron Agedbeau Flood Plains vs HillsFlood Plains vs Hills

Two Hill Country EmpiresTwo Hill Country Empires

10,00010,000

YearsYears

The Greek Empire: 330 to 146 BCThe Greek Empire: 330 to 146 BCEn

d of

Last

End

of La

stIce

Age

Ice A

ge 5,0005,000

YearsYears

20072007

Stone Age Stone Age

30003000

years

years

BronzeBronze

Iron Age 1400 to 750 BCIron Age 1400 to 750 BC

Greek EmpireGreek Empire330 to 146 BC330 to 146 BC

Greek Empire created with Iron

Greek Empire: 600 BC


Geologic Observations byGeologic Observations by Greek ThinkersGreek Thinkers


Aristotle: 384 to 322 BCAristotle: 384 to 322 BCFossil fish on mountainsFossil fish on mountainsErosion and DepositionErosion and Deposition

Empedocles and Pliny: Empedocles and Pliny: Volcanic eruptionsVolcanic eruptionsEarthquakesEarthquakes

““Scientific Method”:Scientific Method”:Deductive and Inductive ReasoningDeductive and Inductive Reasoning

Theophrastus: First Geology Textbook?, “On Stones”

Theophrastus: Text, “On Stones”


Workman’s Views onOrigin of Stones and Minerals

Identification of Minerals:Same physical properties we use today

Greek Empire: 300 to 146 BC Greek Empire: 300 to 146 BC From the Danube to the Nile, to the Indus riversFrom the Danube to the Nile, to the Indus rivers

Danube

Nile River

Indus RiverA small “hill-country” nation conquers three ancient river flood plain empires

And acquires all the metallic ores in the Nearby Hills

Greek Empire: 300 to 146 BC From the Danube to the Nile, to the Indus riversThree river flood plains of ancient Civilizations!!

How & Where did it all start?How & Where did it all start?

GreeceGreece

Greece of theGreece of theGreek EmpireGreek Empire

Ancient Greece: Natural Resources & Topography

DanubeRiver

Let’s focus onThe naturalMetallic ores of Greece

Metals in Ancient Greece

Now to the Roman Empire 146 BC to 476 AD

Greek Greek Greek Greek

Greek Empire: 300 to 146 BC Greek Empire: 300 to 146 BC

10,00010,000

YearsYears

Roman Empire: 146 BC to 478 ADRoman Empire: 146 BC to 478 ADEn

d of

Last

End

of La

stIce

Age

Ice A

ge 5,0005,000

YearsYears

20072007

Stone Age Stone Age

30003000

years

years

BronzeBronze

Iron Age 1400 to 750 BCIron Age 1400 to 750 BC

Greek EmpireGreek Empire330 to 146 BC330 to 146 BC

Roman EmpireRoman Empire146 BC to 476 AD146 BC to 476 AD

DbeauIron Age

Where was the Roman Empire?

Roman Empire


Controlled vast mineral resources as well as huge populations

Extended from England & Spain through Egypt to Iraq

Where did it all start?

Po RiverFlood plain

Iron Iron

Roman Empire: Getting Started

First Roman Expansion

The Growth of the Roman Empire 218 BC

Greek Empire

Why did Rome annex Sardinia? Why did Rome annex Sardinia?

Detail Map of Sardinia

Sardinia: Sardinia: NaturalNatural MetallicMetallicResourcesResources

Roman Iron

Next Expansion: Greece Defeated

Acquiring Metals in Spain, North Africa, and TurkeyAcquiring Metals in Spain, North Africa, and Turkey for Tools and Weapons of Warfor Tools and Weapons of War

The Growth of the Roman Empire 100 BC (end Greek Empire 146 BC)

Detail Map of Southern Spain

Spain in the Roman EmpireLead & Zinc

More Expansion: France

Copper

Iron

Iron

Iron

Roman Empire: Caesar BCRoman Empire: Caesar BC

Defeated the GreeksDefeated the GreeksAcquired Metals in Spain & in FranceAcquired Metals in Spain & in France

All the way to the Rhine!

What next?

Acquiring Metals in Egypt Agustus BC

And

Roman Empire: Claudius BCRoman Empire: Claudius BCAcquired England, Wales, Turkey & EgyptAcquired England, Wales, Turkey & Egypt with their natural resourceswith their natural resources

Now, Let’s assemble today’s Europe & see how Natural Resources of Iron, Coal & Oil were created

Texas “Appalachian”Texas “Appalachian”MountainsMountains

Last Week: 300 Million Years AgoLast Week: 300 Million Years AgoNo America Colliding with So America & AfricaNo America Colliding with So America & Africa

Appalachians connected to

Appalachians connected to

Mountains in Africa and Europe

Mountains in Africa and Europe

AfricaAfrica

South America

South America

Appalachian FurnaceNorthern

Europe

Southern

Europe30 Million Years Later

NorthernNorthernEuropeEurope

AfricaAfrica

SouthSouthAmericaAmerica

GreenlandGreenland

West TexasWest TexasPermian BasinPermian Basin

Final Crushing of Appalachian Furnace

Final Crushing of Appalachian Furnace

Last Week: Creation of Super Continent Pangaea 270 million years ago (MYA)

SouthernSouthernEuropeEurope

Super Continent: Pangaea

Super Continent: Pangaea

And on the Flanks of the Mountains

Coal SwampsCoal SwampsBarnet ShaleBarnet Shale

AppalachiansAppalachians

Appalachian Furnace

Origin of the Coals of Pennsylvania, England, & Germany

A Closer Look at Early Europe

England

England

Appalachian FurnaceAppalachian Furnace

Northern Europe: 270 Million Years AgoScandinavia

Scandinavia

NorthNorthFrance

France

EuropeanEuropeanFurnaceFurnace

Germany

Germany

Northern

Europe

40 Million Years Later

40 Million Years Later: 230 Million Years Ago40 Million Years Later: 230 Million Years Ago

England

England

Scandinavia

Scandinavia

ItalyItaly

AfricaAfrica

SpainSpain

Detail of Previous MapCan you find prototype Europe?

ItalySpain

England

France &

Germany


Early AtlanticOcean

Italy &Greece

Spain

France &

GermanyEngland


Italy &Greece

Spain

England

Fran

ce &

Germ

any


Atlantic

Ocean

Alps

Italy &Greece

Fran

ce &

Germ

any

England

Awesome Iron & Coal

Awesome Iron & Coal

Resources

Resources

70 Million Years Later: 20 MYA70 Million Years Later: 20 MYA

Atlantic OceanAtlantic Ocean

Europe & Africa Colliding

Next Week

Fall of the Roman Empire to Columbus What a ride!

The 1000 Year Struggle for the Iron and Coal of Europe

“That light we see is burning in my hall. How far that little candle throws his beams!” Portia, The Merchant of Venice, Act V, Scene 1 Portia, The Merchant.

Documents

bronze age stone age

copper age

presentmodern age

adiron age

steam age

industrial age

bcbronze age

yearsthe stone age