th & 8 Science Unit 1 Chapter 3: The Periodic Table. 3-The Periodic... · Introduction to the Periodic Table. ... Mendeleev ’ s Contribution A. Dmitri Mendeleev 1. Russian Chemist

77thth

& 8

& 8

ththG

rade

G

rade

S

cien

ceS

cien

ceU

nit 1

Cha

pter

3:

Uni

t 1 C

hapt

er 3

:Th

e Pe

riodi

c Ta

ble

The

Perio

dic

Tabl

e

Cha

pter

Voc

abul

ary

Cha

pter

Voc

abul

ary

Sect

ion

1Se

ctio

n 1

1. P

erio

d1.

Per

iod

2. G

roup

2. G

roup

3. M

etal

3. M

etal

4. N

onm

etal

4. N

onm

etal

5. M

etal

loid

5. M

etal

loid

Sect

ion

2Se

ctio

n 2

1. A

lloy

1. A

lloy

2. S

emic

ondu

ctor

2. S

emic

ondu

ctor

Sect

ion

3Se

ctio

n 3

Cha

pter

3 S

ecti

on 1

Cha

pter

3 S

ecti

on 1

--

Intr

oduc

tion

to

Intr

oduc

tion

to

the

the

Perio

dic

Tabl

ePe

riodi

c Ta

ble

Dev

elop

men

t of

the

D

evel

opm

ent

of t

he

Per

iodi

c T

able

Per

iodi

c T

able

A.

Sinc

e th

e be

ginn

ing

of ti

me,

civ

iliza

tions

hav

e us

ed th

e su

bsta

nces

sc

ient

ists

cal

l ele

men

ts.

1. C

oins

, jew

elry

, wea

pons

B.

Som

e ci

viliz

atio

ns c

ombi

ned

elem

ents

to e

nhan

ce s

ocie

ty.

1. B

attle

of T

roy

–ar

mor

and

shi

elds

mad

e of

bro

nze

a. B

ronz

e –

com

bina

tion

of c

oppe

r & ti

n2.

Ass

yria

ns –

stee

l wea

pons

b. S

teel

–co

mbi

natio

n of

iron

and

car

bon

C.

1830

–55

ele

men

ts d

isco

vere

d an

d na

med

D.

1860

–Fi

rst I

nter

natio

nal C

hem

ical

Con

gres

s (G

erm

any)

Men

dele

evM

ende

leev

’’ ssC

ontr

ibut

ion

Con

trib

utio

nA

. D

mitr

iMen

dele

ev1.

Rus

sian

Che

mis

t2.

Des

igne

d a

tabl

e of

ele

men

tsa.

Org

aniz

ed e

lem

ents

in o

rder

of i

ncre

asin

g at

omic

m

ass

b. D

isco

vere

d a

patte

rn1.

Ele

men

ts w

ith s

imila

r pro

pert

ies

fell

into

gr

oups

on

the

tabl

e.c.

1st

ver

sion

pub

lishe

d in

186

9 –

not a

ll el

emen

ts

disc

over

ed y

et.

1. L

eft g

aps

for u

ndis

cove

red

elem

ents

.2.

Pre

dict

ed th

e pr

oper

ties

of s

ix u

nkno

wn

elem

ents

. (T

able

3-1

)3.

With

in 1

5 ye

ars

thre

e of

the

mis

sing

ele

men

ts

wer

e di

scov

ered

.

Mos

eley

Mos

eley

’’ s I

mpr

ovem

ent

s Im

prov

emen

tA

. H

enry

Mos

eley

1. E

nglis

h ph

ysic

ist

2. I

mpr

oved

Men

dele

ev’s

tabl

ea.

Som

e el

emen

ts s

eem

ed o

ut o

f pla

ce.

b. O

rgan

ized

by

atom

ic n

umbe

r rat

her t

han

atom

ic m

ass

(ato

mic

# -

# of

pro

tons

in th

e nu

cleu

s)1.

The

ory

–ea

ch e

lem

ent i

n th

e ta

ble

has

1 m

ore

prot

on th

an th

e el

emen

t bef

ore.

Ato

mic

nu

mbe

rs o

f mis

sing

ele

men

ts c

ould

be

pred

icte

d by

com

parin

g #

of p

roto

ns in

eac

h el

emen

t.c.

Sho

wed

how

man

y el

emen

ts s

till u

ndis

cove

red.

The

Mod

ern

Per

iodi

c T

able

The

Mod

ern

Per

iodi

c T

able

A.

Perio

d –

a ro

w o

f ele

men

ts in

the

perio

dic

tabl

e w

hose

pro

pert

ies

chan

ge g

radu

ally

and

pre

dict

ably

.1.

Ele

men

ts n

ow o

rgan

ized

by

incr

easi

ng a

tom

ic n

umbe

rs in

to

row

s or

per

iods

.2.

The

re a

re 7

per

iods

in th

e Pe

riodi

c Ta

ble

B.

Gro

up (F

amily

) –a

colu

mn

of e

lem

ents

in th

e pe

riodi

c ta

ble

that

hav

e si

mila

r che

mic

al o

r phy

sica

l pro

pert

ies.

1. T

here

are

18

colu

mns

of e

lem

ents

.

Sec

tion

s of

the

Per

iodi

c S

ecti

ons

of t

he P

erio

dic

Tab

leT

able

A.

Div

ided

into

2 s

ectio

ns:

1. 1

st S

ectio

n –

Rep

rese

ntat

ive

Elem

ents

a. m

etal

s, m

etal

loid

s, n

onm

etal

s2.

2nd

Sec

tion

-Tra

nsiti

on e

lem

ents

a.

Met

als

B.

Col

or C

oded

:1.

Sho

ws

whi

ch e

lem

ents

are

met

als,

non

met

als,

and

met

allo

ids.

Met

als,

Non

met

als,

&

Met

als,

Non

met

als,

&

Met

allo

ids

Met

allo

ids

A.

Met

als

–an

ele

men

t tha

t has

lust

er, i

s m

alle

able

, is

duct

ile, a

nd is

a

good

con

duct

or o

f hea

t and

ele

ctric

ity.

1. A

ll so

lids

(exc

ept M

ercu

ry)

2. A

ll hi

gh m

eltin

g po

ints

B.

Non

met

als

–el

emen

ts th

at a

re u

sual

ly g

ases

or b

rittle

sol

ids

at ro

om

tem

pera

ture

.1.

Poo

r con

duct

ors

2. I

nclu

de m

any

elem

ents

ess

entia

l for

life

–ca

rbon

, sul

fur,

nitr

ogen

, oxy

gen,

pho

spho

rus,

and

iodi

ne.

C.

Met

allo

ids

–an

ele

men

t tha

t sha

res

som

e pr

oper

ties

with

met

als

and

othe

rs w

ith n

on m

etal

s.1.

For

m a

brid

ge b

etw

een

met

als

and

nonm

etal

s.2.

Ex.

Bor

on –

has

lust

er, b

ut a

poo

r con

duct

or

The

Ele

men

t K

eys

The

Ele

men

t K

eys

A.

Elem

ent K

ey –

box

that

repr

esen

ts a

n el

emen

t on

the

perio

dic

tabl

e.1.

Inc

lude

s:a.

Nam

e of

Ele

men

tb.

Ato

mic

#c.

Sym

bol

d. A

vera

ge a

tom

ic m

ass

e. S

tate

of m

atte

r2.

Ele

men

ts o

ccur

ring

on e

arth

m

arke

d w

ith lo

go in

dica

ting

solid

, liq

uid

or g

as a

t roo

m

tem

pera

ture

.3.

Ele

men

ts n

ot o

ccur

ring

in

natu

re m

arke

d w

ith b

ulls

-eye

.

Kry

pton

36 Kr

83.8

0

Sol

id @

room

tem

p.

Liqu

id @

room

tem

p.

Gas

@ ro

om te

mp.

Sym

bols

for

the

Ele

men

tsS

ymbo

ls f

or t

he E

lem

ents

A.

Elem

ent S

ymbo

ls:

1. 1

-2 le

tters

2. U

sual

ly b

ased

on

elem

ents

nam

ea.

O -

Oxy

gen

3. S

ome

com

e fr

om G

reek

or L

atin

nam

es fr

om e

lem

ents

b. H

g –

Hyd

rarg

yrum

(liqu

id s

ilver

-Gre

ek) (

Mer

cury

)4.

Som

e na

med

afte

r the

sci

entis

ts w

ho d

isco

vere

d th

emc.

Md

-Men

dele

vium

5. S

ome

nam

ed fo

r geo

grap

hic

loca

tions

d. F

r –Fr

anci

um

* Se

e Ta

ble

3-2

on p

. 71

Cha

pter

3 S

ecti

on 2

C

hapt

er 3

Sec

tion

2 --

Rep

rese

ntat

ive

Elem

ents

Rep

rese

ntat

ive

Elem

ents

Gro

ups

1 &

2G

roup

s 1

& 2

A.

Act

ive

Met

als

1. A

lway

s co

mbi

ned

in n

atur

e w

ith o

ther

ele

men

ts.

2. A

ll m

etal

s ex

cept

hyd

roge

n

The

Alk

ali M

etal

sT

he A

lkal

i Met

als

A. T

he A

lkal

i Met

als

1. G

roup

1 E

lem

ents

: (A

lkal

i Met

als)

a. L

ithiu

mb.

Sod

ium

c. P

otas

sium

d. R

hubi

dium

e. C

esiu

mf.

Fra

nciu

m2.

Cha

ract

eris

tics:

a. S

ilver

y so

lids

b. L

ow d

ensi

ties

c. L

ow m

eltin

g po

ints

The

Alk

alin

e E

arth

Met

als

The

Alk

alin

e E

arth

Met

als

A.

The

Alk

alin

e Ea

rth

Met

als

1. G

roup

2 E

lem

ents

: (A

lkal

ine

Eart

h M

etal

s)a.

Ber

ylliu

mb.

Mag

nesi

umc.

Cal

cium

d. S

tron

tium

e. B

ariu

mf.

Rad

ium

2. C

hara

cter

istic

s: (c

ompa

red

to g

roup

1)

a. D

ense

rb.

Har

der

c. H

ighe

r mel

ting

poin

td.

Les

s ac

tive

3. A

lloy

–a

mix

ture

of t

wo

or m

ore

elem

ents

, one

of w

hich

is a

m

etal

. a. e

x. M

g +

Al =

allo

y us

ed to

mak

e bi

ke fr

ames

Bor

onB

oron

’’ s F

amily

s Fa

mily

A.

Gro

up 1

3 El

emen

ts: (

Bor

on G

roup

)1.

Bor

on – a. B

rittle

b. B

lack

met

allo

id2.

Alu

min

um3.

Gal

ium

4. I

ndiu

m5.

Tha

llium

Bor

on

The

Car

bon

Gro

upT

he C

arbo

n G

roup

A.

Gro

up 1

4 El

emen

ts: (

Car

bon

Gro

up)

1. C

arbo

n a. D

iam

ond

b. g

raph

ite2.

Sili

con a.

San

d (g

lass

)b.

Sem

icon

duct

ors

c. E

lect

roni

cs3.

Ger

man

ium

a. S

emic

ondu

ctor

sb.

Ele

ctro

nics

4. T

in5.

Lea

d

B.

Sem

icon

duct

or –

an e

lem

ent t

hat d

oesn

’t co

nduc

t ele

ctric

ity a

s w

ell

as a

met

al, b

ut c

ondu

cts

bette

r tha

n a

nonm

etal

.

Nit

roge

nN

itro

gen

’’ s G

roup

s G

roup

A.

Gro

up 1

5 El

emen

ts: (

Nitr

ogen

Gro

up)

1. N

itrog

en –

requ

ired

for l

ifea.

Sto

res

gene

tic in

form

atio

n an

d en

ergy

b. 8

0% o

f air

you

brea

the

2. P

hosp

horu

s –

requ

ired

for l

ifea.

Sto

res

gene

tic in

form

atio

n an

d en

ergy

b. C

omes

in tw

o fo

rms

–w

hite

or r

edc.

If e

xpos

ed to

air

it w

ill b

urst

into

flam

esd.

Ess

entia

l ing

redi

ent t

o he

alth

y te

eth

& b

ones

e. U

sed

in m

ost f

ertil

izer

s3.

Ars

enic

–us

ed to

cre

ate

light

ed d

ispl

ays

(DVD

Pla

yers

, Ala

rm

Clo

cks)

4. A

ntim

ony

5. B

ism

uth

–us

ed in

aut

omat

ic s

prin

kler

hea

ds

Pho

spho

rus

Oxy

gen

Oxy

gen

’’ s F

amily

s Fa

mily

A.

Gro

up 1

6 El

emen

ts: (

Oxy

gen

Gro

up)

1. O

xyge

n a. N

eces

sary

for l

ifeb.

20%

of e

arth

’s a

tmos

pher

ec.

Ozo

ne –

less

com

mon

form

of o

xyge

n2.

Sul

fur a.

Nec

essa

ry fo

r life

b. S

olid

, yel

low

non

met

alc.

Use

d in

sul

furic

aci

d1.

pai

nts,

fert

ilize

rs, d

eter

gent

s, s

ynth

etic

fibe

rs,

& ru

bber

3.

Sel

eniu

ma.

Con

duct

s el

ectr

icity

whe

n ex

pose

d to

ligh

tb.

Use

d in

pho

toco

py m

achi

nes

4. T

ellu

rium

5. P

olon

ium

Sul

fur

The

Hal

ogen

sT

he H

alog

ens

A.

Gro

up 1

7 El

emen

ts: (

Hal

ogen

s –

salt

form

er)

1. F

luor

ine

2. C

hlor

ine

3. B

rom

ine

4. I

odin

e5.

Ast

atin

ea.

Rad

ioac

tive

met

allo

id

Iodi

ne

The

Nob

le G

ases

The

Nob

le G

ases

A.

Gro

up 1

8 El

emen

ts: (

Nob

le G

ases

–ra

rely

com

bine

with

oth

er

elem

ents

)

B.

All

colo

rless

gas

es

C.

Each

pro

duce

s its

ow

n co

lor

1. H

eliu

m -

pink

2. N

eon

–re

d-or

ange

3. A

rgon

–pu

rple

a. M

ost a

bund

ant n

oble

gas

on

eart

h4.

Kry

pton

–us

ed in

ligh

t bul

bs5.

Xen

on6.

Rad

on a. R

adio

activ

e ga

sb.

Pro

duce

d as

ura

nium

c. H

arm

ful i

f inh

aled

–ca

n ca

use

lung

can

cer

Cha

pter

3 S

ecti

on 3

C

hapt

er 3

Sec

tion

3 --

Tran

sitio

n El

emen

tsTr

ansi

tion

Elem

ents

The

Met

als

in t

he M

iddl

eT

he M

etal

s in

the

Mid

dle

A.

Tran

sitio

n El

emen

ts –

all e

lem

ents

in g

roup

s 3-

121.

All

are

met

als

2. P

rope

rtie

s ch

ange

less

from

one

per

iod

to a

noth

er c

ompa

red

to re

pres

enta

tive

elem

ents

.

The

Iro

n T

riad

The

Iro

n T

riad

A.

Iron

Tria

d:1.

Iro

n –

used

in s

teel

a. M

ost i

mpo

rtan

t tra

nsiti

on e

lem

ent

2. C

obal

t 3.

Nic

kel –

used

to m

ake

batte

ries

with

cad

miu

m

B.

Prop

ertie

s:1.

Mag

netic

C.

Wha

t are

the

uses

of I

ron?

The

Coi

nage

Met

als

The

Coi

nage

Met

als

A.

Coi

nage

Met

als:

1. C

oppe

r2.

Silv

er3.

Gol

d

B.

Prop

ertie

s:1.

Con

side

red

valu

able

2. D

on’t

ofte

n co

mbi

ne in

nat

ure

C.

Wha

t are

the

uses

of c

oina

ge m

etal

s?

Oth

er T

rans

itio

n M

etal

sO

ther

Tra

nsit

ion

Met

als

A.

Oth

er T

rans

ition

Ele

men

ts:

1. T

ungs

ten

–fil

amen

ts o

f lig

ht b

ulbs

(hig

hest

m

eltin

g po

int)

2. M

ercu

ry –

ther

mom

eter

s an

d ba

rom

eter

s (lo

wes

t m

eltin

g po

int)

3. C

hrom

ium

–m

ake

brig

htly

col

ored

pai

nts

B.

Plat

inum

Gro

up:

1. R

uthe

nium

, rho

dium

, pal

ladi

um, o

smiu

m,

iridi

um, p

latin

um2.

Use

d fo

r ele

ctro

des

and

cata

lyst

s

C.

Cat

alys

t –a

subs

tanc

e th

at c

an c

ause

cha

nges

to

occu

r fas

ter b

ut is

no

t cha

nged

itse

lf.

Inne

r T

rans

itio

n E

lem

ents

Inne

r T

rans

itio

n E

lem

ents

A.

Two

type

s of

Inne

r Tra

nsiti

on E

lem

ents

: (tw

o se

ries)

1. L

anth

anid

es (R

are

Eart

h M

etal

s) –

at o

ne ti

me

thou

ght t

o be

sc

arce

.2.

Act

inid

es

The

Lan

than

ides

The

Lan

than

ides

A.

Usu

ally

foun

d co

mbi

ned

with

oxy

gen

in th

e ea

rth’

s cr

ust.

B.

Soft

met

als

C.

Thre

e ar

e na

med

afte

r a to

wn

in S

wed

en w

here

they

are

foun

d

D. E

xam

ple

-Flin

ts

The

Act

inid

esT

he A

ctin

ides

A. A

ll ac

tinid

es a

re ra

dioa

ctiv

e

B. T

horiu

m, p

rota

ctin

ium

, and

ura

nium

are

the

only

act

inid

es fo

und

natu

rally

on

eart

h.

C. T

he re

st a

re s

ynth

etic

ele

men

ts.

D. U

sed

as fu

el fo

r nuc

lear

pow

er a

nd m

edic

al

purp

oses