Text pgs. 186 - 204. I. Exploration and Expansion: A. Motives and Means From 1500 to 1800, European energy and industry were focused outward, to exploring.
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Slide 1
Text pgs. 186 - 204
Slide 2
I. Exploration and Expansion: A. Motives and Means From 1500 to
1800, European energy and industry were focused outward, to
exploring and conquering the wider world. The discovery movement
was led by the Portuguese and Spanish, and continued by the Dutch,
English and French. As early as the thirteenth century, the
exploits of Marco Polo (1254 1324) had infused Europeans with a
desire to explore and exploit the East, especially China. With the
rise of the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East, land routes to the
Orient were closed, so Europeans began to search for sea routes to
Asia. Marco Polo
Slide 3
I. Exploration and Expansion: A. Motives and Means European
motives for exploration have been summed up as, God, glory, and
gold. Religious zeal encouraged explorers to seek out non-Christian
peoples all over the world in order to convert them. Catholic
nations, like Spain and France, were especially active in
proselytization. A sense of adventure and the opportunity for fame
and glory accompanied exploration. Conquerors like Hernan Cortes
became world-famous for their exploits. The primary motivation, in
most cases, was money. Tremendous fortunes could be made from New
World silver, African slaves, and South Asian spices. The new
monarchies of the fifteenth century (Spain, France and England) had
the centralized governments, the wealth, and new maritime
technology to pursue their global goals. Missionary Cortes
Slide 4
I. Exploration and Expansion: B. The Portuguese Trading Empire
Under the leadership of Prince Henry the Navigator (1394 1460),
Portugal was the first nation to explore the coast of Africa. In
1420, they discovered gold in Ghana. In 1488, Bartholomeu Dias
became the first European to round the Cape of Good Hope into the
Indian Ocean. Ten years later, Vasco da Gama sailed all the way to
India. He returned with a cargo of spices and made a profit of
thousands of percent. The next wave of Portuguese ships set off
armed to the teeth, intent on establishing permanent trading ports.
Prince Henry da Gama
Slide 5
I. Exploration and Expansion: B. The Portuguese Trading Empire
The Portuguese aimed to eliminate all competition for the spice
trade in the Indian Ocean. In 1509, an armed fleet attacked Turkish
and Indian merchant ships. The following year, Admiral Alfonso de
Albuquerque established a fortified trading center at Goa. Later,
Albuquerque led an expedition to Melaka on the Malay Peninsula to
destroy the Arab spice trade and take over the market. From Melaka,
Portuguese traders expanded their control to the Spice Islands (the
Moluccas) and to China. The Portuguese had the ships and the guns
to dominate trade, but they did not have the manpower to establish
large colonies. They were eventually out-competed in southeast Asia
by the Dutch, English and French. Melaka
Slide 6
I. Exploration and Expansion: Preview Voyages to the Americas
The Voyages of Columbus A Line of Demarcation Race to the Americas
Pgs. 192 - 194
Slide 7
I. Exploration and Expansion: C. Voyages to the Americas While
the Portuguese used their limited resources to explore south and
east around Africa, the Spanish took a decidedly different
approach. More populous and prosperous than Portugal, Spain had the
resources to mount expensive expeditions of discovery and conquest.
Spain was also newly unified as a single nation and was intent on
proving its power to the rest of Europe. In this frame of mind, it
is easy to see why King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella were willing
to listen to a Genoese adventurer. The Reconquista of Spain
Ferdinand and Isabella
Slide 8
I. Exploration and Expansion: D. The Voyages of Columbus
Educated Europeans knew that the earth was round, but there were
differing theories on its actual size. Christopher Columbus, a
sailor from Genoa, believed that the earth was smaller than some
said. He believed he could sail west and eventually reach China.
Columbus persuaded the monarchs of Spain to pay for an expedition
westward by promising them access to Asian trade routes. In October
1492, he discovered the Caribbean islands of Hispaniola and Cuba.
On three subsequent journeys, he landed on all the major Caribbean
islands and the Central American mainland. Columbus was convinced
that he had made it to East Asia.
Slide 9
I. Exploration and Expansion: E. A Line of Demarcation By the
early 1490s, Portugal and Spain had laid claim to extensive sea
routes. The two powers feared that conflicts would arise over
colonies and trade access in the newly discovered territories.
Spain and Portugal agreed to prevent any dispute by appealing to
the pope for a ruling. Pope Alexander VI (of the Spanish Borgia
family) agreed to mediate, and in 1494, all parties signed the
Treaty of Tordesillas. The treaty established a line of
demarcation, separating potential Spanish and Portuguese
territories. The line ran through the eastern part of South
America, granting Brazil to Portugal. To the west, Spain received
all of North America and the majority of South America. Pope
Alexander VI
Slide 10
I. Exploration and Expansion: F. Race to the Americas The
economic opportunities present in the Americas soon attracted other
adventurers and explorers. John Cabot (1450 1499), a Venetian, was
hired by the English to explore the coast of North America in
1497-98. He laid claim to Canada. Pedro Cabral (1467 1520) landed
in modern-day Brazil and claimed it for Portugal. Amerigo Vespucci
(1454 1512), from Florence, described much of the coast of the
Americas, which were named for him. Europeans called the lands they
explored the New World, though it was certainly not new to the
millions of Native Americans who had lived there for thousands of
years.
Slide 11
I. Exploration and Expansion: Preview The Spanish Empire
Economic Impact and Competition Pgs. 194 - 195
Slide 12
I. Exploration and Expansion: G. The Spanish Empire The Spanish
conquistadors were remarkably successful in the New World. They
used a combination of military technology, determined leadership,
and European disease to conquer the western part of Latin America.
Hernan Cortes defeated the mighty Aztec empire and captured
northern Mexico in three years. Francisco Pizarro overthrew the
Inca by 1550. By 1580, Spain controlled all of Central and South
America except Brazil. As early as 1535, Spain had a system of
government in place for its New World colonies. Native Americans
(called indios) were subjects of the Empire. Spanish landowners
were granted encomienda, the right to use Native Americans for
forced labor. Conquistador Comenderos
Slide 13
I. Exploration and Expansion: G. The Spanish Empire Spanish
settlers were expected to look after native workers, but there were
very few government representatives to ensure good treatment.
Landowners used the natives like slaves in silver mines and sugar
cane plantations. Backbreaking labor and poor diet added to the
terrible death toll caused by disease. Smallpox, measles and typhus
had killed 98% of the native population of Hispaniola in under 50
years. The population of Mexico dropped by 96% by 1630. Spanish
settlers had also brought along priests and missionaries. They
baptized many of the natives and enforced Christian religion and
culture. Native society was effectively destroyed and replaced.
South American mine Missionary in California
Slide 14
I. Exploration and Expansion: H. Economic Impact and
Competition Spains colonies had a direct effect on the home
countrys economy. They had come to the new world in search of
mineral wealth, and in Mexico and Peru, they found huge silver
deposits. New World silver would make Spain the richest nation in
the world in the late sixteenth century. Spanish colonists operated
plantations and ranches in Latin America. In addition to European
crops and livestock, they grew native plants for export, including
corn, potatoes, cocoa and tobacco. These products generated further
wealth when sold in European markets. Portuguese traders in
Southeast Asia also affected European markets. They became the
primary source for spices, gems, and silk, replacing the Italian
merchant companies. Atocha treasure New World crops Thai
Emeralds
Slide 15
I. Exploration and Expansion II. Africa in an Age of
Transition: Preview New Rivals Enter the Scene Trade, Colonies, and
Mercantilism The Slave Trade Growth of the Slave Trade Pgs. 195 -
198
Slide 16
I. Exploration and Expansion: Homework Answer each question in
a half-page response with complete sentences. Be accurate, be
specific, be complete. Due tomorrow. 1. Explain the phrase, God,
glory and gold. (Pgs. 189 191) 2. What was the impact of Spanish
settlement on the Native Americans? (Pg. 194) 3. Read the Science,
Technology & Society box on pg. 191. What one technological
advance was the most important? Why?
Slide 17
I. Exploration and Expansion: I. New Rivals Enter the Scene
Beginning in the mid-1500s, other nations entered the colonialism
game. The Spanish were established in the Philippines, where they
competed with the Portuguese for southeast Asian markets. The Dutch
founded a colony in India in 1595, and later created the East India
Company, which dominated trade in the Spice Islands. They also
founded colonies in the Hudson River area of what is now New York
State. England set up colonies in northwest India. They also
explored coastal North America, eventually taking over New York and
Caribbean islands from the Dutch in the 1660s. French entrepreneurs
explored eastern Canada and much of the Mississippi River valley.
They also competed for trade in India and the Caribbean.
BritishFrenchSpanish
Slide 18
I. Exploration and Expansion: J. Trade, Colonies and
Mercantilism European nations competed with one another to
establish colonies in the sixteenth century as part of the
Commercial Revolution. The theory of mercantilism, popular in
Europe at the time, said that the wealth of a nation was measured
by its supply of gold and silver (called bullion). To bring in more
bullion, a nation should have a favorable balance of trade, meaning
that it exports more valuable products than it imports. Colonies
were important to a mercantilist economy because they provided
cheap raw materials and markets for expensive manufactured goods,
thus creating a favorable balance. Nations also stimulated trade by
subsidizing new industries, building new transport systems, and
taxing foreign imports (called tariffs). U.S. balance of trade,
1970 - 2002
Slide 19
I. Exploration and Expansion: J. Trade, Colonies and
Mercantilism
Slide 20
II. Africa in an Age of Transition: A. The Slave Trade Slavery
was not new in the 1400s. African cultures had taken slaves from
one another for centuries. Some slaves had been sold, mostly in
southwest Asia, where they were usually used as servants. Slavery
as practiced by Europeans changed dramatically with the discovery
of the New World. The coast of Brazil and the islands of the
Caribbean have the ideal climate for growing sugarcane, and huge
plantations were established. Sugarcane requires lots of back-
breaking labor, and the Native American population had been
decimated by disease. Plantation owners began transporting slaves
from the west coast of Africa to work on the sugar plantations as
early as 1518.
Slide 21
II. Africa in an Age of Transition: B. Growth of the Slave
Trade The slave trade soon became an integral part of mercantilism.
In what is known as the triangular trade, manufactured goods from
Europe were taken to Africa and exchanged for slaves. The slaves
were transported to the Caribbean and North America and sold. The
profits were used to buy raw materials like lumber and molasses,
which were taken back to Europe and sold at a profit. As the
slave-based economy of the American colonies became more
profitable, the demand for Africans skyrocketed. An estimated
275,000 slaves were transported in the sixteenth century, more than
a million in the seventeenth century, and six million in the
eighteenth. By 1888, a total of ten million people had been taken
from west, central and east Africa. French slaver Slaver
routes
Slide 22
II. Africa in an Age of Transition: B. Growth of the Slave
Trade One reason for the rapid rise in the number of imported
slaves was the high death rate. Africans were packed by the
hundreds into tiny, unventilated slave ships. They spent almost the
entire sea journey chained to wooden platforms. Human waste
collected on the floor. Food was limited, to save space and money.
Thousands died before they reached the Americas. This was known as
the middle passage. Slaves taken directly from Africa had no
natural immunity to European or American diseases, which killed
thousands more. Slaves born in the Americas had a higher survival
rate, but slave owners usually felt it was cheaper to import adult
slaves than to raise slave children to working age. Slave ship
Sugar plantation
Slide 23
II. Africa in an Age of Transition: Preview Sources of Slaves
Effects of the Slave Trade Political and Social Structures Pgs. 198
- 199
Slide 24
II. Africa in an Age of Transition: C. Sources of Slaves Prior
to European involvement in the early 1500s, most African slaves
were taken as prisoners of war by neighboring kings. European
traders would exchange firearms, gold and cloth for slaves along
the coast of West Africa. As demand for slaves increased, African
traders had to collect slaves from farther inland. Some African
rulers became worried about the damage caused by the slave trade.
King Afonso of Bakongo sent a letter of complaint to the king of
Portugal in 1526. European powers ignored these protests, as the
slave trade had become very profitable. King Afonso
Slide 25
II. Africa in an Age of Transition: D. Effects of the Slave
Trade Increased demand for slaves led to an increase in warfare.
Slave- taking kingdoms along the coast, armed with European
weapons, raided inland communities more and more often. The slave
trade always had a devastating effect on the individuals who were
taken, their families, and the communities that were deprived of
their young people. Some areas suffered more than others. The
nation of Benin, a thriving and creative kingdom in the early
1500s, it deteriorated to the point of lawlessness and human
sacrifice in less than a hundred years. Emperor Oba of Benin 18 th
century slave raiders
Slide 26
II. Africa in an Age of Transition: E. Political and Social
Structures Until the beginning of the nineteenth century, European
involvement in Africa was limited to the slave trade. England,
Portugal, the Netherlands and France set up trading posts along the
West African coast to trade for slaves, ivory and other products.
Europeans did not encroach very far into the interior of the
continent, with two exceptions. The English and Dutch colonized
large sections of South Africa, and the Portuguese settled in
Mozambique. Otherwise, the vast majority of Africa remained
unexplored by whites, who called it the dark continent.
Slide 27
II. Africa in an Age of Transition: F. Traditional Political
Systems For the most part, African political structures remained
unchanged by contact with Europeans. Many societies were governed
by kings with centralized authority. The king of Benin was a
semi-divine figure with unquestioned powers. Other cultures
operated like federations, with several autonomous states linked
together through lineage groups. The Ashanti civilization of the
Gold Coast was structured this way. Some areas had no political
structure beyond the village elder, such as the Ibo culture. These
areas saw the greatest concentration of slave-raiding activity.
Oba, King of Benin Ashanti kings stool Ibo village elders
Slide 28
II. Africa in an Age of Transition & III. Southeast Asia in
the Era of the Spice Trade: Preview Foreign Influences Emerging
Mainland States The Arrival of Europeans A Shift in Power Pgs. 200
- 203
Slide 29
II. Africa in an Age of Transition: Homework Answer each
question in a half-page response with complete sentences. Be
accurate, be specific, be complete. Due tomorrow. 1. Describe the
purpose and path of the triangular trade. (Pg. 198) 2. Describe
three forms of government traditionally practiced in West Africa
(Pgs. 199 200) 3. Why was the death rate for African slaves so
high? Why did New World slave owners still prefer slaves taken from
Africa to those born in the Americas? (Pg. 198)
Slide 30
II. Africa in an Age of Transition: G. Foreign Influences
Foreign influence in Africa was largely indirect. Europeans
introduced new agricultural products to the continent, which
changed Africans diets and farming practices. Commercial contact
with Europeans encouraged African trade routes to relocate closer
to the coast. This led to the rise of a powerful state in Morocco
and the decline of Songhai. While the Portuguese established some
missionary stations, the spread of Christianity in Africa was very
slow in the 1500s. Instead, Islam came to dominate the northern and
eastern coasts. Catholic missionaries
Slide 31
III. Southeast Asia in the Era of the Spice Trade: A. Emerging
Mainland States By 1500, independent states on the Southeast Asian
mainland had been forming for hundreds of years. Siam (modern-day
Thailand) extended its control far south. They came into conflict
with the Burmese and were forced to relocate their capital to
Bangkok. The kingdom of Dai Viet conquered Champa and the Mekong
River delta to the south, outlining the modern borders of Vietnam.
Muslim merchants had been attracted to the spice trade in the Malay
Archipelago. They established themselves along the coasts, and
Islam became the majority religion in the area. The Muslim state of
Melaka came to dominate the spice trade and regional politics.
Slide 32
III. Southeast Asia in the Era of the Spice Trade: B. The
Arrival of Europeans Melaka was seized by the Portuguese admiral
Albuquerque in 1511. The sultan was defeated and control of the
Melaka Straits came into European hands. The Portuguese used this
base to conquer the Molucca Islands, known to the West as the Spice
Islands. The Portuguese did not have the resources or manpower to
establish large colonies in Southeast Asia. Instead, they founded
coastal settlements as trading posts and provisioning stations.
Admiral Albuquerque
Slide 33
III. Southeast Asia in the Era of the Spice Trade: C. A Shift
in Power The English and Dutch organized large-scale trading
corporations to raise money and private armies with which to
conquer the East Indies. In the early 1600s, forces of the Dutch
East India Company drove the Portuguese out of the Moluccas and
established a colony there. In 1619, the Dutch built a fort at
Batavia, on the island of Java. They came to control the entire
island, as well as Ceylon (Sri Lanka) in a short period of time.
The Dutch gradually took over all of the major spice- producing
islands and ran them as vast plantations. The English had been
major players in the East Indies in the early era of the spice
trade, but by the end of the 1600s, they were reduced to a single
city in Sumatra. Cloves Dutch East Indies fleet
Slide 34
III. Southeast Asia in the Era of the Spice Trade: Preview
Impact on the Mainland Religious and Political Systems Pgs. 203 -
204
Slide 35
III. Southeast Asia in the Era of the Spice Trade: D. Impact on
the Mainland Initially, the European presence in the East Indies
had little direct impact on mainland states. The Portuguese made
contact and established treaties with Vietnam, Thailand, Burma and
the Angkor kingdom. Later, European nations would compete for
trading and missionary privileges within these states. In 1527, a
civil war split Vietnam into two states. European powers took sides
in the conflict, attempting to gain economic concessions and
political influence in the region. Baganmyo, Burma 17 th Century
map of Vietnam
Slide 36
III. Southeast Asia in the Era of the Spice Trade: D. Impact on
the Mainland Foreign influence in Vietnam and other mainland states
did not last long. By the early seventeenth century, most trading
enterprises had been closed. French Catholic missionaries attempted
to stay, but the Vietnamese government forced them out. The
mainland of Southeast Asia was able to resist European domination
for two reasons. By the time of European exploration, Vietnam,
Burma and Thailand were established monarchies with powerful,
centralized governments. The Malay peninsula, by contrast, was not
united or well-organized. Whereas the Spice Islands were full of
products that Europeans wanted, the mainland held very little of
interest for outsiders. This made large-scale trade less
profitable. King Mongkut of Siam Shwedagon Pagoda
Slide 37
III. Southeast Asia in the Era of the Spice Trade: E. Religious
and Political Systems Between 1500 and 1800, the religious make- up
of Southeast Asia changed. In the islands, Islam and Christianity
took hold. On the mainland, Buddhism came to dominate. In all
cases, traditional forms of belief continued to structure society.
New religions and contact with the West influenced political
structures in the region. Four distinct styles of kingship emerged
in this era: Buddhist kingship, Javanese kingship, Muslim
sultanate, and Vietnamese empire. Mosque at Depok, Java Binondo
Church, Manila Ayutthaya, Thailand
Slide 38
III. Southeast Asia in the Era of the Spice Trade: E. Religious
and Political Systems Buddhist kings (Burma, Thailand, Laos,
Cambodia): In the Buddhist tradition, the king is regarded as
spiritually superior to everyone else. Javanese kings (Island of
Java): This form of kingship is similar to the Buddhist model, but
influenced by Indian social structures. The king is semi-divine.
Islamic sultans (Malay peninsula, Indonesia): The sultan was a
mortal, but tasked with defending Islam. The government was staffed
by aristocrat- bureaucrats. Vietnamese emperor (Vietnam): Based on
the Chinese model and Confucianism, the mortal emperor ruled with
the Mandate of Heaven. Emperor of Vietnam Sultan of Brunei