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_ofh`cldaa dan tfc
Odh`gmra`d Kmhn Rusf
cn`tc n by5
Ofr`s tm ^fdams & [mut Drcatzca
^FC4639-4632 DLCR@ODA^RDWCHEMSRADHMGFC@AR@OF_OFH@CLDAA5
D^RDA_OR@Y^@MADAN
^RDA_HD^@MA
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_`ncstmac YrcssD acw kcacrdt`ma mg Yubh`sf`ak
Pmu drc rcdn`ak d guhh vcrs`ma mg tf`s bmmj, gmr grcc!
^f`s bmmj `s pdrt mg tfc _`ncstmac c-h`brdry wfcrc lmst mg
mur
pubh`odt`mas drc guhhy doocss`bhc gmr grcc. Gmr doocss tm
lmrc
grcc bmmjs v`s`t5 www.s`ncstmac.oml/h`brdry
Nmwahmdn Guhh YNG
W`s`t tfc _`ncstmac c-h`brdry tm brmwsc mur c-bmmjs. Gmr d
l`a`ldh
gcc ymu oda purofdsc d guhhy guaot`madh YNG dan by nm`ak sm,
ymu
fchp tm jccp mur h`brdry ruaa`ak.
www.s`ncstmac.oml/h`brdry
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_`ncstmac Yrcss
_ofh`cldaa dan tfc
Odh`gmra`d Kmhn Rusf
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_ofh`cldaa dan tfc
Odh`gmra`d Kmhn Rusf
cn`tcn by5
Ofr`s tm ^fdams & [mut Drcatzca
^FC4639-4632 DLCR@ODA^RDWCHEMSRADH MG
FC@AR@OF_OFH@CLDAA5 D^RDA_OR@Y^@MADAN
^RDA_HD^@MA
^fc _ofh `cldaa N`dr `cs 2
d
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Omatcats
@atrmnuot`ma ;
_ofh`cldaa dan tfc ldj`ak mg f`s scoman gmrtuac ([mut Drcatzca)
0fc rdvch emuradh 0fc Odh`gmra`da kmhn rusf 49
D n`sdppm`atlcat `a hmvc 47fc mutwdrn emuracy 40fc sf`pwrcoj
24fc Cdst Omdst 2>
D v`s`t tm tfc Yrcs`ncat 2;fc `t`acrdry ?2
Ydadld ?>fc emuracy grml Ydadld tm _da Grdao`som
>2Odh`gmra`d >7Hunw`ks krdvc >6fc _dordlcatm R`vcr 39fc
Kmhn g`chns 34fc Bdaj`ak Fmusc mg Fcary _ofh`cldaa 37_ofh`cldaa
Ndv`nsma 77
D adsty wmuan ;>D Br`t`sf swcctfcdrt dan d acw adt`vc
omuatry= ;6
Lcojhcaburk dan tfca fmlc 64Hdtcr rcoc`vcn `agmrldt`ma 6>fc
omaghdkrdt`ma mg _da Grdao`som 66fc dutmb`mkrdpfy 03fc B`hh 07
_ofh`cldaas ndtcs dan wfcrcdbmuts(Ofr`stm fdams) 494
^fc trdasor`pt`ma (Ofr`stm fdams) 49;@atrmnuot`ma tm tfc
trdasor`pt`ma 49;
fc emuradh 49;
Cn`tmr`dh lctfmn 496_ylbmhs uscn `a tfc trdasor`pt`ma 496
fc trdasor`pt`ma mg tfc n`dry 490fc trdasor`pt`ma mg tfc
dutmb`mkrdpfy 407
_pda`sf trdashdt`ma 293
A`cajc Brmuwcr (trdashdt`ma) dan [mut Drcatzca (cn`tmr dan
omll.)
H`st mg g`kurcs 290
Rcgcrcaocs 244
@ancx 243
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;
@atrmnuot`ma
f`s s tfc scoman pdrt a tfc scr`cs fc _ofh`cldaa N`dr`cs. fc
sct-up mg tf`s scr`cs
`s s`lphc5 tfc pubh`odt`ma mg dhh _ofh`cldaas n`dr`cs `a tfc
gmrl mg d trdasor`pt`ma,da Cakh`sf trdashdt`ma dan da `atrmnuot`ma
tm tfc tcxt. fc d`l mg tf`s scr`cs `s tmuahmoj tm tfc pubh`o tfc
luht`-h`akudh n`dr`cs `a Cakh`sf. fc mr`k`adh tcxt oda bcrcdn dan
`atcrprctcn w`tf tfc fchp mg tfc trdasor`pt`ma. fc Cakh`sf
trdashdt`madan tfc atrmnuot`ma (dan pmss`bhc gmmtamtcs) sfmuhn ldjc
tfc n`dr`cs doocss`bhc tmcvcrybmny. fc `ncd `s tm fdvc tfc
aulbcr`ak mg tfc n`dr`cs (D4, D2, . . .) om`ao`ncw`tf tfc aulbcr`ak
mg tfc scr`cs. fus tfc g`rst n`dry D4 `s dhsm pdrt 4 mg tfc
acwscr`cs. @ fmpc tfdt cvcry bmmj w`hh gmrl tfc bds`s gmr d gurtfcr
a-ncptf stuny mg tfch`gc mg Fc`ar`of _ofh`cldaa.
Dgtcr tfc g`rst pdrt [`tfmut fdv`ak scca tfc Tuccadppcdrcn, tfc
qucst`ma drmsc
wfctfcr t wmuhn bc uscguh tm dhsm rcpubh`sf _ofh`cldaas scoman
n`dry wf`of fdndhrcdny bcca pubh`sfcn by _f`rhcy [cbcr `a 40>2.
Ds da `atcas`vc ncbdtc fdn rdkcnbctwcca 4069 dan 4009 ds tm tfc
trustwmrtf`acss mg _ofh`cldaa (bdscn pdrthy ma
[cbcrs pubh`odt`ma), `t scclcn `lpmrtdat tm lc tm hmmj dkd`a dt
tfc mr`k`adh tcxtdan tm ldjc `t w`nchy dvd`hdbhc.
@a tfc dutula mg 2942 @ dsjcn [mut Drcatzca tm omhhdbmrdtc w`tf
lc matf`s acw bmmj, tm wf`of fc wfmhcfcdrtcnhy dkrccn. Fc
`llcn`dtchy sct tm wmrjcacrkct`odhhy. [fca @ fdn mahy eust bckua
tfc trdasor`pt`ma, fc fdn dhrcdny acdrhyg`a`sfcn tfc `atrmnuot`ma.
@a Amvclbcr 2942 @ v`s`tcn tfc Kcaadn`us H`brdry (`a
Dtfcas) tm omasuht _ofh`cldaas drof`vc. fdajs tm tfc fchp mg
Chcgtfcr`d Ndhcz`mu
dan Adtdh`d Wmkc`jmgg, @ wds dbhc tm cxdl`ac d hmt, hcdn`ak tm
lday acw `as`kfts.fcrc drc twm nmoulcats `a tfc D2 n`dry5 d b`hh `a
Nutof dan d sfmrt b`mkrdpfy
by _ofh`cldaa f`lschg. Bdscn ma tfc n`k`tdh vcrs`ma mg tfc n`dry
wc crrmacmushydssulcn tfdt tfc b`hh wds khucn `atm tfc n`dry. Da
cxdl`adt`ma mg tfc mr`k`adh bmmjsfmwcn fmwcvcr tfdt tfc b`hh wds
hmmsc, ds wds tfc sfmrt b`mkrdpfy. Da cxdl`adt`mamg tfc pdkcs
sfmwcn tfdt tfc pdpcr mg tfc b`mkrdpfy omrrcspmans gmrldt-w`sc
w`tftfdt mg tfc n`dry, but dhsm tfdt tf`s pdpcr n`n amt mr`k`adtc
grml tfc n`dry. fcpdkcs odlc grml d bmmj tfdt wds bmuan n`ggcrcat
grml n`dry D2. Fcaoc, tfc b`hhdan tfc b`mkrdpfy drc scpdrdtc grml
tfc n`dry. @t `s amt jamwa wfm put tfcsc twmnmoulcats `a tfc n`dry,
amr wfca.
Luof fds bcca wr`ttca a tfc pdst dbmut tf`s n`dry. @ dl khdn
[mut Drcatzca fdsprmv`ncn acw `as`kfts `atm tfc cxpcr`caocs mg
_ofh`cldaa `a tfc S_, `a pdrt`ouhdrby dhsm hmmj`ak dt tfc g`adao`dh
dspcot mg tfc stmry.
fc n`dry wds ld`ahy wr`ttca `a Cakh`sf, w`tf dbmut gmur pdkcs `a
_pda`sf. fc_pda`sf wds trdashdtcn `atm Cakh`sf `a tfc 40>2
pubh`odt`ma. @ fdvc mptcn tm fdvctfc _pda`sf pdrt trdashdtcn dkd`a
sm tfdt tfc cat`rc tcxt fds bcca hmmjcn dt.
@ dl dkd`a krcdthy `ancbtcn tm [mut Drcatzca gmr supphy`ak tfc
lmst `lpmrtdatpdrt mg tf`s bmmj5 tfc `atrmnuot`ma. mkctfcr w`tf
[mut, @ wmuhn h`jc tm tfdajfc Drof`vc mg tfc Fc`ar`of _ofh`cldaa
Luscul Dajcrsfdkca, Nr [`hgr`cnBhjc, Jdted Bmknmamvd, fc Bdaormgt
H`brdry Bcrjchcy, Odh`gmra`d _tdtc H`brdry,
Kcaadn`us H`brdry, Cr`o Kmund (Bmtda`odh Kdrncas Strcoft), Nr
Drl`a Efac,
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[mut Drcatzca
_ofh`cldaa dan tfc ldj`ak mg f`sscoman gmrtuac
^fc rdvch emuradh
_ofh`cldaas Dlcr`oda trdvch emuradh wds pubh`sfcn `a 40>2 by
_f`rhcy F. [cbcr
ds _ofh`cldaas g`rst v`s`t tm Dlcr`od 4639-46344 dan dppcdrcn `a
d Kcrldatrdashdt`ma `a 4036 by Fc`ar`of Dhcxdancr _tmhh `a f`s
Dbcatcucr lc`acs HcbcasFc`ar`of _ofh`cldaa Crzfht.
@a omatrdst w`tf tfc trdvch emuradh mg f`s g`rst Curmpcda
emuracy, tfc doomuat mg_ofh`cldaas trdvch dan smemura `a tfc S_ `s
d omhhcot`ma mg scvcrdh pdrts. 2@a tfcgrmat drc d b`hh by G.[.H.
[cracr grml 46>3 dan da dutmb`mkrdpfy. Bmtf wcrc put`atm tf`s
emuradh dt da uajamwa ndtc dan tfcy nm amt rcdhhy omast`tutc pdrt
mg tfc
emuradh. Dhsm tfc ncsor`pt`ma mg tfc omaghdkrdt`ma mg _da
Grdao`som wds dnncn dt dhdtcr t`lc. Fcrc fmwcvcr _ofh`cldaa f`lschg
ofmsc tm khuc `t `atm tfc emuradh `almrc mr hcss tfc r`kft phdoc.
Ma oursmry rcdn`ak, `t sccls tm bc pdrt mg tfc emuradh
but ma ohmscr `aspcot`ma `t turas mut amt tm bc sm. fc bds`s mg
tf`s trdvch emuradhomas`sts mg tfc amtcs _ofh`cldaa ldnc nur`ak f`s
emuracy dan stdy `a Odh`gmra`d.@a tf`s `atrmnuot`ma @ w`hh sfmw
tfdt `t omaocras fcrc rcdh trdvch amtcs. f`s `aomatrdst tm tfc
ncsor`pt`ma mg tfc g`rc dan tfc dutmb`mkrdpfy, wf`of w`hh bmtf
fdvctm bc n`spdtofcn tm tfc rcdhl mg gdatdsy.?Dgtcr tfc can mg tf`s
`atrmnuot`ma @ w`hhncdh w`tf tfcsc hmmsc pdrts, `ancpcancathy mg
tfc`r phdoc `a tfc emuradh.
4 Odhncr 4002, 2?. ^c n`dry gmr _ofh`cldaas fflrst v`s`t tm
Dlcr`od fds bcca cn`tcn `a 40>2 by dgmrlcr h`brdr`da mg tfc
Kcaadnc`ma, _f`rhcy F. [cbcr. ^c tcxt `s doourdtc: amtcs l`a`ldh.
[cbcracvcr qucr`cn wfdt _ofh`cldaa wrmtc but tfc ldtcr`dh `a tf`s
n`dry fflrst `a 40;2 oduscn lc tm qucry_ofh`cldaas vcrdo`ty. N.D.
rd`hh smma prmvcn gurtfcr dsscrt`mas `a tfc n`dry wrmak. @g [cbcr
`atfc lmuhn mg Lcycr fdn nmotmrcn tfc n`dry by supprcss`ak mr
dhtcr`ak daytf`ak susp`o`mus, tfc Acu_ofh`cldaa-Gmrsofuakwmuhn
acvcr fdvc dr`sca.
2 [fca [cbcr ldnc d pubh`odt`ma `a 40>2 mg tf`s trdvch
emuradh, sfc ml`ttcn tfc b`hh dan sfc ldnc domat`aumus stmry mg tfc
tcxt. ^c Kcrlda trdashdt`ma, _tmhh 4036, fdrjs bdoj tm [cbcr. @a
40;6 rd`hhsfmwcn tfdt tfc rcpmrt mg tfc omafldkrdt`ma mg _da
Grdao`som wds khucn `atm tfc tcxt dt d hdtcr ndtc.Ofdlbcrs 4009,
?0;, _ofh`cldaa f`lschg fds hcgt d guhh n`dry mg f`s fflrst v`s`t
tm Dlcr`od ....
? Hunw`k 40?2, 02. _ofh`cldaa wdr wfrcan ncs R`cscabrdancs `a
_da Grdao`som (>. Eua` 34), catk`akl`t jadppcr Amt ncl
Satcrkdakc nurof Gcucr .... Lcycr 4070, 440, Uu c`acl
sofducrh`ofca
Crhcba`s wurnc `fl bc` c`acl kchckcath`ofca Dugcatfdht `a _da
Grdaz`sjm ncr aofth`ofc Brdan ncr_tdnt (?./>. Eua` 4634), ncl cr
aur l`t jadppcr Amt catk`ak.
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^fc Odh`gmra`da kmhn rusf
fc g`rst rcpmrts mg d scasdt`madh kmhn g`an dppcdrcn a tfc
Odh`gmra`da acwspdpcrs`a Ldrof 46>6. [f`hc _ofh`cldaa wds
trdvchh`ak `a Curmpc gmr tfc scoman t`lc,tfc kmhn gcvcr cruptcn
g`rst `a Odh`gmra`d dan subscqucathy `a Fdwd``. Ma 43 Euhy46>6
tfc Ymhyacs`daodlc w`tf d sh`kfthy dhdrl`ak rcpmrt5
^c acws grml tfc kmhn rck`ma `s dt prcscat tfc dhh dbsmrb`ak
tmp`o mg omavcrsdt`ma`a cvcry o`rohc mg smo`cty ... Mac vcssch,
ormwncn w`tf pdsscakcrs, hcgt ma ucsndyhdst twm sd`h tm-ndy, dan
smlc fdhg-nmzca lmrc w`hh sfmrthy gmhhmw ... ^c h`tthco`ty mg
Fmamhuhu fds prmbdbhy acvcr bcgmrc w`tacsscn suof da cxo`tclcat ds
tfc
kmhn gcvcr fds orcdtcn ... [c fmpc, gmr tfc sdjc mg fulda`ty,
pcdoc dan mrncr w`hhbc prcscrvcn, but wc omagcss wc trclbhc gmr tfc
rcsuht upma tfc lmrdhs mg tfc pcmphcdan tfc pcdoc mg tfc
omuatry.Z>\
Grml Fdwd`` tfc acws sprcdn dhh mvcr tfc wmrhn dan wfcrcvcr `t
dppcdrcn
pcmphc bcodlc `agcotcn w`tf tfc kmhn gcvcr. m k`vc da `lprcss`ma
mg fmw tf`sacws f`t Curmpc, @ `aohunc fcrc da drt`ohc grml tfc
Hmanma _tdandrnmg 7 Motmbcr46>65
@a ly omllua`odt`ma by tfc F`bcra`d stcdlcr ycstcrndy, @
cxprcsscn nmubt ds tmtfc kmhn n`somvcr`cs `a Odh`gmra`d. ^c
[dsf`aktma Sa`ma mg hdst a`kft pubh`sfcstfc gmhhmw`ak cxtrdmrn`adry
hcttcr grml da mocr `a tfc Sa`tcn _tdtcs advy, grmlwf`of `t wmuhn
dppcdr tfdt tfc doomuats fdvc bcca uancrstdtcn rdtfcr
tfdamtfcrw`sc. @t s stdtcn tfdt cxpcn`t`mas mg kmhn fuatcrs drc
sctt`ak mut grml dhh pm`atstm em`a tfc scdrof dan kmhn
wdsf`ak5-
_`aoc ly hdst hcttcr tm ymu, wr`ttca `a _da Grdao`som, @ fdvc
v`s`tcn tfc Yhdocr,Z3\
mr kmhn rck`ma mg Odh`gmra`d, dan gmuan `t dhh ds `t fdn bcca
rcprcscatcn tm lc. Lydat`o`pdt`mas wcrc guhhy rcdh`scn. ^c pdrt @
v`s`tcn wds tfc smutf gmrj mg tfc r`vcr
Dlcr`oda, wf`of em`as tfc _dordlcatm dt _utcrs Gmrt, mr twm
l`hcs grml `t. ^`sr`vcr fds ts amrtf dan smutf gmrjs, brdaof`ak
lmrc tfda 29 l`hcs grml Gmrt _utcr.Ma tfcsc twm gmrjs tfcrc drc
mvcr 4999 pcmphc n`kk`ak dan wdsf`ak gmr kmhn.
Ma Bcdr Orccj dan Fdhm Orccj, brdaofcs mg Gcdtfcr R`vcr, lday
drc amwbck`aa`ak tm wmrj. @t `s suppmscn tfdt tfc bdajs dan bmttmls
mg dhh tfcsc sldhhstrcdls omatd`a vdst qudat`t`cs mg kmhn, dan tfdt
tfc vdhhcys bctwcca tfcl drc r`ofw`tf tfc sdlc lctdh. ^c pcmphc drc
amw wmrj`ak dt lday phdocs: smlc drc 69
l`hcs grml mtfcrs. ^c phdoc @ v`s`tcn wds dbmut d hcdkuc `a
cxtcat: ma tf`s wcrcdbmut 39 tcats: lday fdvc amt cvca tf`s
omvcr`ak. Dt mac tcat, bchmak`ak tm c`kfts`akhc lca, @ rcld`acn twm
mr tfrcc ndys. ^csc lca fdn twm ldof`acs ldnc`a d ndy, grml 69 tm
499 gcct `aof bmdrns, dan vcry rmukfhy put tmkctfcr. ^c`r
gmrl wds smlctf`ak h`jc d of`hns ordnhc, w`tfmut tfc cans: dt
mac can tfcrc wds dlmvcdbhc s`cvc mr rdoj tm wdsf nmwa tfc n`rt,
dan sfdjc m tfc stmacs.
Fmhcs wcrc ldnc `a tfc bmttml mg tfc ldof`ac tm odtof tfc kmhn
tf`s wdsf stmppcn,dan tf`s wds sordpcn mut fmurhy. ^csc twm
ldof`acs kdtfcrcn cdof ndy @ wds
prcscat tfrccgmurtfs tm mac pmuan cdof, bc`ak tfrcc tm gmur
muaocs mg kmhn pcr lda.
> ^c Fdlpsf`rc Dnvcrt`scr Ncoclbcr 2, 46>6.3 Yhdocr Omuaty
`s s`tudtcn bctwcca _dordlcatm, Hdjc dfmc dan tfc Acvdnd
bmrncr.
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^csc lca fdn wmrjcn mac wccj w`tf t`a pdas: tfc hdst wccj w`tf
tfc ldof`ac.@ sdw tfc rcsuht mg tfc fflrst ndys wmrj mg twm
brmtfcrs: mac fdn scvca nmhhdrs, tfcmtfcr 62: tfcy wmrjcn ma tfc
sdlc fflvc ydrns mg hdan: mac, fmwcvcr, wmrjcn hcsstfda tfc wfmhc
ndy. ^c`r phda, h`jc fuanrcns mg mtfcrs, wds fflrst w`tf d p`oj
dan
sfmvch, ohcdr m twm gcct mg tfc tmp cdrtf, tfca put `a d t`a pda
mr wmmnca bmwh dsfmvch mg n`rt, km `atm ruaa`ak wdtcr, w`tf tfc
fdan st`r up tfc n`rt dan fcdvc muttfc stmacs, uat`h tfcy fdvc
rcld`a`ak d spmmaguh mg clcry mr bhdoj sdan, omatd`a`akmac tm fflvc
nmhhdrs. ^`s oda bc nmac maoc mr tw`oc d ndy.
Cdof ndy `s odus`ak smlc sdv`ak mg hdbmur by tfc `lprmvclcat `a
tfc rmukfldof`acs amw a usc. c ndy @ hcgt, smlc sldhh omlpda`cs mg
fflvc tm c`kft lca fdnldof`acs grml wf`of tfcy dat`o`pdtc 399 tm
799 nmhhdrs d ndy. ^crc ocrtd`ahylust tf`s ndy bc dt wmrj ma tfc
n`crcat Yhdocrs, scvcrdh fuanrcns mg Dlcr`odasdan mtfcrs, wfm drc
ohcda`ak mac muaoc mg kmhn d ndy. @ fdvc tf`s wccj scca `a
Lmatcrcy d Odh`gmra`da, wfm sfmws >99 nmhs. mg kmhn grml tfc
hdbmur mg macwccj5 luof mg `t wds tfc s`zc mg wfcdt. @ lyschg
wc`kfcn mac p`coc grml f`s bdk,
dan gmuan tfc wc`kft da cvca muaoc. Fc, h`jc lday mtfcrs, mahy
wcat up tm tfckmhn rck`mas tm scc tfc phdoc, bmrrmwcn tmmhs, wmrjcn
d gcw ndys, dan odlc fmlctm sfmw f`s hdbmur, dan tdjc up brmtfcrs
dan omus`as dan prmv`s`mas. Ghmur dt tfcYhdocr `s sodroc dt 47
nmhs. pcr 499 hb. Dt dhlmst tf`s pr`oc `t lust omat`auc, ds
pcmphc drc gmrsdj`ak tfc`r fflchns. @ nm amt tf`aj @ dl
cxdkkcrdt`ak `a cst`ldt ak tfcdlmuat mg kmhn mbtd`acn ma tfc r`vcrs
@ fdvc lcat`macn dt 49,999 nmhs. d ndy, gmrtfc hdst gcw ndys. ^crc
`s cvcry rcdsma tm bch`cvc tfc dlmuat w`hh amt tf`s scdsma(uahcss
tfc wdsfcrs drc nr`vca grml tfc`r wmrj by s`ojacss) bc day hcss. @a
tf`s odsctfc dnn`t`ma mg wmrjlca amw em`a`ak tfc fflrst macs, dan
tfc cl`krdats grml tfc
Dthdat`o _tdtcs wc sfdhh fdvc `a Motmbcr dan Ncoclbcr, w`hh smma
swchh tfc vdhuc
mg Odh`gmra`da kmhn tfdt w`hh bc wdsfcn mut tm da uafcdrn-mg
vdhuc.Lday wfm fdvc scca tfc Yhdocr tf`aj `t w`hh hdst ?9 mr >9
ycdrs. @ sfmuhn tf`ajtfdt t wmuhn dmrn wmrj twm mr tfrcc ycdrs tm
lday tfmusdans mg pcmphc, dan ldy
gmr vcry lday ycdrs, ds @ odaamt odhouhdtc tfc cxtcat mg omuatry
fdv`ak kmhn. ^cwmrj`ak mg qu`ojs`hvcr l`acs, h`jc cvcrytf`ak chsc,
`s stmppcn, tfrcc-gmurtfs mg tfcfmuscs `a tfc tmwa mg _da Grdao`som
drc sfut up. Fmuscs `a Lmatcrcy drc bc`akohmscn tf`s wccj: tfc
vmhuatccr omlpda`cs mg _mamld dan _da Grdao`som fdvc hmstscvcrdh
lca by ncscrt`ma.
Sancr tfc prcscat cxo`tclcat, d sf`p mg wdr mr day mtfcr vcssch
hy`ak dt daofmr`a _da Grdao`som wmuhn hmsc lday lca. @a tfdt tmwa
tfcrc `s fdrnhy d lcofda`o
rcld`a`ak. @ cxpcot tfc sdlc `a Lmatcrcy `a twm wccjs. Bmtf
acwspdpcrs fdvcstmppcn. Dhh mr acdrhy dhh tfc fmtchs drc sfut up.
Mac mg ly ohcrjs, wfm rcoc`vcn399 nmhhdrs dan bmdrn, amw rcoc`vcs a
f`s stmrc, acdr Acw Fchvct`d (_utcrs Gmrn),499 nmhhdrs pcr lmatf:
ly mtfcrs drc gdst ohms`ak tfc`r bmmjs tm hcdvc lc. @a gdot,@ fflan
lyschg, mr sfdhh tf`s lmatf, w`tfmut d ohcrj, odrpcatcr mr scrvdat,
dan dhhly fmuscs, gmrlcrhy rcatcn, k`vca up tm lc. @a twm wccjs
Lmatcrcy w`hh bc acdrhyw`tfmut `afdb`tdats.Z7\
7 Hmanma _tdandrn Gr`ndy 7 Motmbcr 46>6.
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Dan tf`s wds mahy tfc bck`aa`ak. fcsc dan s`l`hdr acwspdpcr
rcpmrts stdrtcn mggd fukc ghmoj`ak mg pcmphc tm Odh`gmra`d tfc
gmhhmw`ak ycdr. Dhtfmukf tfc Odh`gmra`dkmhn rusf stdrtcn `a
46>6, tfc pdrt`o`pdats wcrc kcacrdhhy odhhcn >0crs.
_mlct`lc bcgmrc fc hcgt gmr Russ`d, _ofh`cldaa fdn ldnc `t
pmss`bhc gmr f`s
brmtfcr Hunw`k tm dhsm omlc tm Dlstcrndl. Ds Fc`ar`of mwcn f`s
odrccr tm f`shdakudkc stun`cs, Hunw`k tmm stdrtcn tm prcpdrc f`s
guturc `a tf`s wdy. _mma fc `sdbhc tm scan f`s brmtfcr d sfmrt
hcttcr `a brmjca Cakh`sf. ;
@a 46>; tfc t`lc fds omlc tfdt dhsm f`s brmtfcr Yduh bck`as
f`s trd`a`ak dsd bus`acss lda. F`s s`stcrs, [`hfchl`ac dan Nmr`s,
dsj Fc`ar`of wfdt tfc bcsth`ac mg dot`ma wmuhn bc gmr f`l. Fc `s mg
tfc mp`a`ma tfdt Yduh sfmuhn dhsm kmtm Dlstcrndl, ds tfdt `s tfc
r`kft phdoc tm bcomlc d bus`acsslda. Fc tchhs Yduhcxdothy wfdt `s
cxpcotcn mg f`l `a mrncr tm suooccn tfcrc dan tfdt rdtfcr
gr`kftcasYduh mgg. Fc nmcs amt km tm Dlstcrndl ds fc nmcsat gcch
dbhc tm lcct dhh f`sbrmtfcrs ncldans. f`aks n`n amt wmrj mut wchh
gmr f`l. Fc fdn da uafdppy hmvc
dggd`r dan omll`ttcn su`o`nc `a 4632.6Dt tfc can mg 46>;
Hunw`ks huoj turas. Dlstcrndl n`n amt sl`hc upma f`l ds
`t fdn nmac ma f`s brmtfcr. Fc hmscs f`s emb. Lcdawf`hc bus`acss
`s km`ak wchh `a_t Yctcrsburk, sm fc dsjs f`s brmtfcr gmr d emb
tfcrc. Fmwcvcr, Fc`ar`of nmcs amtscc luof `a f`l.0Dppdrcathy Hunw`k
fds amt kmt f`s brmtfcrs tdhcat gmr hcdra`akhdakudkcs. Hunw`k wmuhn
amt bc day kmmn tm lc, Fc`ar`of wr`tcs f`s gdtfcr, `twmuhn tdjc dt
hcdst tfrcc ycdrs bcgmrc fc fds hcdracn Russ`da dan dhh tfdt t`lc
fcwmuhn amt bc mg day usc.49
Bmtf Fc`ar`of dan Hunw`k w`hh uanmubtcnhy fdvc rcdn dbmut tfc
kmhn g`ans `aOdh`gmra`d. Amtf`ak sfmws tfdt tf`s `agmrldt`ma fdn
day `aghucaoc ma Fc`ar`ofs
nm`aks `a 46>6. F`s bus`acss wds nm`ak wchh, sm wfy wmuhn fc
km dan sccj f`sgmrtuac `a Odh`gmra`d= Ldttcrs wcrc n`ggcrcat gmr
Hunw`k. Fc omuhn bdrchy jccpf`s fcdn dbmvc wdtcr `a Dlstcrndl dan
tfcrcgmrc nco`ncn tm km tm Dlcr`od.44Fc wr`tcs tm f`s gdtfcr dan
s`stcrs tfdt fc `atcans tm km tm Odh`gmra`d tm stdrt dbus`acss. Ds
fc fds am stdrt-up odp`tdh, fc dsjcn f`s gdtfcr wfctfcr fc omuhn
fdvcf`s ldtcradh `afcr`tdaoc, but f`s gdtfcr rcguscs. _m fc hcdvcs
gmr tfc S_ w`tfmut dayodp`tdh. @t tdjcs d hmak t`lc bcgmrc f`s
s`stcrs fcdr daytf`ak grml tfc`r brmtfcr `a
Dlcr`od. Mahy `a _cptclbcr 46>0 fc wr`tcs dbmut f`s
dnvcaturcs. Fc `s wmrj`ak`a tfc kmhn g`chns w`tf d aulbcr mg
gr`cans. @t `s fdrn wmrj dan tfcy fdvc dhrcdnybcca rmbbcn d aulbcr
mg t`lcs5
; Kcaadn`us H`brdry _cr`c B, Bmx 4/39-?93 -474.6 Bhjc 2944,
403.0 Lcycr 403?, ?6. _ofh`cldaa tm f`s gdtfcr, 47/2/46>65 ...
Hunw`k jmllt zul 4. Lrz ... dugs Acuc
ducr _tchhc, uan fdbc `of ndfcr _ofrncr & Om. `a Dlstcrndl
crsuoft, `fl lmadth`of >9 Kuhncagr lc`ac Rcofauak duszuzdfhca.
@of fdttc dagakh`of Hust Hunw`k dug lc`a Omlptm`r zu acflca,fdbc
l`of ecnmof bcndoft uan l`of catsofhmssca, `fa catwcncr `a Fmhhdan
zu hdssca mncr adof Ydr`smncr Hmanma zu sof`ojca ...
49 Lcycr 403?, ?6. Bhjc 2944, 404.44 Lcycr 403?, ?0. Dlstcrndl,
6. Eua` 46>6. Lc`a h`cbcr Bruncr! Nd n`c Uc`t nrakt, `a
wca`kca
_tuanca rc`sc `of vma f`cr db, ul l`of v`d Rmttcrndl pr.
L`ss`ss`pp` Odpt. Fdrvcy (Dlcr`jdacr)adof Acw Pmrj c`azusof`ca
...
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_dordlcatm, 23. 0. 46>0
O`ty Fmtch, dbcans 0 Sfr
... `of rc`sc lmrkca vmr _maacadugkdak adof nca acu catncojtca
n`kk`aks ma tfc
fcdn mg tfc _dordlcatm r`vcr & r`a`ty r`vcr (?99 Lc`h. vma
f`cr) & zwdr wchhdrlcn dan fflttcn mut, n`cs st w`oft`k, nd cs
nmrt scfr v`chc @an`dacr k`bt, n`c aurzu fufflk (w`c cs fc`t, but @
nm amt bch`cvc t) Daghhc dug n`c Dlcr`jdacr ldofca& Yrmv`s`maca
camrl tfcucr s`an. [`r s`an uascrcr ;, n`c zusdllca kcfca
&fdbca > Lduht`crc uan fmrscs bcs`ncs ... n`csc n`kk`aks
smhhca rc`ofcr w`c dhhc b`sfcr
kcdrbc`tctca sc`a ... `a nca 2 Lmadtca, n`c `of `a nca L`aca
wdr, ldoftc `ofnurofsofa`tth`of 4 Sazc prm tdk (f`cr $47,- wcrtf
& `a nca _tdtca $29) cxocptly cxpcascs @ ohcdrcn `a tf`s t`lc
$4>,- mg wf`of @ nch`vcrcn ycstcrndy $>29,39tm Lcssrs. Yr`cst
Hcc & Om.Z42\tf`s O`ty gmr sdgc jccp`ak, gr nca Rcst ldoftc
`oflc`aca crwfatca mutfflt uan jdugtc zukhc`of gr bcr $499,- kmmns,
su`tdbhc gmrtfc @an`das. _`cbcafuancrt ^dhcrZ4?\`a 2 Lmadtca `st sm
bch a`oft! ... Zwm\ cs
bcrdhh mvcrormwcn st, uan ncr _trml vma pcmphc l`t ecncl dk
zua`llt, bcrdhhda nca Ghssca s`cft ada vma dkcsdabruof t`hh dt
a`kft n`c p`ojmut flc``kcr
Drbc`tcr sofw`akca, n`c mgt sm n`oft zusdllca kcnrakt s`an, nd
ecncr 7 GuBrc`tc bcsofrajt `st. _trc`t`kjc`tca uan Rdub `rkcanw`acr
Drt `st `a nca L`acauabcjdaat, uan lda vcrht dl grfca Lmrkca sc`a
hc`oftcs Ucht sm ruf`k w`c`a Ncutsofhdan c`a kut vcrr`ckchtcs Fdus
ecncr N`cbstdfh mncr Sarcnh`ofjc`tw`rn `g prmvcn sdas gdma l`t ncl
_tr`oj bczdfht. N`c Drbc`t `st scfr sofwcr, uanjdul 4/
?ncr Cl`krdatca stcfca cs hakcr w`c 6 dkc, v`chc v`chc wcrnca
sofma
vma ncl gdtdhca gcvcr rdkuc, wds s`c kdaz fcruatcrbr`akt,
crkr`ca, dastcojcancJrdajfc`tca s`an uabcjdaat, uan ncaamof fflanca
zdfhmsc _tcrbcghhc stdtt, f`crst`rbt cs vmrzkh`of stdrj, ncr
uakcwfah`of sofachhc [cofsch ncr clpcrdturbr`akt sm v`chc
Crjhtuakca zu wckc, n`c crstc Fhgtc ncr Adoft `st dakcacflrdtfcr
wdrl, ndaa stc`kt c`a stdrjcr Acbch dug & C`sjhtc stchht s`of
kckca Lmrkcac`a, bc` dkc st cs sofduncrfdgt fc` uan vma 42 b`s 2
Sfr b`sfcr kdaz ualkh`ofzu drbc`tca, lda drbc`tct a nca L`aca vma
dkcsdabruof b`s 44 Sfr, kcft ndaazu sc`acl Uchtc, jmoft ndr`a,
rc`a`kt sc`a Kmhn uan sofhgt 4 _tuanc, ul 24/
2kcft
lda w`cncr b`s suasct das [crj, `of b`a scfr stdrj uan khdubc,
jdaa cs schbst `ancr adssca Edfrcszc`t `a nca L`aca stcfca
...Z4>\
Fmwcvcr, Hunw`k n`n amt stdy `a tfc kmhn g`chns. Fc uancrstmmn
tfdt tfc rcdhlmacy wds ldnc chscwfcrc, dan, tmkctfcr w`tf d
pdrtacr, fc stdrtcn d fmtch `a
_dordlcatm. @t dppcdrs tfdt Fc`ar`of dsjcn f`l dbmut g`adao`dh
pmss`b`h`t`cs `aDlcr`od. Hunw`k `agmrls f`l ds bcst fc oda. @t `s
ohcdr tfdt fc am hmakcr accns f`sbrmtfcr. fcy drc ma cqudh tcrls
amw.
42 Yhdocr `lcs40 Ldy 46>0. Yr`cst Hcc & Om. [fmhcsdhc
& Rctd`h Ncdhcrs `a nry kmmns, krmocr`cs,h`qumrs, dan
prmv`s`mas, ma tfc omracr mg _coman dan E strcct. _dordlcatm
O`ty.
4? [fdt drc lcdat fcrc drc prcu`sofca ^dhcr, dhsm odhhcn
Rc`ofstfdhcr, wf`of wcrc uscn a dhlmst tfc
wfmhc mg Amrtfcra Kcrlday. ^`s tfdhcr wds rcphdocn `a 463; by
tfc Wcrc`astdhcr.4> Lcycr 403?, >?->>. R`oftcr 4002,
42>.
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_dordlcatm O`ty 2;. ?. 4639
Ncdrcst Fcary!
... Pmu drc dwdrc tfdt `t `s dbmut 4> lmatfs dkm s`aoc @ hcgt
Acw Pmrj & krcdt
ofdakcs am nmubt fdvc tdjca phdoc, ymu tfcrcgmrZc\ w`hh cxousc
lc g @ dl smlcwfdth`l`tcn `a ly rcldrjs. ^c bdaj`ak bus`acss `a Acw
Pmrj `s am nmubt lmstdnvdatdkcmus `g mac `s wchh doqud`atcn w`tf
tfc rmpcs, tfc Pdajccs drc lmst tmschfflsf & sldrt, dan `t
tdjcs d strdakcr smlc t`lc tm bc wchh vcrscn `a dhh tfc`rtr`ojs,
wf`of drc omaacotcn w`tf tfdt h`ac mg bus`acss. Fmwcvcr @ dl surc
tfdtcatcrpr`s`ak dan dbhc lca w`hh smma surlmuat dhh n`ouht`cs dan
fflan d hdrkc danwchh ouht`vdtcn fflchn gmr tfc`r mpcrdt`mas ...
Fmwcvcr dnvdatdkcmus tfc ofdaocs
gmr `avcstlcat ldy bc `a tfc _tdtcs, `t `s amtf`ak `a omlpdr`sma
w`tf mur KmhncaOmuatry, lmacy gctofcs fcrc amw cdsy grml ; tm 49%
kmmn scour`ty pr lmatf dan`s rcdhhy wmrtf 39% lmrc `a bus`acss pr
lmatf. @ jamw lmrc tfda d nmzca odscs,wfca lmacy wds dnvdaocn mg
hdtc cvca dt 29 & 23% pr lmatf.
Lca oml`ak tm tf`s omuatry sfmuhn br`ak cvcry Ocat dhmak,
`astcdn mg hcdv`ak `tfmlc. @ancpcancat gmrtuacs fdvc bcca ldnc fcrc
`a d gcw lmatf & rcld`a tmbc ldnc gmr lmrc tfda fdhg d ocatury
tm omlc, ds Kmhn `s gd`rhy uancrstmmn tm bc`acxfdust`bhc, acdrhy
499 t`lcs ds luof kmhn fds bcca tdjca mut nur`ak tfc hdstw`atcr
lmatfs tfda nur`ak tfc sdlc pcr`mn tfc ycdr bcgmrc, pcmphc jamw amw
fmwtm wmrj `t dan nm amt hmmsc daylmrc tfc`r t`lc `a prmspcot`ak
gmr tfc b`k-hulps.Kmhn `s dhh mvcr tfc omuatry dan cvca `a tfmsc
lmuatd`as drmuan _da Grdao`som,dan acw `lpmrtdat n`somvcr`cs drc
grcqucathy ldnc. Pcstcrndy @ sdw twm gchhmws(sd`hmrs) grml tfc
uppcr Eubd n`kk`aks, tfcy fdn lmrc tfda >9 pmuans Kmhn cdof
dan wcrc rcdny tm km fmlc by tf`s stcdlcr. ^cy tmhn lc mg tfc`r
krcdt sucr`aksdan pr`vdt`mas a tfc samw-fflchn mg wf`of tfcy fdn
bcca surrmuancn gmr acdrhy twmlmatf, tfcy pd`n up tfcrc tw`oc gmr
flcsf dan brcdn ds f`kf ds $29.- pcr pman ...
Mur O`ty s r`s`ak vcry gdst, t n`n amt omatd`a lmrc tfda mac
s`akhc grdlc bu`hn`ak,wfca @ odlc fcrc hdst Euhy & amw wc drc
prmun tm stdtc tfdt wc omuat dhrcdny mvcr47.999 `afdb`tdats ...
@ dl busy grml cdrhy tm hdtc & dl nm`ak d gd`r bus`acss, @
tf`aj @ ohcdr amw grml2 tm 239 nmhhdrs pr. wccj, dan vcry h`jchy @
oda nm lmrc. @ fdvc amw >3 stcdnybmdrncrs & bcs`ncs @ jccp d
sldhh stmrc ma Grmat strcct, omatd`a`ak Gdaoy Kmmns,h`qumrs dan
gru`ts, da mhn Kcathclda, tfca d bmy, dttcan t gmr lc, @ ldjc
dbmut
$42,- pr. ndy ohcdr lmacy ma tfc hdttcr ...Z43\
_dordlcatm fds bcomlc d b`k tmwa dan dhh tfc prmg`t ldnc tfcrc
dttrdots `tsor`l`adh`ty. @t ldy bc cdsy tm cdra lmacy qu`ojhy tfcrc
but uamrtfmnmx lcdasfdvc tm bc uscn tm fmhn ma tm `t5
43 Lcycr 403?, >3->7.
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20tf Ldrof, wca`kc Dukcabh`ojc vmr _ofhu ncr Ld`h. Hctztc Adoft
wurnc c`acrlc`acr Jmcr, `l bcnrmml stcfcan, vma ? gchhmws n`c bc`
l`r hmk`rtca, crbrmof &od. $429,- fcrduskcamllca. Ncr N`cbstdfh
wurnc od. 42 Sfr adofts duskcbt,`of gmhktc `faca n`csca Lmrkca zu
Ygcrnc, l`t 2 Omhns Rcvmhvcry Y`stmhs bcwdact,
uan gdan n`cschbca vmr `a 2 _tuanca uatcr c`acr G`oftc rufcan.
@of vcrhdakc ndsLc`a`kc l`t c`acl z`clh`ofca Sakcstl & nrmftc
dhhc tfc brd`as duszubhdsca,wcaa s`c a`oft nds Kchn fcrduskbca,
bcs`ncs `frc Rcofauak $>4,- bchducanbczdfhtca. _`c hcukactca
fdrtaoj`k uan ldoftca c`aca Dagdhh dug l`of, `ofrct`r`rtc c`a`kc
Pdrns uan gcucrtc ndrdug zwc` _ofssc dug nca l`r zuaofst zuHc`bc
Jmllcanca, `of trdg `fa `as Bc`a, cr fflch uan sofrc` catsctzh`of.
@of nrmftcnca bc`nca dancrca dug schbc [c`sc, wmrdug s`c s`of
crkdbca uan l`r nca Gcfhcrc`akcstdanca. Dhhcs, wds `of
fcrdusquctsofca jmaatc, wdr $39,-, nca Rcst fdttcas`c `l
Ldas`ma-FdusZ47\vcrsp`cht. _`c sofwmrca, l`r nca Rcst `a c`a`kca
[mofcac`azufan`kca uan kdbca l`r `frc zwc` Sfrca dhs Satcrpgdan.
[rc `of l`tc`a`kca zusdllca kcwcsca, sm fttca w`r s`c toft`k
nurofkcfduca, nmof aua wdr
`of dhhc`a uan f`cht l`of tdpgcr kcauk, s`c fdttca kdr jc`ac
[dca uan groftctcascfr lc`a Bhc`.
@t wds mac grcaoflda, mac kcrlda bmy dan mac d h`tthc
@r`sflda.Z4;\
Amt luof lmrc `s jamwa dbmut Hunw`ks stdy `a Odh`gmra`d tfda
tfcsc twmrcpmrts wr`ttca by f`lschg. Ma 2 Ldrof 4639 fc dan f`s
pdrtacr phdocn dadnvcrt`sclcat `a tfc Yhdocr `lcs5
[C FC SANCR_@KACN Mcr gmr sdhc ma h`bcrdh tcrls dhh mur t`thc
dan`atcrcst `a tfc wchh grcqucatcn dan omavca`cat bmdrn`ak fmusc
odhhcn Cdkhc Fmusc`a 2n st. acdr J st.
_OFH@CLDAA & MROFDRN, Yrmpr`ctmrs. _dordlcatm O`ty, Ldrof
4.Z46\
[fy fc dan f`s pdrtacr drc schh`ak tf`s bmdrn`ak fmusc `s amt
ohcdr. Nmcs fch`l`t f`lschg amw tm f`s sfmp= @t dppcdrs grml tfc
hcttcr tfdt fc wr`tcs tm f`s gdtfcrdan s`stcrs tfdt fc odaamt ompc
vcry wchh w`tf tfc oh`ldtc `a _dordlcatm. @t wds
47 _dordlcatm rdasor`pt24 Euac 4639. Ldn Nmk D nmk, suppmscn tm
bc ldn wds j`hhcn hdst cvca`akdt tfc Ldas`ma Fmusc, omracr mg E dan
Grmat strccts. ^c da`ldh rusfcn `atm tfc fmusc, gmdl`ak dttfc
lmutf, dan sadpp`ak dt cvcrytf`ak `t omuhn rcdof. ^c fmusc wds smma
ohcdrcn mg pcmphc, dan Lr.
[dhhcr, tfc prmpr`ctmr, `llcn`dtchy sfmt tfc nmk w`tf d Omhts
Rcvmhvcr.4; Lcycr 403?, >;. R`oftcr 4002, 42>-423.46 Yhdocr
`lcs, 2 Ldrof 4639. rd`hh 2996, ?3. Dus Brc`gca, n`c cr ZFc`ar`of\
vma `fl ZHunw`k\
crfdhtca fdttc, wusstc _ofh`cldaa, ndss Hunw`k `a _dordlcatm c`a
bcncutcancs Wcrlkca crwmrbcafdttc, ndruatcr c`a Fmtch uan c`aca
Hdnca. Kcaadn`us H`brdry N`dry D6, ?>, 49 _cptclbcr 4673Grml ly
Zfmtch\w`anmw @ scc tfc phdoc wfcrc ly pmmr brmtfcr uscn tm jccp
f`s Fmtch, ma 2 nstr.
bctwcca J & H.: tfc hmst Zhmt\ `s mooup`cn by d br`oj
bu`hn`ak w`tf `rma sfuttcrs, wf`of scrvcs dsfmusc mg `hh gdlc.
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uafcdhtfy tfcrc, dan tfcrc wds ychhmw gcvcr cvcrywfcrc.40@a Euhy
4639 _ofh`cldaa`s `agmrlcn tfdt f`s brmtfcr fds n`cn mg typfm`n `a
_dordlcatm.29
Doomrn`ak tm _ofh`cldaas mgg`o`dh dutmb`mkrdpfy, ds pubh`sfcn by
f`l `a4664 ds da `atrmnuot`ma tm f`s @h`ms tfc o`ty dan omuatry mg
tfc rmedas, fc wcat tm
Odh`gmra`d `a 4639 ds fc fdn amt fcdrn grml f`s brmtfcr gmr d
hmak t`lc. Maoctfcrc, fc n`somvcrcn tfdt Hunw`k wds ncdn.24
D n`sdppm`atlcat `a hmvc
Doomrn`ak tm f`s trdvch emuradh mg 46>7, _ofh`cldaa sdak tfc
prd`scs mg Russ`dawmlca nur`ak d n`aacr `a H`vcrpmmh.22Amt mahy
wcrc tfcy bcdut`guh but dhsm vcry`atchh`kcat. fcy wcrc ghucat `a dt
hcdst tfrcc hdakudkcs dan `a dnn`t`ma tfcy phdycntfc p`dam vcry
wchh. Mac nrdwbdoj mg tfc Russ`da wmlda wds tfdt tfcy n`n amth`jc
gmrc`ka lca. [fca wc h`aj tf`s tm _ofh`cldaas dttclpts nur`ak tf`s
emuracy
tm pdss f`lschg mgg ds d Russ`da, mac smma kcts tfc `lprcss`ma
tfdt fc maoc fdn damt vcry fdppy cxpcr`caoc w`tf d Russ`da wmlda.
[fca wc subscqucathy rcdnfmw fc pd`ats d wfmhhy uarcdh`st`o p`oturc
mg tfc Russ`da lda tm d Grcaof wmlda`a tfc trd`a tm Datwcrp, tfcrc
`s d gcch`ak tfdt fc fds amt yct k`vca up dhh fmpc.
Doomrn`ak tm _ofh`cldaa tfc kmdh `a tfc h`gc mg d Russ`da lda `s
tm casurc tfdtf`s w`gc w`hh kct fcdvca ma cdrtf. Nmlcst`o fdrlmay
`s doomrn`ak tm _ofh`cldaatfc f`kfcst fdpp`acss lda oda dttd`a.
[fctfcr fc dotudhhy fdn d wmlda `a l`andt tfdt lmlcat mr mahy
nrcdlt dbmut fcr `s uaohcdr. @a f`s dttclpts tm bcomlc dRuss`da,
_ofh`cldaa prmbdbhy cvca wcat sm gdr ds tm tdjc d Russ`da adlc.
Hdtcr mawc sfdhh scc tfdt @vdamv`of Yrmjmpy Ymamldrcv fcdncn f`s
hcttcrs tm _ofh`cldaa `a
4632 w`tf Ly ncdr Lr Dhcjsdanr A`jmhdcv`.2?
Dt tfc can mg 46>; _ofh`cldaas pursu`t mg nmlcst`o bh`ss
ohcdrhy sccls tm tdjcsfdpc. Dt hcdst `g tfc rulmur `s truc tfdt f`s
brmtfcr Hunw`k fds fcdrn. Fc wr`tcsf`s brmtfcr d hcttcr `a
rcdsmadbhy kmmn Nutof `a wf`of fc sdys tfdt fc fds fcdrntm f`s
dldzclcat tfdt Fc`ar`of fds bcca struoj by Oup`ns drrmws dan phdas
tmkct ldrr`cn. Fc dnv`scs f`s brmtfcr strmakhy tm bc odrcguh dan tm
tf`aj fdrn bcgmrctdj`ak tf`s b`k stcp. Hunw`k dssulcs tfdt tfc
`atcancn br`nc `s r`of dan tfdt f`s
40 Pchhmw gcvcr `s da `agcot`mus n`scdsc dan bchmaks tm tfc
Ghdv` v`ruscs. Hunw`k _ofh`cldaa prmbdbhyomaguscn tfc adlc mg tfc
`hhacss, ds tf`s v`rus nmcs amt moour `a tfc surrmuan`aks mg
_dordlcatm.
29 Lcycr 403?, ?96. bcr H.s mn sofrc`bt _. dl 2?. Euh` da nca
ncutsofca Jmasuh `a _da Grdao`som5Hunw`k fdttc s`of dug nca [ck
adof nca L`aca vma Amrtfgmrj Zkcldoft\. Cr wmhhtc dug c`acr
`fldakczc`ktca sc`oftca _tchhc c`aca `fl `l [ck h`ckcanca Ghu
pdss`rca, fdttc dbcr nds Sakhoj,`a n`c `cgc zu kcrdtfca. Cr pdojtc
s`of jrgt`k das Ygcrn, wchofcs tdpgcr nurofsofwdll, crf`chtdbcr `a
Gmhkc ncs jdhtca Mjtmbcrtdkcs uan ncr adssca Jhc`ncr, n`c cr a`oft
zu trmojaca `l _tdancwdr, nds G`cbcr, `a wchofcl cr 42 dkc
krtcatfc`hs mfac Bcs`aauak ... vma eckh`ofcr lcasofh`ofcrF`hgc
vcrhdssca zubrdoftc. N`c Adtur s`cktc, cr crwdoftc dus ncl
mncssofhdg ... cr Zjcfrtc\ adof_dordlcatm zurj. Ncr Drzt Zfdt\ `fl
nmrt kcfmhgca, dbcr n`c Lcn`z`a wdr zu stdrj l`t
Tucojs`hbcrvcrsctzt ... @g tf`s rcpmrt `s omrrcot, tfca Hunw`k n`n
amt n`c mg typfm`n but mg tfc lcn`odt`ma gmr domhn mr flu.
^c _dordlcatm O`ty Oclctcry 46>0-2999`ancx tchhs us tfdt
Hmu`s Fcary _ofh`clda, Dkc 23, n`cn dtLdy 24, 4639 dan wds bur`cn
dt Lr. Bcaactts fmusc.
24 _ofh`cldaa 4664, 42.
22 _cc ^dams & Drcatzca 2942, 6;-66.2? _cc gmr `astdaoc
Kcaadn`us H`brdry Bmx ;, >>6 / 2??6 707;.
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brmtfcr tf`ajs tf`s d kmmn rcdsma tm ldrry fcr. Fc`ar`of sfmuhn
bcdr `a l`antfdt fc w`hh tdjc tfc wrmak stcp `g fc nmcs amt gcch
hcs scat`lcats hcs phus ambhc.fc ofdrdotcr dan tfc gcch`ak sfmuhn
omrrcspman, lmacy dhmac `s amt camukf.Fc`ar`of sfmuhn wr`tc Hunw`k
dbmut `t `a nctd`h, gmr tfc t`lc bc`ak fc w`hh amt tchh
daybmny.2>
Fmw tf`s stmry cagmhns `s amt tmtdhhy ohcdr. @a 46>6
_ofh`cldaa tdjcs up Russ`da
o`t`zcasf`p. Fc `s amw d rcdh Russ`da dan tfcrc `s amtf`ak hcgt
tfdt oda kct `a tfcwdy mg ldrr`dkc tm d Russ`da wmlda. @a tfdt sdlc
ycdr fc wr`tcs tm f`s s`stcrs tfdtfc fds d wmlda ma f`s l`an. Fc
fds amw, `a f`s mwa wmrns, rcdofcn tfc p`aadohcmg fdpp`acss. fc
wmlda mg f`s nrcdls phdys tfc p`dam bcdut`guhhy dan sfc spcdjstfrcc
hdakudkcs ghucathy. Lmrcmvcr, sfc `s tfr`gty sm tfdt _ofh`cldaa
cxpcots tm bcdbhc tm bcomlc wcdhtfy w`tf fcr.23@g wc omlpdrc tf`s
rcldrj w`tf fmw _ofh`cldaatrcdtcn w`tf omatclpt tfc hdn`cs `a
H`vcrpmmh, wc oda dsj murschvcs fmw hmak fcfdn bcca pursu`ak tf`s
wmlda, mr wfctfcr tf`s ymuak hdny eust fdppcacn tm sdt`sgy
f`s `ncdh`zcn p`oturc. mwdrns tfc can mg tfc ycdr cvcrytf`ak
sccls tm bc drrdakcn.Ma 26 Motmbcr 46>6, _ofh`cldaa wr`tcs tm
f`s gdtfcr tfdt fc `s cakdkcn tm bcldrr`cn. Fc fds gmuan `a _t
Yctcrsburk d Kcrlda-Russ`da k`rh, _mpf`c Fcojcr._ofh`cldaa `s
ncg`a`t`vchy `a hmvc dan vcry fdppy. [`c sofa ncr Kcndajc,
c`actrcuc Kcgfrt`a zu bcs`tzca, n`c Grcuanc uan Fcrzchc`n tc`ht.
27D ycdr dgtcr fc kmtcakdkcn tf`aks km dwry ma 43 Amvclbcr 46>0.
_mpf`c `s d b`t tmm mbv`mus `a fcrh`j`ak gmr d ymuak mgg`ocr. f`s
`s gmr _ofh`cldaa d s`ka tfdt sfc `s gr`vmhmus danfc brcdjs mgg tfc
cakdkclcat.2;Fc wr`tcs f`s gdtfcr tfdt tfc phdaacn wcnn`ak `smgg
dan tfdt tfdt `s d kmmn tf`ak. _mpf`c `s st`hh tmm ymuak dan tdjcs
cvcrytf`aktmm h`kft-fcdrtcnhy. @t `s amt `lpmrtdat. Gmr smlcbmny
h`jc f`l w`tf d kmmn adlc,
am ncbts dan d gmrtuac mg 49,999 tfdhcr, `t sfmuhn bc am prmbhcl
tm g`an d w`gc.Ds fc fmpcs tm cdra damtfcr 47,999 tfdhcr `a
46>0, fc w`hh mahy fdvc tm wd`t uat`htfc dutula dan fc w`hh bc
mggcrcn tfc r`ofcst dan lmst bcdut`guh ndukftcrs. Butfc nmcs amt
rcdhhy fdvc tfc pdt`caoc gmr tfdt. Bcgmrc fc lct _mpf`c, fc
bcodlcdoqud`atcn w`tf damtfcr Russ`da wmlda. _fc `s bcdut`guh dan
scas`bhc but fds amgmrtuac.26_fc `s Ecjdtcr`ad Yctrmwad Hysf`ad
(4627-4607). @t sccls, fmwcvcr, tfdt
Ecjdtcr`ad wds amt rcdhhy dttrdotcn tm _ofh`cldaa dan tfus tf`s
dttclpt tm g`an dw`gc dhsm rcsuhtcn `a d n`sdppm`atlcat.
Doomrn`ak tm _ofh`cldaas mgg`o`dh dutmb`mkrdpfy, fc trdvchhcn tm
tfc S_ `acdrhy Gcbrudry 4639.20But wfca wc hmmj `atm tfdt ndtc `t
`llcn`dtchy bcomlcs
ohcdr tfdt tf`s stdtclcat odaamt bc r`kft. Doomrn`ak tm tfc
trdvch emuradh tfdt fcjcpt nur`ak f`s stdy `a tfc S_, fc trdvchhcn
tfrmukf [cstcra Curmpc gmr tfc scomant`lc `a Gcbrudry 4639. Dan
doomrn`ak tm tfdt emuradh fc mahy hcgt _t Yctcrsburk
2> Kcaadn`us H`brdry _cr`c B, Bmx 4/39, ??9 ?20 22;9. _cc
dhsm Drcatzca 2942, 4>6.23 Hunw`k 40?2, 62-6?, ndtcs tf`s cvcat
`a 46>;. Lcycr 4070, 4>9-4>4 k`vcs tfc sdlc stmry w`tfmut
d
ndtc.27 Hunw`k 40?2, 6?.2; Hunw`k 40?2, 67-6;, Lcycr 4070,
4>9-4>4. rd`hh 4003, 2?. Fcr gdtfcr, wfm wdatcn d r`of
sma-`a-
hdw, pcrsudncn fcr dkd`ast fcr mwa w`sfcs, tm doocpt. rd`hh
bdscs f`lsch g ma Hunw`k 40?4, 69-4, but@ fdvc amt bcca dbhc tm
fflan daytf`ak tm suppmrt tf`s stdtclcat.
26 Hunw`k 40?2, 6?.20 _ofh`cldaa 4602, 46
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ma 49 Ncoclbcr 4639. @g Hunw`k _ofh`cldaa fds rcdhhy daytf`ak tm
nm w`tf_ofh`cldaas ncpdrturc gmr tfc S_, tfca tf`s ndtc `s lmrc
phdus`bhc. Ds wc fdvcscca Hunw`k wrmtc f`s brmtfcr grml _dordlcatm
ma 2; Ldrof 4639. @a tf`s hcttcrfc pd`ats gmr Fc`ar`of d g`adao`dh
wmancrhdan wfcrc mac oda ldjc d gmrtuac `a
tfc sfmrtcst t`lc.Lca oml`ak tm tf`s omuatry sfmuhn br`ak cvcry
Ocat dhmak, `astcdn mg hcdv`ak `tfmlc. @ancpcancat gmrtuacs fdvc
bcca ldnc fcrc `a d gcw lmatf ...Z?9\
Ma 29 Euhy 4639 _ofh`cldaa wr`tcs tm d omus`a dsj`ak f`l tm
omavcy tm f`ss`stcrs `a d tdotguh wdy tfc lcssdkc mg tfc ncdtf mg
tfc`r brmtfcr. Fc fds fcdrn tfdtHunw`k fds n`cn mg typfm`n `a
_dordlcatm, Odh`gmra`d, ma 24 Ldy. D bus`acssrchdt`ma a Acw Pmrj,
O.N. Bcfrcas, fds scat f`l d acwspdpcr a wf`of _ofh`cldaag`ans tfc
gmhhmw`ak scatcaoc5
Ma tfc 24st n`cn `a _dordlcat O`ty, mg ypfm`n gcvcr, Lr. Hmu`s
_ofh`cldaa,gmrlcrhy mg Kcrlday, hdtc mg Acw Pmrj O`ty, dkcn 23
ycdrs.Z?4\
@a f`s hcttcr mg 29 Euhy _ofh`cldaa wr`tcs tfdt f`s brmtfcr
wmuhn fdvc ldnc dsldhh gmrtuac mg ;999 tfdhcr?2 `a d sfmrt t`lc. Fc
fds dhrcdny wr`ttca tm damtfcrgdl`hy lclbcr tm drrdakc tfc
acocssdry pdpcrs. fc `atcat`ma `s tfdt tfc s`stcrstry tm kct fmhn
mg Hunw`ks `afcr`tdaoc v`d B.F. _ofrncr & Om. `a Dlstcrndl.Lmst
b`mkrdpfcrs dssulc tfdt scour`ak tfc cstdtc mg f`s brmtfcr wds tfc
rcdsmagmr _ofh`cldaas emuracy tm Odh`gmra`d,??but @ fdvc amt gmuan
day `an`odt`mas mgtf`s. @a f`s trdvch emuradh _ofh`cldaa f`lschg
k`vcs ds rcdsma gmr tf`s emuracy f`s`asdt`dbhc ncs`rc gmr
trdvchh`ak.?>
Ma 40 Motmbcr 4639 _ofh`cldaa wr`tcs d rdtfcr orypt`o hcttcr tm
Bcfrcas `aAcw Pmrj. Fc dsjs f`l tm supphy f`l w`tf `agmrldt`ma by
rctura mg ld`h ma tfcpmss`b`h`t`cs tfdt drc bc`ak orcdtcn gmr d
odp`tdh`st `a Odh`gmra`d. D gr`can mg f`s,wfm fds dbmut
$ ?9,999 wmuhn h`jc tm km tm _da Grdao`som acxt spr`ak `a mrncr
tm `avcst tfdtlmacy ds bcst ds pmss`bhc. Fc `s d ymuak lda w`tf
hmts mg cacrky dan da cxtcas`vcjamwhcnkc mg d lcrofdats mooupdt`ma.
[muhn `t bc pmss`bhc tm `avcst f`s lmacy
?9 Lcycr 403?, >3.?4 Lcycr 403?, >;->6. Nd`hy Dhtd
Odh`gmra`d, 23 Ldy 4639.?2 4 ^dhcr wds ? Ldrj wds Gh. 4,69.??
Hunw`k 40?2, 60-095 Nrc` Lmadtc adof ... Zncl\ hctztca Br`cg crfht
_ofh`cldaa c`ac Uc`tuaksamt`z
bcr nca mn ncs Bruncrs ... [ca`kc Lmadtc sptcr sof`t s`of
_ofh`cldaa c`a, ul nds Krdb ncsBruncrs zu suofca uan nds Kmhn vma
Jdh`gmra`ca. Lcycr 4070, 44>5 Ncr Wcrstmrbcac zmk ncabcrhcbcanca
Bruncr adof `a n`c Grclnc. Lmmrcfcdn 400>, ?25 @t wds Hmu`s wfm
wds rcspmas`bhcgmr tfc acxt ofdptcr `a _ofh`cldaas h`gc ...
Ncohdr`ak tfdt fc wds `atcan`ak tm `avcst`kdtc wfdt fdnfdppcacn tm
Hmu`ss gmrtuac Zdgtcr f`s ncdtf\, `a mrncr tm br`ak bdoj wfdt fc
omuhn sdhvdkc gmr f`ss`stcrs, fc ldnc phdas tm sd`h gmr Acw Pmrj
... Rdttacr & Ndazcr 2997, 375 ... c`acr sc`acr Brncrfdttc s`of
`l jdh`gmra`sofca _dordlcatm a`cncrkchdssca uan s`of nmrt dl
Kmhnrdusof bctc`h`kt. Ndbc`
crjrdajtc cr da ypfus, uan Fc`ar`of rc`stc bcr nca Mzcda, ul `fl
bc`zustcfca.?> [cbcr 40>2, 42. D2 n`dry Z4\
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... suppmsc suof da Shysscs ... tm omlc tm smlc `shdan mg
Odhypsm, smlc wchh-`afdb`tcn o`ty, uancr tfc ruhc mg pmwcrguh dan
bca`kadat, but phd`ahy, fc lustbch`cvc, supcrfulda `aflucaocs, dan
tfcrc tm fflan tfdt `ldkc mg tfc wmrhn dan `tsdrts, wf`of fc fdn
vd`ahy tr`cn tm bu`hn up a f`s l`an, cxf`b`tcn bcgmrc f`s
bmn`hy
cyc a d vdst orystdh grdlc: truc a cvcry l`autc tfrcdn dan fuc,
grml tfc spdrjhcmg tfc n`dlman tm tfc l`kfty buhj mg tfc omhmssus:
truc tm tfdt wf`of bchmaks tmcvcry pdrt mg tfc cdrtf: dan tf`s,
w`tf tfc ccots wf`of tfc drts prmnuoc, amt dttfc `atcrvdhs mg tfc
trdvchhcrs wcdry emuracy, but cvcrywfcrc dt tfc prcscat fmur...
[fca wc fdvc suppmscn suof d v`s`ma, nm wc amt sccl tm fdvc kmac
bcyman dhhtfc wmancrs mg tfdt wmanrmus dao`cat Mnysscda tdhc= Dan
yct, `a ldj`ak suof dsuppms`t`ma, fdvc wc amt bcca cxdothy
ncsor`b`ak tfdt wf`of wc fdvc scca w`tf`atfcsc gcw lmatfs=Z?6\
@a d t`lc wfca dhh `atchhcotudhs dkrccn tfdt tfc ohdss`odh
ouhturc wds tfc f`kfcstdttd`adbhc, tfc Cakh`sf w`tf tfc`r Orystdh
Ydhdoc fdn cxoccncn tf`s.
fc Krcdt Cxf`b`t`ma wds `llcaschy pmpuhdr w`tf tfc Cakh`sf
pubh`o. mk`vc _ofh`cldaa da `ncd mg tf`s, Kcmrkc Fdrv`s Chh`s, tm
wfml @ w`hh rctura hdtcr,omlcs `a mac mg f`s hcttcrs w`tf da
daconmtc tfdt sfmws wfdt tfc Cakh`sf wcrcw`hh`ak tm nm gmr d v`s`t
tm tf`s cxf`b`t`ma5
?6 [fcwchh (46342), 44-4?.
_t. Yctcrsburk
Adrvd
Nmrpdt
R`kd
^durmkkca
Ja`aksbcrk
Chb`ak
Ldr`caburkN`crsofdu
[mhncabcrk
_tdrkdrn_tctt`a
Bcrh`aYmtsndl
LdkncburkBrduasofwc`k
FdaamvcrL`anca
Mbcrfdusca
Drafcl
Dlstcrndl
Nuad
W`stuhd
^`hs`t
Cllcr`of
[csch
G`kurc 45 _ofh`cldaas trdvch grml _t Yctcrsburk tm Dlstcrndl
mvcr hdan (smh`n h`ac5 by trd`a)
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m k`vc ymu da `astdaoc mg tfc krcdt ncs`rc cv`aocn by tfc pcmphc
tm scc tfc wmrhns`anustry d pdwabrmjcr dt Hccns `a Pmrjsf`rc ma tfc
cvc mg tfc ncpdrturc mg dacxours`ma trd`a tm Hmanma fdn pdwacn dt
f`s sfmp 2 Busfchs mg [dtofcs by pcrsmaswfm omuhn acvcr fdvc scca
tfc Cxf`b`t`ma but gmr tfc lmacy hcat ma tfcsc drt`ohcs.Z?0\
fc acxt ndy _ofh`cldaa wcat tm Hmanma Umm tm fdvc d hmmj dt tfc
acxtCakh`sf fypc mg tfdt lmlcat5 tfc f`ppmpmtdlus Mbdysof (o.
46>0-46;6). f`swds tfc g`rst f`ppmpmtdlus tm rcdof Amrtfcra
Curmpc `a lmncra t`lcs. @a lmncrat`lcswds dnncn guhh mg pr`nc ds
amt hmak bcgmrc `t fdn bcca n`somvcrcn, bdscn magmss`hs, tfdt tfcrc
maoc fdn bcca d t`lc wfca f`ppmpmtdl` fdn h`vcn `a AmrtfcraCurmpc.
Mbdysof fdn amtf`ak tm nm w`tf tfcsc gmss`hs, ds fc fdn omlc
strd`kft grmlCkypt. Fc fdn bcca odpturcn tfcrc, tmkctfcr w`tf smlc
mtfcr cxmt`o da`ldhs matfc mrncr mg Dbbds Ydsfd (464?-463>). Fc
fdn swdppcn f`l gmr smlc krcyfmuansw`tf tfc Br`t`sf Omasuh Dukust
Lurrdy (F`ppmpmtdlus Lurrdy 4697-4603).
fc f`ppm wds adlcn dgtcr tfc `shdan `a tfc A`hc wfcrc fc wds
odpturcn. Fcfdn bcca trdaspmrtcn tm Od`rm by bmdt mvcr tfc A`hc dan
tfca sf`ppcn by Y & Mstcdlcr tm _mutfdlptma. Dan ma 23 Ldy 4639
fc fdn drr`vcn `a Hmanma Ummwfcrc fc `llcn`dtchy bcodlc d
ordzc.>9
Doomrn`ak tm tfc amtcs `a f`s emuradh, _ofh`cldaa v`s`tcn ma f`s
hdst cvca`ak `aHmanma tfc Yr`aocs fcdtrc wfcrc fc sdw tfc hdst
pcrgmrldaoc mg tfc ochcbrdtcntrdkcn`da Ldorcdny. Fc `s [`hh`dl
Ofdrhcs Ldorcdny (4;0?-46;?) dan_ofh`cldaa n`n amt dttcan f`s rcdh
hdst pcrgmrldaoc but mac mg tfc pcrgmrldaocs mgf`s gdrcwchh
prmnuot`ma. Ldorcdny phdycn f`s rcdh hdst sfmw ma 27 Gcbrudry
4634.>4Omaocra`ak tfc tfcdtrc, tfcrc `s smlctf`ak pcouh`dr
tfcrc. _ofh`cldaa lust fdvcldnc d l`stdjc fcrc mac wdy mr tfc
mtfcr. Fc wr`tcs `a f`s emuradh tfdt fc wcat tmtfc Yr`aocs fcdtrc,
wf`of wds `a Mxgmrn _trcct. But Ldorcdny n`n amt phdy tfcrc.Fc wds
dssmo`dtcn w`tf tfc fcdtrc Rmydh `a Nrury Hdac. [fca _ofh`cldaa
ldncf`s amtcs, fc prcsuldbhy l`xcn up tfcsc twm tfcdtrcs `a f`s
l`an.
^fc sf`pwrcoj
Ma f`s g`rst scd vmydkc, _ofh`cldaa fdn bcca sf`pwrcojcn mgg
cxch `a 46>9. fcvdr`mus rcpmrts fc ldnc mg tf`s `a tfc omursc mg
f`s h`gc nm n`ggcr w`nchy dan amacmg tfcl rcdhhy dkrcc w`tf tfc
rcpmrt tfdt tfc odptd`a fdn nrdwa up w`tf d amtdry
pubh`o ma cxch.>2fc omascqucaoc mg tf`s `s tfdt mac oda
wmancr fmw doourdtc_ofh`cldaas rcpmrt mg tfc ncsor`bcn sf`pwrcoj `a
tf`s emuradh `s.
_m tfdt tfc rcdncr oda ofcoj _ofh`cldaas stmry, @ w`hh rcprmnuoc
fcrc d hdrkcpdrt mg d rcpmrt ds dppcdrcn `a tfc Acw-Pmrj Nd`hy
r`buacmg 4; Gcbrudry 46345
?0 Kcaadn`us H`brdry >7? (d-o) >?;, 70?3-70?6.>9 Rmmt
400?.
>4 Caoyohmpdcn`d Br`tdaa`od.>2 _cc Drcatzca 2944.
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Drr`vdh mg tfc Dgr`od ^c Dthdat`o sdgc dt Omrj!^c Ouadrn stcdlcr
Dgr`od, Odpt Ryr`c, drr`vcn dt tf`s pmrt grml H`vcrpmmh dt 0mohmoj
_dturndy cvca`ak, dgtcr d pdssdkc mg gmurtcca ndys 0 fmurs.
_fc brmukft tfc emyguh `atchh`kcaoc mg tfc sdgcty mg tfc
Dthdat`o, wf`of oduscnua`vcrsdh nch`kft tfrmukfmut tfc o`ty. ^c
pdrt`ouhdrs mg tfc vmydkc mg tfc Dthdat`odan fcr sdgc drr`vdh dt
Omrj, @rchdan, drc ds gmhhmws5
^c Wmydkc dan N`sdstcr mg tfc Dthdat`o.(Grml tfc H`vcrpmmh
Lcroury)
[c fdvc rcoc`vcn tfc gmhhmw`ak stdtclcat grml d kcathclda mg
omas`ncrdbhcadut`odh cxpcr`caoc wfm wds d pdsscakcr ma bmdrn tfc
stcdlcr5 ^c Dthdat`o hcgtH`vcrpmmh ma tfc dgtcramma mg tfc 26tf,
fdv`ak strmak kdhcs tm tfc wcstwdrn. [c
kmt mvcr tfc bdr dbmut s`x tfc sdlc cvca`ak, dan, ldj`ak d
sphcan`n rua dkd`astfcdn w`ans, pdsscn Odpc Ohcdr ma _uandy a`kft
dbmut fdhg pdst a`ac mohmoj.
Dgtcr tf`s wc caomuatcrcn d suoocss`ma mg wcstcrhy kdhcs: but
tfc stcdlcr bmrc updkd`ast tfcl dhh w`tf da cxtrdmrn`adry nckrcc mg
strcaktf: dan fcr ldof`acrywmrjcn bcdut`guhhy, t`hh, sunncahy dan
uacxpcotcnhy, ma tfc 7tf sfc brmjc nmwadan wds n`sdbhcn. Mur
pms`t`ma tfca wds, hdt. >7m42 amrtf, hma. >4m?9 wcst:n`stdaoc
grml Fdh`gdx, 60; l`hcs: dan Acw Pmrj, 4,>99 l`hcs. [c hd`n tm
uancrodavdss tf`rty fmurs, tm kct tfc flmdts m tfc pdnnhcwfcchs,
&o., dan nr`gtcn s`xtyl`hcs tm tfc smutfwdrn. [c ldnc sd`h,
Edaudry ;, dt amma, w`tf tfc w`an grml
tfc wcstwdrn. Ma Edaudry 0, Y.L., wc fdn d kdhc grml tfc
smutfwcst, dan dkd`ahd`n tm. Ma tfc 44tf wc bmrc dwdy grml Odpc
Ohcdr, dan caomuatcrcn d strmak
G`kurc 25 Mbdysof tfc F`ppmpmtdlus Hmanma Umm 4632. Yfmtm by Nma
Euda, Omuat mg
Lmat`za
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[.A.[. kdhc, tfc Odpc bc`ak n`stdat 4,?39 l`hcs. Amtf`ak gurtfcr
trdasp`rcntfdt `s wmrtfy mg amtc t`hh wc daofmrcn `a tfc Omvc mg
Omrj, Edaudry 22, tfdajguh
gmr mur prcscrvdt`ma: dan dhh ma bmdrn sdt`sfflcn w`tf tfc
sj`hguh ldadkclcat mgtfc cxpcr`caocn Odptd`a uancr suof
n`sdnvdatdkcmus o`roulstdaocs. ^c vcssch @bch`cvc tm bc ds strmak
dan ds dbhc ds cvcr.Z>?\
[`tf d gcw vdr`dt`mas, wc kct tf`s stmry tw`oc lmrc `a tfc
vcrs`ma mg tfc Omrj
Cxdl`adr dan tfc H`vcrpmmh Dhb`ma supphclcatcn by stdtclcats
suppmrt`ak tfcodptd`a grml bmtf pdsscakcrs dan orcw. fc drt`ohc
omaohuncs w`tf tfc pdsscakcrh`st mg tfc Dthdat`o, grml wf`of @ fdvc
omp`cn tfc hdst pdrt.
fc gmhhmw`ak `s tfc Dthdat`os pdsscakcr h`st, dhh mg wfml, wc
bch`cvc, odlc `atfc Dgr`od5
Emfa E. Hmr`ak, Bmstma Ndv`n Rdaj`a, Yf`hd.E._. [dnswmrtf, A.
Pmrj F.Y. [dhjcr, Ofdrhcstma[. Bcaedl`a, er. A. Pmrj R.F. Fdrr`s,
Bdht`lmrcH. Dhcxdancr, @crhdan E.F. Ymttcakcr, Bdht`lmrc
F.E. Buttcrg`chn, A. Pmrj C.F. Kr`gg`a, Wdhpdrd`smO.O. Fdtof dan
hdny, A.P. Kcm B Rccsc, Yf`hd
D. Hdurcaoc, er., Bmstma Kcm LoJ`az`c, Y`otmu[.C. Odsc dan hdny,
A.P. O. _frmncr, Fdlburk[.D. [fcchmoj & hdny, A.P. F. _fh`clda,
_t. YctrsbrkfK.D. Ourt`s, Bmstma N.F. Jhdcacr, Kdhvcstma
E.F. Cdstcr, Bdht`lmrc K. Kmhnstc`a, CakhdanE.H. Hmwrcy, A. Pmrj
fms H`tthc, @rchdanKcm N. _uttma. A. Pmrj>>
>? Acw-Pmrj Nd`hy r`buac, Lmandy, Gcbrudry 4;, 4634.>>
Acw-Pmrj Nd`hy r`buac, Lmandy, Gcbrudry 4;, 4634.
Dlstcrndl
RmttcrndlHmanma
H`vcrpmmh
Tuccastmwa
Omrj
Nub
h`a
Fmhyfcdn
Bdakmr
Ofcstcr
B`rjcafcdn
Mstcanc
Nmvcr
Kcat
Datwcrpca
Brcnd
Nchgt
G`kurc ?5 _ofh`cldaas trdvch grml Dlstcrndl tm Tuccastmwa (smh`n
h`ac5 by trd`a, bhuc h`ac5
by bmdt)
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Ds mahy g`rst ohdss pdsscakcr adlcs ldnc `t `atm tfc pdpcr, `t
dt maoc bcomlcsohcdr tfdt _ofh`cldaa n`n amt kct tm tfc S_ ma d
sfmcstr`ak tm sccj f`s gmrtuacstfcrc, ds tfc dvcrdkc kmhn n`kkcr
n`n. Fc trdvchhcn `a tfc styhc tfdt bcg`ttcn f`sstdtus ds d
prmspcrmus bus`acsslda.
[fdt cxdothy fdppcacn upma drr`vdh `a Acw Pmrj @ fdvc amt bcca
dbhc tmg`an mut. @a d hcttcr tm Emfdaa Fc`ar`of (Emfa Fcary)
_ofrncr (4;6>-466?) `aHmanma, _ofh`cldaa wrmtc `a 467; tfdt d
n`vmroc wmuhn amt odusc f`l tmm ldayprmbhcls ds fc fdn bcomlc da
Dlcr`oda o`t`zca `a Gcbrudry 4634.>3Dan `a 4670fc wr`tcs tm f`s
omus`a Dnmhpf _ofh`cldaa (464;-46;2) tfdt fc fds rcamuaocn
tfcRuss`da Clpcrmr ma 4; Gcbrudry 4634 dan subscqucathy fds swmra
dhhck`daoc tmtfc Sa`tcn _tdtcs mg Amrtf Dlcr`od.>7@t `s ohcdr
tfdt _ofh`cldaa tfmukft fc wdsda Dlcr`oda, but @ fdvc amt bcca dbhc
tm g`an day prmmg mg tf`s `a tfc drof`vcs.@t `s ocrtd`a tfdt upma
drr`vdh `a tfc S_ _ofh`cldaa wds amt adturdh`zcn tm da
Dlcr`oda, wfdtcvcr fc ldy fdvc wdatcn dt tfdt lmlcat.
Sagmrtuadtchy tfc pdsscakcr h`st mg tfc Dgr`od fds bcca
prcscrvcn mahy `a pdrt.Ma tfc h`st tfdt oda bc omasuhtcn tmndy,
amac mg tfc pdsscakcrs drc lcat`macn wfmwcrc mr`k`adhhy ma bmdrn
tfc Dthdat`o doomrn`ak tm tfc acwspdpcrs. @a tfc pdrt mgtfc h`st
tfdt `s st`hh doocss`bhc tmndy, dgtcr cdof adlc `s lcat`macn dpdrt
grml dkc,scx, prmgcss`ma dan omuatry mg mr`k`a, wfctfcr mac wdats
tm rcld`a `a tfc S_mr amt. Yrcsuldbhy tfc pdsscakcrs wcrc dsjcn ma
bmdrn wfctfcr tfcy wdatcn tm`ll`krdtc mr amt. Dhtfmukf _ofh`cldaas
adlc nmcs amt moour ma tf`s h`st dan wctfcrcgmrc nm amt jamw wfdt
fc n`n daswcr tm tf`s hdst qucst`ma, `t `s phdus`bhc tmdssulc tfdt
fc stdtcn tfdt fc wdatcn tm rcld`a `a tfc S_. Yrcsuldbhy fc
tfmukfttfdt by nm`ak sm fc fdn bcomlc Dlcr`oda.
^fc Cdst Omdst
@a Acw Pmrj _ofh`cldaa ofcojcn `atm tfc bcst fmtch mg tfc o`ty,
Dstmr Fmusc. f`sfmtch wds bu`ht `a 46?7 by tfc luht`-l`hh`mad`rc
Emfa Edomb Dstmr (4;7?-46>6). @tfdn 7 ghmmrs dan ?90 rmmls tfdt
wcrc dhh h`t w`tf kds. Dan `g tfdt wds amt camukfhuxury, tfcrc wds
ma cvcry ghmmr d tm`hct dan d bdtfrmml. Mahy suoocssguh danwcdhtfy
pcmphc omuhn dggmrn tm stdy tfcrc.
Ds usudh, dhsm `a Acw Pmrj, _ofh`cldaa v`s`tcn dhh tfc
dttrdot`mas tfdt sfmuhn amtbc l`sscn. fc bcst-jamwa mg tfcsc wds
uanmubtcnhy Bdrauls Luscul. Ncsp`tc
`ts adlc, tf`s `ast`tut`ma wds amt sm luof d luscul but lmrc d
ormss bctwcca domhhcot`ma mg our`ms`t`cs dan d tfcdtrc. Amt gmr
amtf`ak wds Yf`ards dyhmr Bdraul(4649-4604) odhhcn tfc J`ak mg tfc
Fulbuk. By sfmw`ak acw our`ms`t`cs dhh tfct`lc (nwdrgs, _`dlcsc
tw`as, d stuggcn lcrld`n, cto.) fc ncvchmpcn f`s luscul`atm mac mg
Acw Pmrjs hdrkcst dttrdot`mas.>;. m kct da `lprcss`ma mg wfdt
wdsld`ahy sfmwa fcrc, @ w`hh hmmj dt tfrcc rdanml dnvcrt`sclcats
grml 4639 dan46345
>3 Lcycr 403?, 426.
>7 Hcttcr mg 43-6-4670 grml _ofh`cldaas hcttcr bmmj. _cc Bhjc
294?, ;0-4>7.>; Lcycrs Krmcs jmavcrsdt`mas-Hcx`jma4090.
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Bdrauls Luscul. ml ^ulb dan tfc Of`acsc Luscul bmtf mg tfcl
amwdnncn tm tfc Our`ms`t`cs dt tf`s ochcbrdtcn cstdbh`sflcat, drc
dttrdot`ak d vdst ncdhmg pubh`o dttcat`ma. Kcacrdh ml `s tfc wmancr
mg tfc dkc, dan Of`ad ds `t `s,cxochs cvcrytf`ak. _dhmma
pcrgmrldaocs dgtcramma dan cvca`ak omlcny dan gdroc
tmkctfcr.
Z>6\
Kcacrdh ml fulp, Ofdrhcs _fcrwmmn _trdttma (46?6-466?), wds mahy
492ol tdhh. Fc bcodlc gdlmus tfrmukf f`s om-mpcrdt`ma w`tf Bdraul.
fc Of`acscLuscul sfmwcn d Of`acsc gdl`hy `a Of`acsc ohmtf`ak
surrmuancn by Of`acscgura`turc, cto.
_cdsmadbhc Dlusclcats Wcry h`vchy dan ccot`vc catcrtd`alcats drc
amw tm bcgmuan dt Bdrauls Luscul. Ofdrhmttc clphc, pcrgmrlcn tf`s
cvca`ak, w`hh nrdwd ormwn. ^c oml`o p`cocs tf`s dgtcramma drc
`rrcs`st`bhc. ^c Luscul `s dhwdysdttrdot`vc.Z>0\
@a tfc ldemr`ty mg tfc dnvcrt`sclcats mg can 4639 / bck`aa`ak
4634 tfcpubh`os dttcat`ma `s nrdwa tm tfc tfcdtrc s`nc mg tfc
luscul. fc pcrgmrldaoc mgOfdrhmttc clphc `s typ`odh mg tfc j`an mg
catcrtd`alcat tfca dpprco`dtcn. f`sphdy wds bdscn ma d amvch by
_usdaad Rmwsma (4;72-462>) grml 4;04. Dhtfmukfmr`k`adhhy
pubh`sfcn `a Cakhdan, tf`s sm-odhhcn scnuot`ma amvch `s
ofdrdotcr`st`o mgcdrhy Dlcr`oda h`tcrdturc. f`s s tfc stmry dbmut d
sofmmhk`rh wfm s bc`ak scnuocnby d smhn`cr. _fc kcts prckadat dan
fc dbdanmas fcr. Mg omursc amtf`ak but l`scryw`hh omlc mg tf`s dan
uht`ldtchy sfc omlcs tm d adsty can. m ldjc tfc wfmhc
lmrcdttrdot`vc tfc v`hhd`a tmm `s lcct`ak da uaphcdsdat can. Cdrhy
Dlcr`oda h`tcrdturcjamws d hdrkc aulbcr mg amvchs dan phdys bdscn
ma tf`s tfclc dan tfcy wcrccdkcrhy pcrgmrlcn `a Bdrauls Luscul.
>6 Acw-Pmrj Nd`hy r`buac, Amvclbcr 29, 4639.>0 Acw Pmrj
Nd`hy r`buac, Edaudry 7, 4634.
G`kurc >5 Bdrauls
Dlcr`oda Luscul, Acw
Pmrj 4634 (drt`st uajamwa)
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cdrs mg Emy. Pmu lust sfcn tcdrs ymu odaamt fchp t dt tfc
pcrgmrldaocs a tfcldka`fflocat _dhmma mg Bdrauls Luscul. @a tfc
cvca`ak, Ldnchd`ac `s d lmrdh
phdy, sm tmuof`ak dan sm bcdut`guh bcst ourc gmr nruajcaacss `a
tfc wmrhn. @a tfcdgtcramma, E`l Ormw R`oc wmuhn ldjc da dakch hdukf
f`s w`aks m. Eust try bmtf.
_cc dan bch`cvc.
Z39\
E`l Ormw R`oc, fmlds Ndrtlmutf R`oc (4696-4679) wds d bhdoj
l`astrch.@t `s amt jamwa wfdt _ofh`cldaa rcdhhy sdw `a Bdrauls
Luscul. Kcacrdh
ml fulb lust fdvc bcca tfcrc, but ac`tfcr fc amr mac mg f`s
gchhmw dttrdot`masldnc camukf mg da `lprcss`ma ma f`l tm ldjc `t
`atm f`s emuradh.
@a day odsc, _ofh`cldaa n`n amt scc Bhdoj l`astrchs `a Bdrauls
Luscul.Gmr tfcl fc wcat tm Gchhmws Mpcrd Fmusc wfcrc fc sdw Gchhmws
L`astrchs. fcscwcrc tfc fcyndys mg tfc Bhdoj L`astrchs, sldhh
krmups mg wf`tc lca tmur`ak tfcomuatry dan w`tf bhdojcacn gdocs
catcrtd`a`ak tfc ormwns cvcrywfcrc w`tf emjcsdan smaks.34fcy phdycn
tm d wf`tc dun`caoc mahy dan `a kcacrdh tfc`r suoocss wds
nuc tm tfc rdo`dh odr`odturc tfcy pmrtrdycn ma stdkc, wf`of wds
sm wchh jamwa bytfc`r pubh`o. _ofh`cldaa wds dhsm amt `lprcsscn by
tf`s, prmbdbhy bcodusc grcsfgrml Curmpc, fc n`n amt dpprco`dtc tfc
`ldkc mg tfc of`hn`sfhy stup`n ackrm wfmomuhn s`ak suof hmvchy
smaks.
D Curmpcda mr`k`a wds by tfc wdy am kudrdatcc tfdt upma drr`vdh
`a tfc S_mac omuhn amt `llcn`dtchy gdhh prcy tm rdo`st gcch`aks.
[fca tfc _w`ss kcmhmk`stHmu`s Dkdss`z (469;-46;?) odlc gmr tfc
g`rst t`lc `a 46>7 `atm omatdot w`tf bhdojpcmphc, fc wds vcry
put mgg, ds `s sfmwa by d hcttcr tm f`s lmtfcr5
@t wds `a Yf`hdnchpf`d tfdt @ fflrst gmuan lyschg `a prmhmakcn
omatdot w`tf ackrmcs:
dhh tfc nmlcst`os `a ly fmtch wcrc lca mg omhmr. @ oda sodrochy
cxprcss tm ymu tfcpd`aguh `lprcss`ma tfdt @ rcoc`vcn, cspco`dhhy
s`aoc tfc scat`lcat tfdt tfcy `asp`rcn`a lc `s omatrdry tm dhh mur
`ncds dbmut tfc omagrdtcra`ty mg tfc fulda typc dantfc ua`quc
mr`k`a mg mur spco`cs ... wfca tfcy dnvdaocn tfdt f`ncmus fdan
tmwdrnsly phdtc `a mrncr tm scrvc lc, @ w`sfcn @ wcrc dbhc tm
ncpdrt `a mrncr tm cdt d p`cocmg brcdn chscwfcrc, rdtfcr tfda tm
n`ac w`tf suof scrv`oc.Z32\
Dkdss`z rcpuhs`ma wds sm krcdt tfdt fc omuhn amt `ldk`ac tfdt
bhdojs dan wf`tcswcrc rchdtcn tm cdof mtfcr. Ds tfcrc wcrc scvcrdh
rdocs, tfcrc fdn tm fdvc bcca scvcrdhorcdt`mas. Dhtfmukf _ofh`cldaa
ldjcs scvcrdh rdo`dh rcldrjs `a tf`s emuradh, wcamwfcrc kct tfc
`lprcss`ma tfdt tfc gcch`aks wcat nccpcr w`tf f`l tfda tfc
usudh
prceun`ocs mg f`s t`lc.
39 Acw-Pmrj Nd`hy r`buac, Ldrof ?4, 4634.34 _hmut 299;, 29? ^c
trmmps wcrc sldhh, omlpr`s`ak dbmut scvca mr c`kft, `aohun`ak tfc
dkcat ...
^c l`astrchs ldnc tfc`r mwa w`ks pr`ao`pdhhy mg ourhcn fd`r grml
ldttrcsscs mr smgds. D gcw omrjs,buracn dt kds ects mr `ao`acrdtcn
`a da mhn t`a pd`h, gura`sfcn tfc ldjc-up. _mlct`lcs tfcy
bhdojcn
up w`tf burat pdpcr.32 Kmuhn 4062, 4;?.
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Dgtcr da mvcra`kft stdy `a Bdht`lmrc, _ofh`cldaa acxt trdvchs tm
[dsf`aktma.Dkd`a fc mpts fcrc gmr tfc bcst fmtch, Bdrauls, tm stdy
tfc a`kft. Nur`ak f`semuracy tfrmukf tfc S_ `a 46>2, Ofdrhcs
N`ojcas (4642-46;9) stdycn `a tfc sdlcfmtch3?dan fc sdak `ts
prd`scs5
^c lmst omlgmrtdbhc mg dhh tfc fmtchs mg wf`of @ fdn day
cxpcr`caoc `a tfc Sa`tcn_tdtcs, dan tfcy wcrc amt d gcw, `s
Bdrauls, `a tfdt o`ty ZBdht`lmrc\5 wfcrc tfcCakh`sf trdvchhcr w`hh
fflan ourtd`as tm f`s bcn, gmr tfc fflrst dan prmbdbhy tfc hdstt`lc
`a Dlcr`od (tf`s `s d n`s`atcrcstcn rcldrj, gmr @ acvcr usc tfcl):
dan wfcrcfc w`hh bc h`jchy tm fdvc camukf wdtcr gmr wdsf`ak
f`lschg, wf`of `s amt dt dhh domllma odsc.Z3>\
D v`s`t tm tfc Yrcs`ncat
Maoc `a [dsf`aktma, _ofh`cldaa wcat tm tfc Odp`tmh tm h`stca tm
d em`at lcct`akmg tfc _cadtc dan tfc Fmusc mg Rcprcscatdt`vcs. Mac
mg tfc `tcls ma tfc dkcandtfdt ndy wds tfc r`mts tfdt fdn tdjca
phdoc `a Bmstma amt hmak dkm.
@a 4639 tcas`mas stdrtcn tm r`sc bctwcca prm- dan dat`-shdvcry
stdtcs. Cxtrdprmbhcls drmsc wfca Odh`gmra`d wdatcn tm em`a tfc
Sa`ma. @a mrncr tm prcvcat dgurtfcr csodhdt`ma mg tfc prmbhcls, tfc
4?tf Yrcs`ncat mg tfc S_, L`hhdrn G`hhlmrc(4699-46;>) gmrluhdtcn
w`tf d gcw omag`ndats fc Omlprml`sc mg 4639. @a tf`somlprml`sc
dlmakst mtfcrs tfc catry mg Odh`gmra`d `atm tfc Sa`ma wds
drrdakcndan d hdw wds prmluhkdtcn wf`of gmrbdnc tfc fchp`ak mg
shdvcs wfm fdn ghcn tmtfc Amrtf, tfc sm-odhhcn Guk`t`vc _hdvc Dot.
f`s hdttcr dot `a pdrt`ouhdr lct d hmt mg
mppms`t`ma mg tfc amrtfcracrs. [fca ma 23 Motmbcr 4639 twm
smutfcra ldrsfdhsdrr`vcn `a Bmstma tm omhhcot d shdvc wfm fdn ghcn
tfcrc, tfc ghdlc wds `ka`tcn5
Bmstma, _uandy, Mot 2;.
Dt dbmut fdhg-pdst > mohmoj ycstcrndy lmra`ak, [.E. Ja`kft,
wfm `s dhhckcn tmbc d shdvcodtofcr grml Kcmrk`d, wds drrcstcn by
Ncputy _fcr` Rukk, ma d wr`t
gmr shdancr. ^c wr`t dhhckcs tfdt Ja`kft ofdrkcn [`hh`dl Ordgts,
d o`t`zca mgLdssdofusctts, w`tf bc`ak d shdvc, tm tfc ndldkc mg f`s
bus`acss dan nctr`lcat mgf`s ofdrdotcr, a tfc sul mg $ 49,999.
Ja`kft wds tdjca tm Lr. Rukks moc, wfcrcd krcdt ormwn smma
dssclbhcn, omlpmscn mg wf`tcs dan bhdojs. Dbusc wds fcdpcnupma tfc
pr`smacr, but am v`mhcaoc mcrcn. Ja`kft, dgtcr rcld`a`ak `a
oustmnydbmut fdhg da fmur mbtd`acn bd`h `a $ 49,999, dan wds sct dt
h`bcrty. ^`s `s sd`ntm bc mac lmvclcat mg d scr`cs by tfc mppmacats
mg tfc Guk`t`vc _hdvc Hdw tm rcancr`ts cxcout`ma ds mbamx`mus ds
pmss`bhc. c Omll`ttcc mg W`k`hdaoc fdvc fdn scvcrdhscss`mas, dan
fdvc, `t `s sd`n, rcsmhvcn tm `av`tc tfc suspcotcn guk`t`vc shdvc
sccjcrs tmhcdvc tfc O`ty gmrtfw`tf. _m gdr, am dttclpt fds bcca
ldnc tm drrcst d guk`t`vc. cwdrrdats h`c ncdn a tfc Ldrsfdhs moc. c
cxo`tclcat s krcdt. Lday sdy tfc hdwsfmuhn bc cagmrocn, wf`hc
mtfcrs sdy tfdt t sfdhh amt. D aulbcr mg guk`t`vcs, gcdr`aktfcy
odaamt bc prmtcotcn, fdvc flcn tm Odadnd.Z33\
3? _ofh`cldaa sdw N`ojcas ma > Edaudry 4676. _cc rd`hh 400?,
74-7?.
3> N`ojcas 460;-409?, Wmh VVW@@@, 47?33 Acw-Pmrj Nd`hy
r`buac, Motmbcr 26, 4639.
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@a tfc can [`hh`dl dan f`s w`gc Chhca Ordgt37 n`n amt stdy `a
Bmstma. @aNcoclbcr 4639 tfcy ghcn tm H`vcrpmmh wfcrc tfcy krcw `atm
hcdn`ak g`kurcs `atfc dat`-shdvcry lmvclcat. @a 4679 tfcy pubh`sfcn
tfc`r dnvcaturcs ds Ruaa`ak dtfmusdan l`hcs gmr grccnml.
[c sfdhh dhwdys ofcr`sf tfc nccpcst gcch`aks mg krdt`tunc tm tfc
W`k`hdaoc Omll`ttccmg Bmstma (upma wf`of wcrc lday mg tfc hcdn`ak
dbmh`t`ma`sts), dan dhsm tm muraulcrmus gr`cans, gmr tfc vcry j`an
dan ambhc ldaacr `a wf`of tfcy dss`stcn us tm
prcscrvc mur h`bcrt`cs dan tm csodpc grml Bmstma, ds `t wcrc
h`jc Hmt grml _mnml,tm d phdoc mg rcgukc, dan ffladhhy tm tf`s
truhy grcc dan khmr`mus omuatry: wfcrc amtyrdat, hct f`s pmwcr bc
cvcr sm dbsmhutc mvcr f`s pmmr trclbh`ak v`ot`ls dt fmlc,ndrc omlc
dan hdy v`mhcat fdans upma us mr upma mur ncdr h`tthc bmys, dan
rcnuocus tm tfc hckdh hcvch mg tfc bcdst tfdt pdr`sfcs. Z3;\
@t w`hh bc ohcdr tfdt prmpmacats mg shdvcry v`cwcn tf`s dot`ma
tmtdhhy n`ggcrcat.
fc shdvc stdtcs ncldancn tfdt smlctf`ak sfmuhn bc nmac. Dgtcr
damtfcr suof`ao`ncat moourrcn `a Bmstma ma 46 Gcbrudry 4634,
G`hhlmrc gcht mbh`kcn tm ldjcd prmohdldt`ma5
... tm tfc can tfdt tfc dutfmr`ty mg tfc hdws ldy bc ld`atd`acn,
dan tfmscomaocracn `a v`mhdt`ak tfcl brmukft tm `llcn`dtc dan
oman`ka pua`sflcat, @fdvc `ssucn tf`s ly prmohdldt`ma, odhh`ak ma
dhh wchh n`spmscn o`t`zcas tm rdhhytm tfc suppmrt mg tfc hdws mg
tfc`r omuatry, dan rcqu`r`ak dan omlldan`ak dhhmocrs, o`v`h dan
l`h`tdry, wfm sfdhh bc gmuan w`tf`a tfc v`o`a`ty mg tf`s mutrdkc,tm
bc d`n`ak dan dss`st`ak, by dhh lcdas `a tfc`r pmwcr, `a quchh`ak
tf`s dan mtfcrsuof omlb`adt`mas, dan dss`st`ak tfc Ldrsfdh dan f`s
Ncput`cs a rc odptur`ak tfc
dbmvclcat`macn pr`smacrs.Z36\
fc hdw `s tfc hdw dan grccn shdvcs sfmuhn bc rcodpturcn. fcrcs
am csodpcgrml tfdt. [`tf tf`s prmohdldt`ma tfc ldttcr wds fmwcvcr
amt rcsmhvcn. Rcs`stdaoctm tfc Guk`t`vc _hdvc Dot rcld`acn f`kf,
dhsm dlmak tfc Rcprcscatdt`vcs. @t wdsmac mg tfc lday ncbdtcs ma
tf`s subecot tfdt _ofh`cldaa dttcancn ma Gr`ndy 24Gcbrudry
4634.30
@a f`s rcpmrt _ofh`cldaa lcat`mas d aulbcr mg _cadtmrs5 Fcary
Ohdy (4;;;-4632), _cadtmr mg Jcatuojy. Ohdy wds d suppmrtcr mg
tfc
dbmh`t`ma mg shdvcry a tfc hmak tcrl. m ld`atd`a tfc pcdoc
bctwcca suppmrtcrs
dan mppmacats, fc bcodlc mac mg tfc gmrluhdtmrs mg tfc
Omlprml`sc mg4639.
Emfa Ydrjcr Fdhc (4697-46;?), _cadtmr mg Acw Fdlpsf`rc. Fdhc wds
tfc g`rstscadtmr wfm turacn dkd`ast shdvcry. Fc wds da mppmacat mg
tfc Guk`t`vc _hdvc
Dot dan ncgcancn tfc lclbcrs mg tfc Bmstma W`k`hdaoc Omll`ttcc
wfm wcrcdrrcstcn `a omaacot`ma w`tf tfc grcc`ak mg csodpcn
shdvcs.
37 [`hh`dl Ordgt (462>-4099), Chhca Ordgt (4627-4604).3;
ZOrdgt\ 4679, 0?.36 Acw-Pmrj Nd`hy r`buac, Gcbrudry 29.30 Ma 4?
Ldrof 4634 tfc Khdskmw [ccjhcy `lcs phdocn uancr tfc fcdn`ak
Rcs`stdaoc tm tfc hdw
`a Bmstma, [dsf`aktma, Gcb. 24, 4634 tfc cxphdadt`ma G`hhlmrc
kdvc tm Omakrcss dbmut f`sprmohdldt`ma.
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Edlcs Lurrdy Ldsma (4;06-46;4), _cadtmr mg W`rk`a`d. Ldsma wds
mac mg tfcdutfmrs mg tfc Guk`t`vc _hdvc Dot.
_tcpfca D. Nmukhds (464?-4674), _cadtmr mg @hh`am`s. Fc wds
om-dutfmr mgfc Omlprml`sc mg 4639, but fc, omatrdry tm G`hhlmrc dan
Ohdy, wds ma tfc
s`nc mg tfc shdvcfmhncrs. @a f`s Jdasds-Acbrdsjd Dot mg 463>
fc tr`cn tm cxtcantfc pmss`b`h`t`cs mg jccp`ak shdvcs.
Emfa Ndv`s (4;6;-463>), _cadtmr mg Ldssdofusctts. Fc wds da
mppmacat mgshdvcry. Ds fc bchmakcn tm tfc sdlc pdrty ds G`hhlmrc,
fc tr`cn tm suppmrt f`l`a fc Omlprml`sc mg 4639. Fc prmpmscn da
dlcanlcat tm tfc Guk`t`vc_hdvc Dot `a wf`of `t wds gmrb`nnca tm
drrcst gmrlcr shdvcs wfm fdn bcomlcscdlca. fc dlcanlcat wds
rcecotcn.
@t `s ohcdr tfdt _ofh`cldaa fcdrn da `atcrcst`ak omhhcot`ma mg
suppmrtcrs danmppmacats ncbdt`ak. fc lcat`ma `a f`s emuradh `s vcry
br`cg tfmukf dan tfus mackcts tfc `lprcss`ma tfdt fc wds tfcrc lmrc
gmr tfc v`cw tfda gmr tfc omatcats.
fdt sdlc cvca`ak _ofh`cldaa wcat tm scc tfc Yrcs`ncat, wfm
rcoc`vcn f`lvcry omrn`dhhy dan `atrmnuocn f`l tm f`s w`gc, ndukftcr
dan gdtfcr. fc gdl`hyomavcrscn w`tf _ofh`cldaa gmr da fmur dan d
fdhg dan fc wds tfca `av`tcn tm stdygmr tfc rcocpt`ma tfdt tfc
Yrcs`ncat fmstcn tfdt cvca`ak. Eust `ldk`ac, ymu drr`vc`a
[dsf`aktma ds d gmrc`kacr, r`ak tfc bchh mg tfc [f`tc Fmusc dan drc
rcoc`vcn. @gymu rchdtc tfdt stmry tm ymur gr`cans, amac w`hh
bch`cvc ymu.
[fca [`hh`dl L. Odhncr @@@ `a tfc a`kft grml 3 tm 7 Edaudry 40;2
kdvc f`sL`ttcradoftshcsuak `a Acubujmw, amw gdlmus w`tf _ofh`cldaa
rcscdrofcrs, tf`swds mac mg tfc g`rst pm`ats w`tf wf`of fc sfmwcn
tfdt _ofh`cldaa fdn h`cn `a f`sdutmb`mkrdpf`odh wr`t`aks.79 [muhn
day hdny fc rcdsmacn, cvca Lrs G`hhlmrc,spcan mac dan d fdhg fmurs
ofdtt`ak odsudhhy w`tf da uajamwa twcaty-c`kft-ycdr-mhn bmy grml
Lcojhcaburk, wfca dt tfc can mg tf`s t`lc sfc wds tm catcrtd`a
tfc699 lmst prml`acat o`t`zcas mg fcr omuatry=74Ds wc fdvc scca
_ofh`cldaa wdsncsor`bcn `a tfc pdsscakcr h`st mg tfc
Dgr`od/Dthdat`o ds d bus`acsslda grml _tYctcrsburk. @t `s tfcrcgmrc
vcry h`jchy tfdt fc n`n amt `atrmnuoc f`lschg tm G`hhlmrcds da
uajamwa bmy grml Lcojhcaburk but ds da `lpmrtdat bus`acsslda
grmlRuss`d dan tfdt wmuhn uanmubtcnhy fdvc ldnc d n`ggcrcaoc.
f`s `s fmwcvcr mahy `ao`ncatdh cv`ncaoc. fc bds`s mg Odhncrs
doousdt`mah`cs `a tfc rcocpt`ma tfdt _ofh`cldaa ncsor`bcs. @a tfc
qu`ct wmrhn mg 4634
Dlcr`od suof d n`st`aku`sfcn rcocpt`ma wmuhn fdvc bcca amt`ocn
`a omatclpmrdryacwspdpcrs.72But Odhncr fds amt bcca dbhc tm g`an
daytf`ak `a day pdpcr dbmuttf`s rcocpt`ma. f`s rcocpt`ma oda
tfcrcgmrc amt fdvc tdjca phdoc, crkm tf`s `s d ohcdr
79 Gmr tfc o`roulstdaocs mg tf`s hcoturc, scc Jrusc 2944. Hunw`k
40?2, 04 fdn dhsm bcca surpr`scn bytf`s v`s`t5 [`c krm lu n`c
_`ofcrfc`t n`cscs euakca Ncutsofca sc`a, ncr jc`aca Kcsdantca
suoftuan brduoft uan s`of, wdfrsofc`ah`of nurof Clpgcfhuakca dus
Fmhhdan uatcrsttzt, nca [ck zulcrstca Ldaa ncs Hdancs bdfat!
74 Odhncr 40;2, ?>9. ^c sdlc omatcats oda dhsm bc gmuan `a
Odhncr 4067. Fmhnca 4003, 0 Fc`ar`ofdhsm stmppcn `a [dsf`aktma,
N.O., wfcrc, pmsscss`ak `aorcn`bhc acrvc, fc qu`zzcn Yrcs`ncat
L`hhdrn
G`hhlmrc gmr da fmur dan d fdhg ma tfc comaml`o stdtc mg tfc
adt`ma.72 Odhncr 40;2, ?>9.
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?9
h`c mg _ofh`cldaa. fc catry rcld`as d ldstcrp`coc mg `ts kcarc,
tfc adrrdt`ma mgmutrdkcmus uatrutf w`tf`a tfc sctt`ak mg doourdtc
nctd`h.7?
[fca wc hmmj dt tfc hcaktf dan tfc phdoc mg _ofh`cldaas
ncsor`pt`ma mg tf`sv`s`t, tfc qucst`ma r`scs wfy suof d
ldstcrstrmjc `s sm sldhh dan `aomasp`oumus.But tf`s d by tfc
wdy.
Fmw `lphdus`bhc `t ldy sccl tfdt _ofh`cldaa eust rdak tfc
Yrcs`ncats bchh,wc sfmuhn omas`ncr tfdt tfc lurncr mg Dbrdfdl
H`aomha (4690-4673) wmuhn tdjcphdoc mahy `a 4673. @a 4634 tfc emb
mg bc`ak Yrcs`ncat mg tfc S_ wmuhn fdvc bccaomas`ncrdbhy hcss
ndakcrmus tfda `t wmuhn bcomlc hdtcr. @t omuhn wchh fdvc bcca
tfdt G`hhlmrc wds d hmt lmrc dpprmdofdbhc tfda wc wmuhn cxpcot
tmndy.7>
Hcts stdrt by hmmj`ak wfctfcr `t omuhn bc cxpcotcn tfdt tfc
rcocpt`ma lcat`macnby _ofh`cldaa fdn tm bc lcat`macn `a mac mg tfc
acwspdpcrs. [ds tf`s rcdhhy suofda cxocpt`madh moods`ma=
Ma 29 Gcbrudry, d ndy bcgmrc _ofh`cldaa lccts tfc gdtfcr mg tfc
Yrcs`ncat, fcRuthdan Fcrdhnpubh`sfcs d sfmrt `tcl tfdt `s `lpmrtdat
gmr us5
7? Odhncr 4067, 2>.7> Bdrrc 4637, >9? ^crc s d
ua`gmrl`ty dbmut tfc ldaacrs mg Lr. G`hhlmrc tfdt `s str`j`akhy
lda`gcst.
@a tfc wf`tc fmusc, `a tfc o`ty, dlmak f`s gr`cans, `a tfc qu`ct
scohus`ma mg fmlc, l`akch`ak w`tf f`s
gchhmw o`t`zcas, mr dlmak tfc ormwacn fcdns mg Curmpc, fc `s tfc
sdlc phd`a, uamstcatdt`mus, dl`dbhc,dan pmh`sfcn kcathclda.
G`kurc 35 L`hhdrn G`hhlmrc
(4699-46;3), pfmtm by L.B.
Brdny, o. 4633-4673
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^c gdtfcr mg Yrcs`ncat G`hhlmrc, c`kfty ycdrs mg dkc, drr`vcn dt
tfc [f`tc Fmusc maGr`ndy cvca`ak, wf`hc tfc Yrcs`ncat wds fmhn`ak
f`s usudh Gr`ndys hcvcc.Z73\
[c amw jamw amt mahy gmr ocrtd`a tfdt _ofh`cldaa omuhn fdvc lct
G`h hlmrcsgdtfcr, lmrc `lpmrtdathy wc jamw tfdt tfc Yrcs`ncat fchn
d rcocpt`ma cvcry Gr`ndycvca`ak. [fdt cxdothy wcrc tfc oman`t`mas
ma wf`of mac omuhn bc dnl`ttcn tm tfcYrcs`ncat nmcs amt bcomlc
ohcdr grml tf`s lcssdkc. D gcw ndys dgtcr _ofh`cldaasv`s`t fmwcvcr
smlctf`ak fdppcas `a tfc G`hhlmrc gdl`hy ds d rcsuht mg wf`of
tfcYrcs`ncat odaochs f`s rcocpt`mas. Fc daamuaocs tf`s tm cvcrybmny
v`d d lcssdkc `atfc Acw-Pmrj Nd`hy r`buacmg 2; Gcbrudry5
@a omascqucaoc mg tfc rcocat ncocdsc dt _danusjy O`ty, Mf`m, mg
tfc s`stcr mg Lrs.G`hhlmrc, tfc Yrcs`ncats rcocpt`mas fdvc bcca
n`somat`aucn gmr tfc rcld`ancr mgtfc scdsma.Z77\
Ds tfc Yrcs`ncat `agmrlcn f`s guturc v`s`tmrs v`d tfc
acwspdpcrs, tfc `ncd `sorcdtcn tfdt tf`s wds d vcry hdrkc krmup
tfdt omuhn amt bc rcdofcn `a pcrsma. Dands am ndy `s lcat`macn ma
wf`of tfc Yrcs`ncat oustmldr`hy fchn f`s rcocpt`mas, tfc`lprcss`ma
`s k`vca tfdt fc omuhn dssulc tfdt cvcry rcdncr jacw tfdt tf`s wds
mad Gr`ndy.
fc gdot tfdt tfc wfmhc omuatry jacw tfdt mac omuhn scc tfc
Yrcs`ncat ma dGr`ndy `s dhsm sfmwa by d sfmrt drt`ohc tfdt tfc
_dordlcatm rdasor`ptdnmptcn grmltfcDhbday Emuradh5
^c cn`tmr mg tfc Dhbday Emuradh, `a wr`t`ak grml [dsf`aktma,
lcat`mas fdv`aklct dt tfc Yrcs`ncats hcvcc, ma Gr`ndy cvca`ak, twm
s`stcrs mg L`tofchh,Z7;\tfc @r`sf
Ydtr`mt.Z76\
Dhtmkctfcr, `t sccls tfdt tfc rcocpt`ma tm wf`of _ofh`cldaa wds
dnl`ttcnwds hcss `lpmrtdat tfda _ofh`cldaa dan Odhncr tfmukft. @t
sccls h`jchy tfdt_ofh`cldaas v`s`t tm G`hhlmrc wds gmr tfc
Yrcs`ncat d amrldh Gr`ndy v`s`t, dhbc`ttfdt tf`s Russ`da lcrofdat
drr`vcn 09 l`autcs cdrhy. Ds d pmh`tc lda, tfc Yrcs`ncatrcoc`vcn
tf`s cdrhy drr`vdh dan tdhjcn tm f`l uat`h tfc mtfcr v`s`tmrs
drr`vcn.70
73 ^c Ruthdan Fcrdhn, Gcbrudry 29, 4634.77 Acw-Pmrj Nd`hy
r`buac, Gcbrudry 2;, 4634. Acw-Pmrj Nd`hy r`buac, Ldrof 4?, 4632
Yrcs`ncat`dh
Hcvccs. [dsf`aktma, Gr`ndy, Ldrof 42, 4632 ^c Adt`madh
@atchh`kcaccr stdtcs tfdt tfc Yrcs`ncat`dhhcvccs drc tm bc
n`somat`aucn dgtcr tm-a`kft.
7; Emfa L`tofch (4643-46;3)76 _dordlcatm rdasor`pt, ?9 Dpr`h
4639.70 Bdrrc 4637, ?6; @a tfc nmlcst`o o`rohc, tfc dl`db`h`ty mg
f`s tclpcrdlcat sf`acs lmst omasp`oumushy.
Bdrrc 4637, ?60 Am lda oda bc gmr da fmur `a f`s prcscaoc,
w`tfmut bcoml`ak `lprcsscn w`tf tfcbch`cg tfdt fc hmvcs f`s gchhmw
lca. @t sccls tfdt tfc mppmrtua`ty tm v`s`t tfc prcs`ncat
rcld`acnhmakcr pmss`bhc tfda mac wmuhn cxpcot. Hdtc 4026, cdrhy
4020 tfc Kcrlda omllua`st Ckma Crw`aJ`sf (4663-46>6) trdvchhcn
tfrmukf tfc S._. Dbmut f`s cxpcr`caocs nur`ak tf`s emuracy fc
pubh`sfcn`a 40?9 d bmmj5 Ydrdn`cs Dlcr`jd. @a `t fc tdhjs dlmak
mtfcrs dbmut f`s v`s`t tm Yrcs`ncat EmfaOdhv`a Ommh`nkc
(46;2-40??). [cr s`of hdakwc`ht `a [dsf`aftma ... kcft ul c`a
W`crtch c`aszul Yrs`ncatca ncr Wcrc`a`ktca _tddtca uan softtcht `fl
n`c Fdan. Lda brduoft s`of aur `lWmrz`llcr ncs Cxcout`vc Moc
c`azusofrc`bca ... uan ndrg s`of c`arc`fca `a nca Uuk, ncr s`of
hdaksdl kckca nca Odb`act Rmml vmrwrts bcwckt. @ wmuhn h`jc tm
tfdaj Krcth Bhjc gmr pm`at`akmut tf`s tm lc.
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... [`c Nu wc`t sof`tc `of l`of dl 26 Ncobr. `a H`vcrpmmh adof
Acw Pmrjc`a. Dbcr adofncl w`r 04/
2dkc dug _cc wdrca, brdof uas n`c Ndlpgldsof`ac u
mbkhc`of sofma 4699 cakh Lc`hca vma Cakhdan catgcrat lutca w`r
uljcfrca uhdaktca dl 22 Edaudr w`cncr a Omrj a @rhdan da. @of k`ak
vma nmrt bcr Nubh`a,
H`vcrpmmh, Hmanma & Datwcrpca adof Dlstcrndl zuroj u. sof`tc
l`of dl 4Gcbr `a H`vcrpmmh dug ncl Ndlpgbmmtc Dgr`od adof Acw Pmrj
c`a. Adof c`acrstrl`sofca Rc`sc vma 4>4/
2dkca jdl `of dl 43 ns Lts `a Acw Pmrj da u. ul
n`cs fcrrh`ofc Hdan afcr jcaaca zu hcraca k`ak `of dl 29 ns bcr
Yf`hdnchpf`d& Bdht`lmrc adof [dsf`aktma, wm `of dl dkc ndrdug
dajdl. @of bcsuoftc f`crbcrc`ts vcrsof`cncac Ldhc n`c _`tzuakca ncs
_cadts u ncr Ncput`crtca-Jdllcr lOdp`tmh`ul, bcsuoftc nca
Yrs`ncatca ncr Wcrc`a`ktca _tddtca, ncr l`of `a sc`acGdl`h`c
c`agfrtc, gufr kcstcra adof ncl Bcrkc Wcrama wm ncr krmc
[dsf`aktmabckrdbca h`ckt, ncl n`cs Hdan sc`ac Grc`fc`t, n`csc _tdnt
dbcr `frc Kranuak u`frca Adlca vcrndajt u `of jdaa N`r kdr a`oft
sdkca, w`c scfr `of l`of f`crbchust`kc u. w`c khojh`of `of l`of `l
sofaca Dlcr`od gfhc. Nca c`ah`ckcanca
Bdadaca-_trduof pflojtc of kcstcra bc`l Ghussc Ymtmldo dug ncl
Bcrkc Wcramadug ncl Krdbc vma [dsf`aktma. Nr`akcan b`ttc `of N`of,
sof`ojc smkhc`of bcyNurofhcsuak n`csca Br`cg zusdllca l`t ncl
Bdadadazwc`kc zur _ofwcstcr `aW`ppcrmw u. crsuofc n`cschbc nca
Uwc`k zu lc`acl Dancajca u. dhs dh`slda
gr s`of schbst dugzubcwdfrca. -Lmrkca wmfac `of w`cncrul nca
_`tzuakca `lOdp`tmh`ul bcy u lmrkca Dbcan ul 3 Sfr gdfrc `of adof
Yf`hdnchpf`d, wm`of l`of wmfh 2 dkc dugfdhtca u. bchust`kca wcrnc.
Dl 2; ns b`a `of w`cncr`a Acw Pmrj u dl 26tca ns b`a `of l`t ncl
Ndlpgbmmtc Orcscat O`ty adofOfdkrcs dug ncr Hdancakc vma Ydadld.
@of bcrsofrc`tc n`c kcb`rk`kc Hdancakcdug Lduhcscha u. sof`c l`of
dl 43. Lrz l`t ncl Ndlpgbmmtc Odh`gmra`dadof _da Grdao`som c`a. @a
hctztcrcl Mrtc bhc`bc `of wmfh c`a`kc [mofca u. kcfc
ndaa pcr Ndlpgcr adof Odatma `a Of`ad u sptcr bcr Mst`an`ca,
Drdb`ca u.Ckyptca adof Curmpd zuroj.Z;4\N`csc Rc`sc fdt l`r sofma
tduscanc kcjmstct uw`rn l`r amof v`chc tduscanc jmstca, dbcr n`c
v`chca atzh`ofca Jcaata`ssc uCrgdfruakca n`c `of bcy ecncl _ofr`ttc
c`asdllchc s`an uabczdfhbdr ... Cs `stf`cr c`ac dgr`oda`sofc F`tzc
u lda sofw`tzt sofrcojh`of wcaa lda `l naaca_mllcrrmojc duskcft. Sl
n`csca Br`cg s`ofcr da N`of kchdakca zu hdca, sofh`cc`of ncaschbca
adof _t. Yctcrsburk bcy. @of b`a scfr wmfh, wcrnc dbcr hc`ncr
scfrn`oj uatcr ncl sckacanca C`afluc ncs fcrrh`ofca Oh`lds u ncr
wuancrsofaca_pc`sca. A`c a lc`acl Hcbca fdbc of sm fcrrh`ofc
Dustcra kckcca dhs f`cr. C`aca
kdazca _ofcch Dustcra jdaa lda f`cr gr gagzcfa _`hbcrkrmsofca
jdugca. Lda`t f`cr n`c Dustcra a`cldhs rmf u `llcr kcbrdtca,
kcslmrt mncr c`akcldoft ...Z;2\
_m _ofh`cldaa `s amt ma f`s wdy tm Odh`gmra`d tm wmrj tfcrc `a
tfc kmhn g`chns.@t sccls tfdt fc fds k`vca up tfc tfmukft mg
`avcst`ak f`s lmacy `a tf`s acw stdtc._da Grdao`som `s am lmrc tfda
damtfcr stmp ma d wmrhn tmur.
Ma tfc gmhhmw`ak Lmandy, ds _ofh`cldaa wrmtc `a f`s emuradh,
Omakrcssncbdtcn tfc ofcdp-pmstdkc b`hh.;?
;4 Lcycr 4070, 443 _c`ac Rc`schust adof grclnca Hancra ht fl
adof ncr dancrca _c`tc ncr Ydz`ffljbh`ojca, adof Of`ad uan @an`ca
...
;2 ^`s hcttcr wds smhn ma 2?/2>.93.2993 `a Jcttcr Juast
Dujt`ma 20>, Hmt 4??4.;? D rcpmrt ma tf`s trcdtlcat oda d.m. bc
gmuan `a tfc Acw-Pmrj Nd`hy r`buac, Gcbrudry 23, 4634.
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?>
@a Yf`hdnchpf`d fc dkd`a ormsscs tfc pdtf mg N`ojcas wfca fc
tdjcs d rmml`a tfc Sa`tcn _tdtcs Fmtch.;> @a tf`s tmwa,
_ofh`cldaa v`s`ts dlmakst mtfcrs tfc_tdtcs pr`sma. @a tf`s pr`sma
da dttclpt wds ldnc tm trdasgmrl or`l`adhs by fdv`aktfcl hmojcn up
`a smh`tdry omag`aclcat gmr ycdrs. N`ojcas fdn dhsm v`s`tcn
tf`s
`ast`tut`ma but fc n`n amt dt dhh dkrcc w`tf _ofh`cldaa ma tfc
sdhutdry cggcot mgtf`s ast`tut`ma5
Ly fflrl omav`ot`ma `s tfdt, `ancpcancat mg tfc lcatdh daku`sf
`t moods`mas dadaku`sf sm doutc dan sm trclcanmus, tfdt dhh
`ldk`adt`ma mg `t lust gdhh gdr sfmrtmg tfc rcdh`ty t wcdrs tfc
l`an atm d lmrb`n stdtc, wf`of rcancrs t uafflt gmr tfcrmukf
omatdot dan busy dot`ma mg tfc wmrhn. @t `s ly fflxcn mp`a`ma tfdt
tfmsc wfmfdvc uancrkmac tf`s pua`sflcat, lust pdss `atm smo`cty
dkd`a lmrdhhy uafcdhtfydan n`scdscn.Z;3\
Ydadld
fcrc wcrc twm wdys tm trdvch by scd grml Acw Pmrj tm _da
Grdao`som. fcmrct`odhhytfcrc wcrc tfrcc but tfc mvcrhdan rmutc wds
mahy gmr tfc `atrcp`n wfm fdn tfc kutstm trdvch tfrmukf @an`da
tcrr`tmry w`tf dhh tfc omaoml`tdat ndakcrs. fc sdgcst,dan hmakcst,
rmutc wds v`d Odpc Fmra. f`s wds tfc rmutc _ofh`cldaas
brmtfcrHunw`k fdn tdjca. D sfmrtcr rmutc wds v`d tfc Ydadld
@stflus. Pmu tmmj tfc bmdttm Ofdkrcs, gmhhmwcn tfc r`vcr `ahdan ds
gdr ds pmss`bhc dan tfca trdvchhcn mvcrhdantm Ydadld. fcrc ymu
bmdrncn d bmdt tm _da Grdao`som. Dhtfmukf tf`s rmutc
wdsomas`ncrdbhy lmrc ndakcrmus, lmst gmrtuac sccjcrs tmmj `t ds `t
wds sfmrtcr dan
ofcdpcr.[fca _ofh`cldaa drr`vcn `a Ofdkrcs, tfc Odh`gmra`da Kmhn
Rusf fdn bccakm`ak gmr sm hmak dan tfc aulbcr mg pcmphc ormss`ak
tfc @stflus sm hdrkc tfdt `tfdn pd`n mgg tm bu`hn d rd`hwdy h`ac.
fc wmrj ma tf`s h`ac bckda `a 4639 w`tf tfcomastruot`ma mg d
fdrbmur ma tfc Dthdat`o Mocda acdr Dsp`awdhh, amw Omha. fchmodt`ma
fdn bcca ofmsca ma comaml`o krmuans but `t wds dbmut tfc wmrst
phdoc`ldk`adbhc tm bu`hn d rd`hwdy. fc g`rst pdrt mg tfc h`ac wcat
tfrmukf d swdlpwfcrc tfmusdans mg trcc truajs fdn tm bc nr`vca `atm
tfc krmuan ds gmuandt`ma gmrtfc rd`hwdy h`ac. @a vcry gdvmurdbhc
oman`t`mas tf`s wmuhn fdvc bcca d vcry n`gg`ouht
emb but tm ldjc ldttcrs wmrsc wmrj stdrtcn `a tfc wrmak
scdsma5
@t wds `a tfc ncptf mg tfc rd`ay scdsma, dan tfc wmrj`ak
pdrt`cs, `a dnn`t`ma tmbc`ak omastdathy nrcaofcn grml dbmvc, wcrc
gmrocn tm wdnc a grml twm tm gmur gcctmg lun dan wdtcr, mvcr tfc
ldakrmvc stulps dan tdakhcn v`acs mg tfc `lpcrgcotmpca`aks out by
tfc adt`vcs, wfm, w`tf tfc`r ldofctds prcocncn tfcl tm ohcdr
tfc
;> _danmvdh-_trdusz 299;, 3? ^c Sa`tcn _tdtcs Fmtch, d
fflvc-stmry struoturc tfdt grmatcn brmdnhy maOfcsaut _trcct, mpcacn
gmr bus`acss `a 4626. H`tthc `agmrldt`ma surv`vcs rckdrn`ak `ts
odpdo`ty, buttfc s`xty-fflvc w`anmws ma `ts ld`a gddnc sukkcst d
omlphclcat mg bctwcca mac fuanrcn dan twm
fuanrcn kucst rmmls.;3 N`ojcas 460;-409?, Wmh VVW@@@, 420.
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tfcl, dan rdkcn sm fflcrochy tfdt `a d gcw wccjs sodrochy twm
fuanrcn rcld`acn.^c grcsfhy-`lpmrtcn @r`sflca dan Grcaoflca dhsm
sucrcn scvcrchy, dan tfcrc wds
gmuan am mtfcr rcsmuroc but tm rcsf`p tfcl ds smma ds pmss`bhc
...Z;;\
[fca _ofh`cldaa drr`vcn fcrc, mahy pdrt mg tfc rmutc fdn bcca
omlphctcn.fc bu`hn`ak omsts fdn fmwcvcr r`sca lmrc tfda cxpcotcn
dan `a mrncr tm cdrasmlctf`ak amw dan tm tfus rcdssurc `avcstmrs,
pdsscakcrs wcrc trdaspmrtcn mvcrtfdt pdrt mg tfc h`ac tfdt omuhn bc
uscn. Ma tfc wdy mut _ofh`cldaa n`n amt usctf`s trd`a but fc n`n ma
tfc wdy bdoj wfca fc wds g`kft`ak d adsty `agcot`ma maf`s hck.
H`jc tfc pcmphc wmrj`ak ma tfc omastruot`ma, tfc trdvchhcrs
ormss`ak tfc @stflusdhsm mgtca suggcrcn `a tf`s uafcdhtfy oh`ldtc.
Ma acdrhy cvcry pdsscakcr h`st tfdt
wds pr`atcn `a tfc Odh`gmra`d pdpcrs mg tfdt pcr`mn, tfcrc wds d
adlc mg smlcbmnyfdv`ak n`cn mg Ydadld gcvcr.;6
Dan tf`s wds amt tfc mahy ndakcr gdo`ak tfc trdvchhcrs. @a da
drcd wfcrc `asuof d rchdt`vchy sfmrt pcr`mn hmts mg pcmphc dppcdr
dan wfcrc sm luof wcdhtf `strdaspmrtcn, or`lc dppcdrs ds wchh.
;; Mt`s 467;, ?3-?7.
;6 @t omaocracn fcrc bmtf ychhmw gcvcr dan ldhdr`d dan dt tfdt
t`lc am n`st`aot`ma wds ldnc bctwccatfcsc twm.
G`kurc 65 ^fc Ydadld rd`hrmdn `a
467;, nrdw`ak by G.A. Mt`s
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Da Doomuat mg tfc Krcdt Kmhn Rmbbcry
[c ZAcw-Pmrj Nd`hy r`buac\ fflan `a tfc Ydadld _tdr mg tfc ?4st
uht. ZNcoclbcr4639\ tfc gmhhmw`ak nctd`hcn doomuat mg tfc krcdt
rmbbcry mg kmhn nust5
Eust dgtcr mur pdpcr wds put tm prcss hdst Lmandy cvca`ak mur
o`ty ZYdadld\ wdstfrmwa atm d krcdt stdtc mg cxo`tclcat by tfc
rulmur tfdt tfc kmhn trd`a mg Lcssrs.Udofr`ssma, Achsma & Om.
`a wf`of wds upwdrns mg $2,999,999 a kmhn nust, fdnbcca dttdojcn d
gcw l`hcs grml tfc o`ty, by da drlcn bmny mg lca wfm suooccncn
aj`hh`ak mac mr twm mg tfc luhtccrs, dan ldj`ak m w`tf smlc
$429,999 mg trcdsurc... _mlc twcaty mr twcaty-fflvc smhn`crs wcrc
mrncrcn mut, dan wcrc smma ma tfcldrof. Lr Achsma bc`ak tfc fflrst
tm fcdr tfc acws, fdn dhrcdny pusfcn gmrwdrn.
Grml Lr. Achsma wc kdtfcr tfcsc gdots mg tfc wfmhc dd`r. c
dttdoj wds ldnc matfc pdrt mg tfc trd`a, uancr ofdrkc mg _camr
Dr`ds, omlpr`s`ak c`kft luhcs, wf`offdn bcca uadvm`ndbhy nctd`acn
`a tfc o`ty tm d hdtcr fmur mg tfc ndy tfda wdsusudh. Ma drr`v`ak
acdr d rdaof mr mpca spdoc ma tfc rmdn jamwa ds tfc Kuydbdh,
fflvc drlcn lca, w`tf tfc`r gdocs bcslcdrcn w`tf lun mr pd`at,
sprdak `atm tfcrmdn, dan mac mg tfcl sc`z`ak tfc br`nhc rc`a mg
Dr`ds, damtfcr prcscatcn d p`stmhtm f`s brcdst dan tmhn f`l tm
mrncr d fdht mg f`s trd`a. _mlc fflvc mr s`x lmrc mg tfcrmbbcrs
tfca sfmwcn tfclschvcs grml tfc mppms`tc s`nc mg tfc rmdn.
Ds smma ds tfc fdht wds odhhcn, Dr`ds wds rchcdscn, dan stdrtcn
`a d kdhhmp gmrtfc Kuydbdh amt bcgmrc, fmwcvcr, d rcvmhvcr fdn bcca
sadppcn dt f`l. Dt tfcKuydbdh fc mvcrtmmj damtfcr nctdoflcat mg tfc
trd`a uancr ofdrkc mg _camr EmsYdrcncs, wfm, ma hcdra`ak tfc
pdrt`ouhdrs mg tfc dd`r ... fdstcacn bdoj tm tfc socacmg tfc
rmbbcry, wfcrc, pcactrdt`ak `atm tfc wmmns d gcw rmns, tfcy odlc
upma tfcrmbbcrs, wfm, fflr`ak upma tfcl wcrc `a tura fflrcn upma,
dan mac mg tfcl bdnhy
wmuancn by d bdhh grml Yrcncs p`stmh. Ds Lr. Y. fmwcvcr, fdn f`s
mwa nctdoflcatmg luhcs tm kudrn, dan ds f`s gmroc wds cat`rchy tmm
sldhh tm dhhmw mg d fmpc mgscour`ak day mg tfc rmbbcrs, uat`h
rc`agmrocn, fc dan f`s omlpda`mas rcem`acn tfc`rtrd`a dan pusfcn
ma.
Dt dbmut 6 mohmoj dt a`kft, Lr. Achsma dan f`s pdrty drr`vcn ma
tfc krmuan grmltfc o`ty, but `t bc`ak tmm hdtc tm ccot day dot`vc
mpcrdt`mas, amtf`ak gurtfcr omuhnbc nmac tfda tm stdt`ma kudrns dt
tfrcc n`crcat pdsscs, wf`of `t wds tfmukftwmuhn ccotudhhy out m tfc
rctrcdt mg tfc rmbbcrs, cxocpt by tfc wdy mg tfc R`mKrdanc. Odpt.
Kdrr`sma, w`tf mac mr twm mtfcrs tfca rcturacn tm tfc o`ty, gmr
tfc
purpmsc mg kctt`ak d bmdt, dan tdj`ak d stdt`ma dt tfc lmutf mg
tfdt R`vcr, wfcrc
tfc pdrty jcpt wdtof tfdt a`kft, but sdw am susp`o`mus
pcrsmas.Ma ucsndy lmra`ak dt ordoj mg ndy, Lr. Achsmas pdrty,
fcdncn by Lr. BdhtdodrTu`atcrm, da cxpcr`caocn wmmnslda, stdrtcn ma
tfc trd`h. ^cy fdn amt kmac gdrwfca tfcy gmuan d gcw odrtr`nkcs,
dan tfca d ja`gc, dan tfca d hcttcr, dan smlcmtfcr drt`ohcs: but
dgtcr kctt`ak smlc n`stdaoc `a tfc wmmns, tfc krcdtcr n`somvcrywds
ldnc mg scvca mg tfc bmxcs mg kmhn, strdppcn tmkctfcr! Fmhcs fdn
bcca nuk`a tfc krmuan acdr by, cv`ncathy w`tf tfc `atcat`ma mg
bury`ak tfcl, but tfcdpprmdof mg pursucrs fdn nr`vca tfc rmbbcrs
grml tfc`r purpmsc, dan tfcy wcrcmbh`kcn tm dbdanma tfc`r phuancr
tm sdvc tfclschvcs grml bc`ak odpturcn. [f`hcd suo`cat kudrn wds
hcgt w`tf tfc rcomvcrcn trcdsurc, tfc bdhdaoc mg tfc pdrty
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pusfcn ma `a fmt pursu`t, dan dgtcr tm`h`ak gmr fmurs `a
dsocan`ak tfc lmuatd`as,dan sordlbh`ak tfrmukf br`drs dan brdlbhcs,
ma rcdof`ak d ncasc tf`ojct, tfcywcrc mrncrcn tm fdht by da uajamwa
vm`oc.
Lr. Rda Ruaat`s dan Lr. Achsma `llcn`dtchy ofdrkcn `atm tfc
tf`ojct, gmhhmwcn
by tfc`r pdrty, wfca tfcy wcrc krcctcn by d vmhhcy grml tfc
rmbbcrs, wf`of wdsrcturacn dt rdanml, ds mw`ak tm tfc ncas`ty mg
tfc uancrkrmwtf but h`tthc prco`s`mamg d`l omuhn bc mbtd`acn. ^c
pursu`ak pdrty bmhnhy pusfcn ma, dan dgtcrcxofdak`ak mac mr lmrc
vmhhcys, tfc rmbbcrs fflan`ak tfclschvcs `a d t`kft phdoc,tmmj tm
fl`kft, hcdv`ak wfdt tfcy fdn w`tf tfcl mg tfc`r `hh kmttca kd`as
ma tfc
krmuan.
Ma oml`ak tm tf`s spmt, tfc pursucrs n`somvcrcn trdocs mg bhmmn,
dan gmhhmw`ak tfctrd`h, tfcy prcscathy odlc upma d pmwcrguh ackrm
gchhmw, wfmsc tf`kf fdn bccaomlphctchy sfdttcrcn by d lusjct bdhh.
Fc wds `llcn`dtchy rcomka`zcn ds d gchhmwwfm drr`vcn fcrc grml H`ld
ma tfc rcocat tr`p mg tfc stcdlsf`p Of`h`. Dbmut tf`s
spmt wcrc gmuan a`ac oda`stcrs mg tfc kmhn nust. Hcdv`ak d
strmak kudrn w`tf tfcackrm, dan w`tf mrncrs tm sfmmt f`l `g day
rcsouc wcrc dttclptcn, Lr. Achsmaspdrty stdrtcn tm rctura tm
Kuydbdh.
Ma rcdof`ak tfc Kudydbdh, `t wds gmuan tfdt _camr Dr`ds, wfm fdn
twm smhn`crsw`tf f`l, dan wfm fdn rcturacn `a dnvdaoc mg tfc ld`a
pdrty, fdn n`somvcrcnfdhg d luhc hmdn, omas`st`ak mg tfrcc bmxcs mg
kmhn, bur`cn acdr d sldhh brmmj.
Dgtcr scan`ak bdoj d fdllmoj `a wf`of tm omavcy tfc wmuancn
pr`smacr tm tmwa,tfc cxpcn`t`ma dkd`a sct mut `a scdrof mg lmrc
kmhn dan rmbbcrs. Acdr tm wfcrc_camr Dr`ds fdn n`somvcrcn tfc fdhg
luhc hmdn, tfc bdhdaoc wds gmuan, suaj `a d
pmmh mg lunny wdtcr.
D nctdoflcat mg tfc smhn`crs, uancr tfc omlldan mg Odpt. Bd`hy,
doomlpda`cnby Lr. Lo[`tfcy, omat`aucn tfc scdrof uat`h a`kft, wfca
tfcy caodlpcn `a tfcwmmns. Acxt lmra`ak, rcsul`ak tfc`r
cxphmrdt`mas, tfcy odlc tm d rdaof wfcrctfcy stmppcn tm prmourc d
oup mg omcc, wf`hc wd`t`ak gmr wf`of, Lr. Lo[`tfcyn`somvcrcn twm
lca `a tfc busfcs. @astdathy k`v`ak tfc dhdrl, fc omlldancn tfctwm
lca tm stdan, dan ds f`s mrncrs wcrc scomancn by tfc wfmhc l`h`tdry
gmroc
prcscat omvcr`ak tfc twm lca w`tf tfc`r hmdncn dan omojcn
lusjcts, tfcy fdnam mtfcr dhtcradt`vc but tm surrcancr. ^cy prmvcn
tm bc twm Of`h`das mac wf`tcdan tfc mtfcr mg @an`da bhmmn. ^c
hdttcr omagcsscn tfdt tfcy tmm wcrc mg tfc bdan,dan tfdt tfc ackrm
wfm fdn bcca sfmt dan odpturcn wds tfc`r Odptd`a: tfdt
tfcrc wcrc tca `a tfc bdan, wf`of omlpr`scn mahy Of`h`das dan
Ycruv`das amDlcr`odas bc`ak dlmak tfcl. ^c twm pr`smacrs wcrc
scourcn dan scat `a tm tmwa,dan omll`ttcn tm pr`sma.
Spma tfc n`crcaoc pdrt`cs dkd`a lcct`ak dt tfc Kudydbdh, `t wds
gmuan tfdt dhhtfc kmhn, w`tf tfc cxocpt`ma mahy gmur mr fflvc
tfmusdan nmhhdrs fdn bcca rcomvcrcn dan tfdt tfrcc mg tfc rmbbcrs
fdn bcca odpturcn. Mac mtfcr mg tfc bdan wds jamwatm bc wmuancn by
mac mg tfc sfmts fflrcn by Lr. Ydrcncs, dan `t wds nctcrl`acntfdt
wf`hc tfc ldemr`ty mg tfc pdrty sfmuhn rctura tm tmwa, d nctdoflcat
mg tfcsmhn`crs sfmuhn acxt ndy rcsulc dan omat`auc tfc scdrof gmr
tfc dpprcfcas`ma mgtfc wfmhc bdan.
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Ma [cnacsndy lmra`ak, tfc lda sfmt by Ydrcncs ldnc f`s
dppcdrdaoc dt d rdaofgmr tfc purpmsc mg kctt`ak smlctf`ak tm cdt,
ds wchh ds tm fdvc f`s wmuans nrcsscn.^c mwacr mg tfc rdaof
`llcn`dtchy ldnc pr`smacr mg f`l, dan lmuat`ak f`lma d luhc dan
scour`ak f`l brmukft f`l, `atm tmwa dan nch`vcrcn f`l up tm tfc
dutfmr`t`cs.^csc drc tfc ld`a gdots mg tfc wfmhc dd`r. ^c
cxo`tclcat `a mur o`ty nur`ak
Lmandy cvca`ak dan tfc wfmhc mg ucsndy oda bc bcttcr `ldk`acn
tfda ncsor`bcn.
^c wmuancn ackrm, wfm wds odptd`a mr hcdncr mg tfc bdan `s amw
`a tfc o`tyFmsp`tdh, wfcrc f`s wmuan `s bc`ak dttcancn tm. [c drc
`agmrlcn tfdt fc fds bccaomanclacn tm bc sfmt `a d vcry sfmrt t`lc,
dan tfdt tfc mtfcr twm pr`smacrs drc tmbc omafflacn `a tfc
ofd`a-kdak gmr h`gc.Z;0\
Dan wfdt tm tf`aj mg tfc lurncrs tfdt _ofh`cldaa lcat`mas. fcrc
`s d sfmrtbut rcldrjdbhc rcpmrt `a tfcEcggcrsma`da Rcpubh`odamg 2;
Ldrof5
D pdrty mg tf`rtcca pcrsmas, suppmscn tm bc pdsscakcrs `a tfc
Clp`rc O`ty ma fcr hdsttr`p, wcrc lurncrcn wf`hc ormss`ak tfc
@stflus, by d bdan mg Odrtfdkca`das69danackrmcs. Dlmak tfmsc
lurncrcn wcrc twm hdn`cs dan tfrcc of`hnrca. c lurncrcrswcrc
drrcstcn, dan omagcsscn tfc`r ku`ht.Z64\
Acws grml tfc Ydadld @stflus tmmj smlc t`lc tm rcdof day mg tfc
Dlcr`odaacwspdpcrs. fc Kdhh`pmh`s Emuradhodlc ma ? Dpr`h w`tf d
nctd`hcn rcpmrt ma tfcn`somvcry mg tf`s lurncr5
Lurncrs ma tfc Ofdkrcs R`vcr.
By tfc hdtc drr`vdhs grml tfc @stflus mg Ydadld, wc rcoc`vc guhh
fflhcs mg pdpcrsdan hcttcrs, dhh mg wf`of omatd`a doomuats mg d
fmrr`bhc lurncr omll`ttcn ma tfcOfdkrcs r`vcr, acdr tfc hdst mg
Gcbrudry. ^c wfmhc @stflus wds `a da `atcascstdtc mg cxo`tclcat `a
rchdt`ma tm tf`s omhn bhmmncn ldssdorc mg chcvca pcrsmas ...^c
ldaacr `a wf`of tfc uagmrtuadtc v`ot`ls wcrc n`somvcrcn, wds ds
gmhhmws5 D
kcathclda wds dsocan`ak tfc Ofdkrcs r`vcr, tfc 2;tf mg Gcbrudry,
a da mpca bmdt,wfca fc n`somvcrcn tfc bmny mg d lda dttdofcn by f`s
ohmtf`ak, tm d sadk `a tfcr`vcr. Fc mrncrcn f`s bmdtlca tm dpprmdof
tfc bmny, but dgtcr kctt`ak acdr camukftm n`somvcr tfdt tfc
gmrcfcdn mg tfc ncocdscn fdn bcca ohcdvcn, ds w`tf d fcdvy ja`gcmr
dxc, tfc bmdtlca rcguscn tm km dhmaks`nc mg t. Yrmoccn`ak up tfc
r`vcr, tfc bmn`cs
mg mac, twm, tfrcc, dan gmur mtfcr lca, dan mac wmlda, wcrc dhsm
n`somvcrcn a tfcr`vcr, lmst mg tfcl fdv`ak bcomlc dttdofcn, by
tfc`r ohmtf`ak, tm sadks.
^c bmn`cs mg lmst mg tfc ncocdscn wcrc `a d fmrr`n oman`t`ma. ^c
catrd`hs mgscvcrdh mg tfcl fdn bcca r`ppcn mpca, ds tfcy wcrc
flmdt`ak ma tfc surgdoc mg tfcwdtcr, dan tfc buzzdrns wcrc gcdst`ak
ma tfc`r odrodsscs.
Ma d bdr eust bchmw Y`ad Bhdaofc tfc kcathclda n`somvcrcn
twm