Extending the Boundaries Of Organic Synthesis With Flow Chemistry Heather Graehl, MS, MBA Director of Sales North America ThalesNano North America
Aug 28, 2014
Extending the Boundaries Of Organic Synthesis With Flow Chemistry
Heather Graehl, MS, MBA Director of Sales North America ThalesNano North America
Who are we?
• ThalesNano is a technology company that gives chemists tools to perform novel, previously inaccessible chemistry safer, faster, and simpler.
• Market leader: 800 customer install base on 6 conDnents. • 33 employees with own chemistry team. • 10 years old-‐most established flow reactor company.
• R&D Top 100 Award Winner.
Customers (>800 worldwide)
What is flow chemistry?
What is flow chemistry?
Performing a reaction continuously, typically on small scale, through either a coil or fixed bed reactor.
Reactants
Products
By-products
Traditional Batch Method
Gas inlet
Reactants
Products
By-products
Batch vs. Flow
Better surface interaction Controlled residence time Elimination of the products
Flow Method
H-Cube Pro™
Catalyst screening
Parameter scanning: effect of residence time to the conversion and selectivity
Catalyst Flow rate / mL/
min
Residence time / sec
Conc. / mol/dm3
Conv. / %
Sel. / %
IrO2 2 9 0,2 52 69
Re2O7 2 9 0,2 53 73
(10%Rh 1% Pd)/C
2 9 0,2 79 60
RuO2 (activated)
2 9 0,2 100 100
1 18 0,2 100 99
0,5 36 0,2 100 98
Ru black 2 9 0,2 100 83
1% Pt/C doped with Vanadium
2 9 0,2 100 96
1 18 0,2 100 93
0,5 36 0,2 100 84
Conditions: 70 bar, EtOH, 25°C
Selective aromatic nitro reduction
Increase and decrease of residence time on the catalyst cannot be performed in batch
Heating Control
Lower reaction volume. Closer and uniform temperature control
Outcome:
Safer chemistry. Lower possibility of exotherm.
Batch
Flow
Larger solvent volume. Lower temperature control.
Outcome:
More difficult reaction control. Possibility of exotherm.
Heating Control
Lithium Bromide Exchange
Batch
Flow
• Batch experiment shows temperature increase of 40°C. • Flow shows little increase in temperature.
Ref: Thomas Schwalbe and Gregor Wille, CPC Systems
Industry Perspective
Survey Conducted
Small scale: § Making processes safer § Accessing new chemistry
§ Speed in synthesis and analysis
§ AutomaDon
Large scale: § Making processes safer § Reproducibility-‐less batch to batch variaDon
§ SelecDvity
Why move to flow?
Survey Conducted
What chemistries?
Difficult to perform chemistries
• Low temperature exothermic reactions • Reactions with gases • Very slow reactions or unaccessible chemistry • Reactions with selectivity issues
Approx. 30% of reactions!
What are our drivers?
• ThalesNano is specialized on designing reactors around specific chemistries where reacDons in flow would be highly beneficial
Exothermic Reactions
• Safety • New chemistry • Simplicity
Endothermic Reactions
• New chemistry • Speed • Green
Reactions with gases
• Safety • Simplicity • Speed • Green
Scale up
• Safety • Selectivity • Reproducibility • Speed
Reaction Line
150°C, 100 bar (1450 psi) H2, CO, O2, CO/H2, C2H4, CO2. Reactions in minutes. Minimal work-up.
-70 - +80C O3, Li, -N3, -NO2
Safe and simple to use. Multistep synthesis. 2 step independant T control.
450°C, 100 bar (1450 psi) New chemistry capabilities. Chemistry in seconds. Milligram-kilo scale Solve Dead-end chemistry.
H-Cube Pro & Gas Module: Reagent gases
Phoenix Flow Reactor: Endothermic chemistry
IceCube: Exothermic Chemistry
Catalysis reactor: Modular: H-Cube Pro
H-Cube Pro H2 Generation 150°C, 100 bar Hydrogenation Selective C-C coupling
Gas Module 12 Extra gases 100 bar
Phoenix Module 450°C Novel heterocycles
Automated injection & collection. Optimization
H-Cube Midi H2 Generation 150°C, 100 bar Scale Up
H-Cube Pro
H-Cube Pro Overview
• HPLC pumps continuous stream of solvent • Hydrogen generated from water electrolysis • Sample heated and passed through catalyst • Up to 150°C and 100 bar. (1 bar=14.5 psi)
Hydrogenation reactions: § Nitro Reduction § Nitrile reduction § Heterocycle Saturation § Double bond saturation § Protecting Group hydrogenolysis § Reductive Alkylation § Hydrogenolysis of dehydropyrimidones § Imine Reduction § Desulfurization
No More Hydrogen Cylinders
• Large cylinders contain 4360 litres of compressed H2
• They are a severe safety hazard • H-Cube doesn’t use gas cylinders • Only water • Clean • No transportation costs • Low energy • Safe • Just 2 mL H2 @ 1bar
Hydrogen generator cell § Solid Polymer Electrolyte
High-pressure regulating valves
Water separator, flow detector, bubble detector
Catalyst System - CatCart®
• Benefits • Safety • No filtration necessary • Enhanced phase mixing
• Over 100 heterogeneous and Immobilized homogeneous catalysts
10% Pd/C, PtO2, Rh, Ru on C, Al2O3 Raney Ni, Raney Co Pearlmans, Lindlars Catalyst Wilkinson's RhCl(TPP)3 Tetrakis(TPP)palladium Pd(II)EnCat BINAP 30
• Different sizes • 30x4mm • 70x4mm (longer residence time or scale up)
• Ability to pack your own CatCarts • CatCart Packer (with vacuum) • CatCart Closer (no vacuum)
New Software with H-Cube Pro
Timer Hydrogen Variability
Valve control Data saving Chemistry Guide
H-Cube Pro = higher throughput
2 cells for higher hydrogen production: 60 mL/min
H-Cube Pro: Higher temperature capability
H-Cube Pro: Selectivity with lower temp control
T (oC) p (bar) Flow rate (ml/min) Conversion (%) B Selectivity (%)
20 1, controlled 1 37 99 20 1, controlled 2 65 93 20 1, controlled 3 87 77
Solvent Conc. Temp. (°C) Pressure (bar)
Flow Rate (mL/min)
Product Distribution (%, GC-MS)
A B C EtOH 0.1 M 10 10 1 0 100 0
H-Cube
H-Cube Pro
Simple Validation Reactions (out of 5,000)
10% Pd/C, RT, 1 bar Yield: 86 - 89% Alternate reductions Ketone: Pt/C Aromatic: Ru/O2
Raney Ni, 70°C, 50 bar, 2M NH3 in MeOH, Yield: >85%
Simple Validation Reactions (out of 5,000)
10% Pd/C, 60˚C, 1 bar Yield: >90%
Batch reaction of {3-[(2-carbazol-9-yl-acetylamino)-methyl]-benzyl}-carbamic acid benzyl ester Reagent: H2, catalyst: 10% Pd/C, EtOH, 1 atm, Yield: 76 % Conn, M. Morgan; Deslongchamps, Ghislain; Mendoza, Javier de; Rebek, Julius; JACSAT; J. Am. Chem. Soc.; EN; 115; 9; 1993; 3548-3557.
Raney Ni, 80˚C, 80 bar Yield: 90%
Batch reference: Reagent: HCOONH4, catalyst: 10% Pd/C, solvent: MeOH, Reaction time: 30 min, 1 atm. Yield: 78 % Kaczmarek, Lukasz; Balicki, Roman; JPCCEM; J. Prakt. Chem/Chem-Ztg.; EN; 336; 8; 1994; 695-697
H-Cube® Reaction Examples
Batch: 200°C, 200 bar, 48 hours
Batch: 150°C, 80 bar, 3 days
Chemoselective hydrogenations
Selective reduction in presence of benzyl protected O or N 5% Pt/C, 75°C, 70 bar, 0,01M, ethanol,no byproduct Yield: 75%
Batch reference: Reagent: aq. NaBH4, Solvent: THF; 0°C, Yield: 76,1 % Nelson, Michael E.; Priestley, Nigel D.; JACSAT; J. Am.
Chem. Soc.; EN; 124; 12; 2002; 2894-2902
Route A: Raney Ni, abs. EtOH, 0,01 M, 70 bar, 25°C. Yield: 80%
Route B: Raney Ni, abs. EtOH, 0,01 M, 70 bar, 100°C. Yield: 85%
No batch reference
Selective Hydrogenations
Conditions: 1% Pt/C, 70 bar, 100°C, residence time 17s Results: 100% conversion, 97% yield
Conditions: 1% Pt/C, 70 bar, 30°C, residence time 17s Results: 100% conversion, 100% yield
Conditions: Au/TiO2, 70 bar, 30°C, residence time 17s Results: 100% conversion, 100% yield
H-Cube® - Chemoselective hydrogenations
Ürge, L.et al. submitted for publication
Selective hydrogenation of the double-bond
Selective hydrogenation to afford oxime
Selective hydrogenation of the double-bond
Selective Hydrogenations
Conditions: 10% Pd/C, 70 bar, 0°C, residence time 16s Results: 100% conversion, 100% yield
Conditions: 1% Pt/C, 70 bar, 30°C, residence time 11-17s Results: 100% conversion, 100% yield
Conditions: 1% Pt/C, 70 bar, 100°C, residence time 17s Results: 100% conversion, 100% yield
Ürge, L.et al. submitted for publication
H-Cube® - Chemoselective hydrogenations
Nitro group reduction in the presence of a halogen
Nitro group reduction in the presence of Cbz-group
Nitro group reduction without retro-Henry as a
side-reaction
Selective dehydrochlorination
Flow rate
(mL/min)
Pressure (bar) Temperature (oC)
Bubdet Catalyst Amount A (%)
Amount B (%)
Amount C (%)
Amount D (%)
1 20 (∆p:5 bar) 110 50 10% Pd/C 26.7% 61.5% - 7% 1 20 (∆p:3 bar) 110 50 1% Pd/C 61,90% 29,40% - 2,50% 1 20 (∆p:13
bar) 110 50 5% Rh/C 78.9% 5.1% - 9.2%
1 20 (∆p:10 bar)
110 50 5% Pd/C 26.7% 60.9% - 6.7%
1 20 (∆p:5 bar) 110 50 5% Pd/C(S) 25% 63.4% - 6.6%
Objective: Match similar selectivity of 60% but without additives of CsF, S, K2CO3 and PPh3
Partial saturation of heterocycles
Optimised reaction parameters: - H-Cube Pro - Temperature: 100oC - Pressure: 100 bar - Hydrogen amount: Maximum
Results:
• Generate new non-planar molecules from existing stocks. • New molecules have new Log P and other characteristics.
• Cheap • Clean • Quick • Only on H-Cube: High P + Selective control.
Flow rate (ml/min) Conversion % of A % of B % of C 0.3 100% 100 0 0 0.5 100% 92 8 0 1.0 100% 86 14 0
Deuteration
Substrate Product Deuterium content(%)
Isolated yield / %
99 99
97 98
93 97
96 98
96 99
Mándity, I.M.; Martinek, T.A.; Darvas, F.; Fülöp, F.; Tetrahedron Letters; 2009, 50, 4372–4374
H-Cube Autosampler™
Gilson 271 Liquid Handler § 402 single Syringe pump (10 mL) § Direct GX injector (Valco) § Low-mount fraction collection (Bio-Chem) § Septum-piercing needle § Static drain wash station § Tubes, connectors, fittings
Open vial collection Collection through probe (into closed vial)
H-Cube Midi™ reactor for scale-up
Parameters: - p= 1-100 bar - T=10-150°C - v=0.1-3 ml/min - c=0.01-0.1 M - H2 production = up to 60ml/min - CatCarts = 30x4mm or 70x4mm
Parameters: - p= 1-100 bar - T=25-150°C - v=5-25 ml/min - c=0.05-0.25 M - H2 production = up to 125ml/min - CatCarts = 90x9.5mm
Milligram to Gram Scale
Half Kilogram Scale
Conversion: 90-95% (TLC) Purity: 70% (LC-MS) without work-up
Batch parameters: K3PO4, TBA-Br, Pd(OAc)2, DMF, 2 hours, 130 °C Reference: (Zim, Danilo; Monteiro, Adriano L.; Dupont, Jairton; Tetrahedron Lett.; EN; 41; 43; 2000; 8199-8202)
Suzuki-Miyaura C-C cross coupling:
Sample reactions
Br
N O 2 B
O H O H
N O 2 CatCart TM 70*4 mm Pd EnCat TM BINAP 30, 2-propanol, TBAF, 80°C, 20 bar, 0.05M, 0.5 ml/min
+
Selective Suzuki coupling (Cl, Cl)
The condiDons were:
1 equivalent of 2,6-‐dichloroquinoxaline with 1.2 equivalent of o-‐Tolylboronic acid
ConcentraDon set to 0.02M
Solvent: Methanol
Base: NaOH
AnalyDcs: GC-‐MS
Flow rate (ml/min)
Pressure Temperature Catalyst Base
Result (bar) (oC) LC-‐MS, 220nm
0.8 20 100 Fibrecat 1007
(70mm) 3 ekv
Conversion: 82% SelecDvity: 48%
0.3 20 100 Fibrecat 1007
(70mm) 3 ekv
Conversion: 99% SelecDvity: 48%
0.8 20 100 Fibrecat 1035
2.5 ekv Conversion: 16%
(30mm) SelecDvity: 100%
0.8 20 100 Fibrecat 1029
(30mm) 2.5 ekv
Conversion: 18% SelecDvity: 100%
0.8 20 100 Fibrecat 1048
(30mm) 2.5 ekv
Conversion: 40% SelecDvity: 100%
0.8 20 100 10% Pd/C
2.5 ekv Conversion: 89%
(30mm) SelecDvity: 14%
0.5 20 50 Fibrecat 1048
2.5 ekv Conversion:17%
(30mm) SelecDvity: ~100%
0.5 20 100 Fibrecat 1048
2.5 ekv Conversion: 35%
(30mm) SelecDvity: ~100%
0.2 20 100 Fibrecat 1007
2.5 ekv Conversion: 93%
(70mm) SelecDvity: 73%
0.2 20 100 Fibrecat 1007
2.5 ekv Conversion: 93%
(70mm) SelecDvity: 80%
0.2 20 100 Fibrecat 1029
2.5 ekv Conversion: 12%
(30mm) SelecDvity: 100%
Purity (LCMS): 63%
Batch parameters: Pd(OAc)2, PPh3, TEA, DMF, 3 days, 110°C, yield: 70% Reference: J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans., 1998, 1461-1468 J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans., 1998, 1461-1468
Heck C-C cross coupling:
Sample reactions
CatCartTM: Pd (PPh3)4, TBAF, 2-propanol, 0.05M, 100oC, 1 bar, 0.2 ml/min.
Catalysis reactor: Modular: H-Cube Pro
H-Cube Pro H2 Generation 150°C, 100 bar Hydrogenation Selective C-C coupling
Gas Module 12 Extra gases 100 bar
Phoenix Module 450°C Novel heterocycles
Automated injection & collection. Optimization
H-Cube Midi H2 Generation 150°C, 100 bar Scale Up
Gas Module
• Versa7le: Compressed Air, O2, CO, C2H4, SynGas, CH4, C2H6, He, N2, N2O, NO, Ar.
• Fast: ReacDons with other gases complete in less than 10 minutes
• Powerful: Up to 100 bar capability.
• Robust: All high quality stainless steel parts.
• Simple: 3 budon stand-‐alone control or via simple touch screen control on H-‐Cube Pro™.
Use of Gas Module Attached to the H-Cube Pro™
Gas Module HPLC pump H-Cube Pro™
Filter included Check valve included
Problems with Oxidation
Alcohol oxidation: Optimization
Pressure Temp. (oC) CatCart Conversion Selectivity
40 25 1 % Au/TiO2 0 – 40 65 1 % Au/TiO2 6.5 >85 40 25 1 % Au
/Fe2O3 0 – 40 65 1 % Au
/Fe2O3 12.7 0 40 25 5 % Ru
/Al2O3 2.8 ~100 40 65 5 % Ru
/Al2O3 3.6 ~100 100 65 5 % Ru
/Al2O3 2.7 ~100 100 100 5 % Ru
/Al2O3 8.5 ~100 100 140 5 % Ru
/Al2O3 15.5 ~100 100 65 1 % Au/TiO2 5.6 84 100 100 1 % Au/TiO2 47.2 93 100 140 1 % Au
/TiO2 ~100 93 100 65 1 % Au
/Fe2O3 4 0 100 100 1 % Au
/Fe2O3 31 7 100 • Area% of desired product in GC-MS / (100 – Area% of reactant in GC-MS)
General conditions: H-Cube Pro with Gas Module, 50 mL/min oxygen gas, 1 mL/min liquid flow rate (0.05M in acetone, 20 mL sample volume), CatCart: 70mm., 1 % Au/TiO2 (cartridge: 70mm, THS 01639),
Batch ref.: Oxygen; perruthenate modified mesoporous silicate MCM-41 in toluene T=80°C; 24 h; Bleloch, Andrew; et al. Chemical Communications, 1999 , 8,1907 - 1908
Very fast addition of alcohol to gold surface. Alkoxide formation.
Aromatization of heterocycles
Reaction parameters were tested: - H-Cube Pro with and without GasModule - Oxidizing agent: Hydrogen-peroxide and Oxygen - Catalyst: MnO2, Amerlyst 36, Au/TiO2 - Solvent: Acetone/H2O2, Acetone - Temperature 60-150oC, pressure 20-50 bar, flow rate 1 ml/min, concentration: 0.05 mmol/ml
Oxidizing agent Solvent Catalyst
Temperature (oC)
Pressure (bar) Conversion Comment
MnO2 Acetone MnO2 60 20 82% Blockage ager 10 minutes
H2O2 Acetone -‐ H2O2
(4-‐1) Au/TiO2 70 20 68% ager 1 run 78% ager 2 run
H2O2 Acetone -‐ H2O2
(4-‐1) Au/TiO2 100 30 68% ager 1 run 98% ager 2 run
The catalyst was reacDvated with H2O2 between the runs.
O2 (10 ml/min) Acetone Au/TiO2 75 11 8%
O2 (10 ml/min) Acetone Au/TiO2 150 11 95%
Ager 10 minutes the conversion was dropped to
50%
O2 (50 ml/min) Acetone Au/TiO2 150 20 > 98%
Ø Conditions: 100oC, 30 bar, CO gas, 0.5 ml/min liquid flow rate, 0.01 M in THF Ø Catalyst: Polymer supported Pd(PPh3)4 Ø Reference test was managed on X-Cube Ø Reaction was repeated Ø Different gas flow rates were tested
Results
Aminocarbonylation
ReacDon HC-‐Pro with gas module (CO flow rate)
XC reference
10 ml/min
30 ml/min
60 ml/min
30 ml/min
30 ml/min
60 ml/min
60 ml/min
60 ml/min
Conversion % 60 65 79 66 62 79 79 82 0
Accessing New Molecules or Chemical Space
Heterocyclic rings of the future, J. Med. Chem., 2009, 52 (9), pp 2952–2963.
• 3000 potential bicyclic systems unmade • Many potential drug like scaffolds Why? • Chemists lack the tools to expand into new chemistry space to access these new compounds. • Time • Knowledge
The quest for novel heterocycles
• Standard benzannulation reaction • Good source of:
• Quinolines • Pyridopyrimidones • Naphthyridines
→ Important structural drug motifs
Disadvantages: • Harsh conditions • High b.p. solvents • Selectivity • Solubility
W. A. Jacobs, J. Am. Chem. Soc.; 1939; 61(10); 2890-2895
High T Chemistries – in Batch
• Replacement of diphenyl ether (b.p: 259°C) with THF (b.p.: 66 °C)
Cyclization conditions: a: 360 °C, 130 bar, 1.1 min b: 300 °C, 100 bar, 1.5 min c: 350 °C, 100 bar, 0.75 min
Pyridopyrimidinone Quinoline
No THF polymerization!
Batch conditions: 2 hours
Gould-Jacobs Reaction – in Flow
The nature of the substituents is critical because they increase or decrease the nucleophilicity of the ring: Electron donating groups increase yields, Electron withdrawing groups decrease yields.
50
Process exploration
• Meldrum’s acidic route to pyridopyrimidones and to hydroxyquinolines
Cyclization conditions: a: 300 °C, 160 bar, 0.6 min b: 300 °C, 100 bar, 0.6 min c: 360 °C, 100 bar, 1 min d: 350 °C, 130 bar, 4 min e: 300 °C, 100 bar, 1.5 min
Lengyel L., Nagy T. Zs., Sipos G., Jones R., Dormán Gy., Ürge L., Darvas F., Tetrahedron Lett., 2012; 53; 738-743
New Scaffold Generation
5 novel bicyclic scaffolds generated-fully characterized. Many more to follow
Phoenix Flow Reactor: High temperature synthesis
Powerful: Up to 450°C
Versatile: Heterogeneous and homogeneous capabilities.
Fast: Reactions in seconds or minutes.
Innovative: Validated procedure to generate novel bicyclic compounds
Simple: 3 button stand-alone control or via simple touch screen control on H-Cube Pro™.
Ring closure on aryl NH : key step • Mitsunobu reaction or traditional heating with T3P did not
furnish the bicyclic heterocycle. • Reaction proceeded smoothly in Phoenix reactor at 300oC with
65% yield despite requirement for the cis amide conformer in transition state.
Mitsunobu Reaction
N-Alkylation Reaction
RaNi 70mm 200C, 80bar 0.5ml/min
55
C-H Activation
• Objectives: to find a cheap and green alternative of performing 1 step
alkylation reaction via C-H activation.
• Relevance: used for generation of novel compounds, via C-H activation
untouched positions on rings can be activated.
• Main problems: • strong bond between carbon and hydrogen atoms
• Multistep reaction
• Require expensive metal catalysts (Pd, Pt)
• Selectivity is an issue
• Results: form another C-C or C-X bond at a position not favored by
conventional alkylation methods
56
Reaction pathway using Raney-Ni catalyst
Advantages of Raney-Nickel: • Cheaper than Pd, Pt containing catalysts • Differently preactivated Raney-Ni catalyst can give more
flexibility – selectivity issues
But: Pyrophoric!
57
Optimizing the reaction conditions:
• 0.1M Indole solution in ethanol, RaNi 4200 Catalyst, GC-MS results
Reach higher selectivity: Protect the N-atom with TMS-Cl Result: 90% conversion with 80%
selectivity (300 °C, 100 bar, 0.5 mL/min,
isolated yield: 76.5%)
58
Alkylation of 2-methyl-indoline
The total amount of dialkylated products was 18%.
Alkylation coupled with dehydrogenation
59
Ring closuring of 2-methyl-indole with 1,3-butanediol
Ring closure is coupled with hydrogenation of double bond
Diels Alder
• Diels-Alder reactions usually require long reaction times.
• This reaction time could be reduced to 5 minutes at 250°C using toluene.
• .Product isolated in near quantitative yield.
• Reaction also possible using lower boiling solvents (MeCN, THF, DME) with same result using higher pressures (200 bar).
Fischer-Indole Synthesis: Scale Out
cf. MW reaction: Bagley, M. C.; et al. J. Org. Chem. 2005, 70 , 7003
In AcOH/2-propanol (3:1) (0.5M) 150 °C, 60 bars,
1.0 mL min-1 (4 min res. time) 88% isolated yield
Continuous Flow Results (4 mL or 16 mL Coil) Scale-up
200 °C, 75 bars, 5.0 mL min-1 (~3 min res. time)
96% isolated yield
25 g indole/hour
High temperature reactions
Conditions: p = 70 bar T = 270°C v = 0.4 mL/min c = 0.04 M (NMP) Result: 82% yield
Kappe, O. C. et al. Eur. J. Org. Chem., 2009, 9, 1321-1325.
X-Cube FlashTM – Kolbe Synthesis Conditions: p = 60 bar T = 180°C v = 4 mL/min Residence time: 440 s c = 0.49 M (H2O) Best result: 51% conversion
Kappe, O. et al. Chem. Eng. Technol. 2009, 32(11), 1-16.
X-Cube FlashTM – SNAr reaction
High Energy
Reac7ons
Ice Cube Modules
Ozone Module generate O3 from O2 100 mL/min, 15 % O3
Cooled Reactor Module – teflon tube on peltier coolers; -70°C.
Pump Module – Peristaltic or Gear Pump Optional: 1 or 2
Versa7le: 2 op7ons
A
B C
A B
C
D
Pre-cooler/Mixer Reactor
-70-+80ºC
-70-+80ºC -30-+80ºC
Potential Apps: Azide, Lithiation, ozonolysis, nitration, swern oxidation
Safe reaction of azides using Ice-Cube
• 2 Step Azide Reaction in flow • No isolation of DAGL • Significantly reduced hazards
TKX50
Ozone concentration critical!
Reaction parameters: Flow rate = 0,7 ml/min Quench flow rate = 1,4 ml/min O3 flow rate = 17,5 ml/min (~2 eq.) T = -5 oC cEugenol = 0,05 M cNaBH4 = 0,05 M Solvent = EtOH Results: Conversion = 100 % misolated = 326,2 mg mmax. yield = 504 mg Isolated yield = 65 % Purity of isolated product = 98 % *
Nitration in flow
Pump A Pump B Temperature (oC)
Loop size (ml)
Conversion (%)
SelecDvity (%)
SoluDon Flow rate (ml/
min) SoluDon Flow rate (ml/
min)
ccHNO3 0.4 1g PG/15ml ccH2SO4 0.4 5 -‐ 10 7 100
0 (different products)
1.48g NH4NO3/15ml ccH2SO4 0.7
1g PG/15ml ccH2SO4 0.5 5 -‐ 10 13 100 100
1.48g NH4NO3/15ml ccH2SO4 0.5
1g PG/15ml ccH2SO4 0.5 5 -‐ 10 13 50 80 (20% dinitro)
70% ccH2SO4 30% ccHNO3 0.6
1g PG/15ml ccH2SO4 0.5 5 -‐ 10 13 (3 bar) 100 100
70% ccH2SO4 30% ccHNO3 0.6
1g PG/15ml ccH2SO4 0.5 5 -‐ 10 13 (1 bar) 80
70 (30% dinitro and nitro)
Batch reference: 30ml ccH2SO4, 1g PG, 1.48g NH4NO3, 5-10oC 10 min, Conversion: 91%
Flow University
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