Test 26 English VISIONIAS...1. Bodhisattvas, a central part of Mahayana Buddhism emerged during the reign of Ashoka. 2. Mahayana Buddhism believed that each being attains salvation
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
1. IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE EXAMINATION, YOU SHOULD CHECK THAT THIS BOOKLET DOES NOT HAVE ANY UNPRINTED OR TURN OR MISSING PAGES OR ITEMS, ETC. IF SO, GET IT REPLACED BY A COMPLETE TEST BOOKLET.
2. ENCODE CLEARLY THE TEST BOOKLET SERIES A, B, C OR D AS THE CASE MAY BE IN THE APPROPRIATE PLACE IN
THE ANSWER SHEET. 3. You have to enter your Roll Number on the Test Booklet in the Box provided alongside. Do NOT write anything else on the Test Booklet. 4. This Test Booklet contains 100 items (Questions). Each item is printed in English. Each item comprises four
responses (answers). You will select the response which you want to mark on the Answer Sheet. In case you feel that there is more than one correct response with you consider the best. In any case, choose ONLY ONE response for each item.
5. You have to mark all your responses ONLY on the separate Answer Sheet provided. See direction in the
answers sheet. 6. All items carry equal marks. Attempt all items. Your total marks will depend only on the number of correct
responses marked by you in the answer sheet. For every incorrect response 1/3rd of the allotted marks will be deducted.
7. Before you proceed to mark in the Answer sheet the response to various items in the Test booklet, you have to
fill in some particulars in the answer sheets as per instruction sent to you with your Admission Certificate. 8. After you have completed filling in all responses on the answer sheet and the examination has concluded, you
should hand over to Invigilator only the answer sheet. You are permitted to take away with you the Test Booklet.
9. Sheet for rough work are appended in the Test Booklet at the end.
C
DO NOT OPEN THIS BOOKLET UNTIL YOU ARE ASKED TO DO SO
In constitutional law, the presumption of constitutionality is the legal principle that the judiciary should presume statutes enacted by the legislature to be constitutional unless the law is clearly unconstitutional or
a fundamental right is implicated. Hence, a court cannot declare legislation to be constitutional as
there is any way a presumption of constitutionality. Hence option (b) is the correct answer. The 99th Constitutional Amendment Act-2014 passed by the Lok Sabha on 13 August 2014 and by the
Rajya Sabha on 14 August 2014 which created a National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC)
responsible for the appointment and transfer of judges to the higher judiciary in India. The Constitution
Bench of Supreme Court by 4:1 Majority upheld the collegium system and struck down the NJAC as unconstitutional after hearing the petitions filed by several persons and bodies. Hence, the 99th
constitutional amendment act violated the presumption of constitutionality.
The court ought not to interpret the statutory provisions, unless compelled by their language, in such a manner as would involve its unconstitutionality, since the legislature of the rulemaking authority is
presumed to enact a law which does not contravene or violate the constitutional provisions. Therefore,
there is a presumption in favor of the constitutionality of legislation or statutory rule unless ex facie it violates the fundamental rights guaranteed under Part III of the Constitution
Article 13: Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights
Q 2.D The Fugitive Economic Offenders Act 2018 was brought to‖ provide for measures to deter fugitive
economic offenders from evading the process of law in India by staying outside the jurisdiction of Indian
courts, to preserve the sanctity of the rule of law in India and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto‖.
Statement 1 is not correct: An FEO is defined by the act as ―any individual against whom a warrant for
arrest in relation to a scheduled offense has been issued by any court in India, who (i) has left India so as to avoid criminal prosecution; or (ii) being abroad, refuses to return to India to face criminal prosecution‖.
The individual should be involved in offenses of at least 100 crores.
Statement 2 is not correct: To declare a person an FEO, an application has to be filed in a Special Court
(designated under the Prevention of Money-Laundering Act, 2002) containing details of the properties to be confiscated, and any information about the person‘s whereabouts. The Special Court will require the
person to appear at a specified place at least six weeks from the issue of notice. Proceedings of the FEO
court will be terminated if the person appears. But he will have to face the due proceedings under other concerned laws.
Q 3.D
Rules of origin are the rules to attribute a country of origin to a product in order to determine its "economic nationality". The need to establish rules of origin stems from the fact that
the implementation of trade policy measures, such as tariffs, quotas, trade remedies, in various cases,
depends on the country of origin of the product at hand. Rules of origin are used:
o to implement measures and instruments of commercial policy such as anti-dumping duties and
safeguard measures; o to determine whether imported products shall receive most-favoured-nation (MFN) treatment or
preferential treatment;
o for the purpose of trade statistics;
o for the application of labelling and marking requirements; and
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) has no specific rules governing the determination of the country of origin of goods in international commerce. Each contracting party was free to
determine its own origin rules, and could even maintain several different rules of origin depending on
the purpose of the particular regulation.
During international trade, an exporting country needs to show a certificate under norms of "rules of
origin" to prove that the commodity or a product originates there. Rules of origin norms help in
containing dumping of goods.
Recently there has been a surge in import of cheap areca nut from SAARC nations. Hence Finance ministry has been requested to check the rules of origin to curb cheaper imports from SAARC countries.
Q 4.D Global important agricultural Heritage systems are outstanding landscapes of aesthetic beauty that
combine agricultural biodiversity and ecosystem and valuable cultural heritage. It is designated by
the Food and agricultural organization (FAO).
Its goal and objective include: to leverage global and national recognition of the importance of agricultural Heritage systems-capacity building of local farming communities and local and national
institutions-to promote enabling regulatory policies and incentive environments to support the
conservation-.It also aims to achieve food security and poverty alleviation. Indian sites include:
o Kuttanad below sea level farming system in Kerala
o Koraput traditional agriculture in Odisha o Saffron heritage of Kashmir
o Grand Anicut and associated farming system in Cauvery delta zone of Tamilnadu
The proposed GIAHS sites are generally assessed based on the following five: o Food and livelihood security o Agro-biodiversity
o Local and Traditional Knowledge systems
o Cultures, Value systems, and Social Organisations o Landscapes and Seascapes Features
Additional Information: o There are 52 GIAHS sites in 21 countries. Six GIAHS sites located in China, Philippines, Tanzania,
United Arab Emirates, Iran and the Republic of Korea are also UNESCO World Heritage sites. Since its inception in 2002, the GIAHS program has built a strong local and international reputation in the
fields of agricultural heritage and agricultural development. Some GIAHS sites in china have
embraced new technologies by engaging with e-business companies like Alibaba to promote their agricultural heritage products.
Q 5.B
Ajnapatra is a royal edict on the principles of Maratha state written in Modi Marathi (a script) by
Ramchandra Pant Amatya. Hence, option (b) is the correct answer. Ramchandra Pant Amatya wrote this famous treatise on political code of conduct in 1715 at the order of
Sambhaji. It has nine chapters but they can divided into mainly two parts. The first part deals with a Shivaji's struggle for independence, Aurangzeb's attack on Marathas and Rajaram's brave struggle to save
the kingdom. The second part of the book is the principal aspect of the book. It deals with role and
functions of the King, his character, his duties towards his subject and the education of the princess.
Q 6.A
In zigzag kilns, bricks are arranged to allow hot air to travel in a zigzag path. The length of the zigzag air path is about three times that of a straight line, and this improves the heat transfer from the flue
gases to the bricks, making the entire operation more efficient. In addition, better mixing of air and fuel
allows complete combustion, reducing coal consumption to about 20 percent. Hence option (a) is the
correct answer. The zigzag design also ensures uniform distribution of heat, increasing the share of Class I bricks to about
90 percent. It also reduces emissions considerably.
The zigzag technology has two sub-types: natural and induced. The induced draft uses fans to regulate air, while the natural draft has a chimney. The operational cost of the induced draft includes the cost of diesel
and the maintenance of a generator to run the fan, which comes up to about Rs 250,000 a season. This
cost is eliminated in the natural model, but it requires an initial investment in building a chimney.
While natural zigzag is usually the first choice for brick kiln owners as running costs are lower, they are
choosing induced zigzag as conversion costs are lower. The government order also promotes induced draft technology.
Q 7.A
Municipal corporations are created for the administration of big cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Hyderabad, Bangalore and others. They are established in the states by the acts of the concerned state
legislatures, and in the union territories by the acts of the Parliament of India. There may be one common
act for all the municipal corporations in a state or a separate act for each municipal corporation. Hence
statement 1 is correct.
A municipal corporation has three authorities, namely, the council, the standing committees, and
the commissioner. The Council is the deliberative and legislative wing of the corporation. It consists of the Councillors directly elected by the people, as well as a few nominated persons having knowledge or
experience of municipal administration. In brief, the composition of the Council including the reservation
of seats for SCs, STs, and women is governed by the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act.
The Council is headed by a Mayor. He is assisted by a Deputy Mayor. He is elected in a majority of the states for a one-year renewable term. He is basically an ornamental figure and a formal head of the
corporation. His main function is to preside over the meetings of the Council. Hence option 2 is not
correct. The standing committees are created to facilitate the working of the council, which is too large in size.
They deal with public works, education, health, taxation, finance and so on. They take decisions in their
fields. The municipal commissioner is responsible for the implementation of the decisions taken by the council
and its standing committees. Thus, he is the chief executive authority of the corporation. He is appointed
by the state government. Hence statement 3 is correct.
Q 8.D
The emergence of Bodhisattva is central to Mahayana sect of Buddhism, which emerged during the
fourth council of Buddhism held in 1st century A.D at Kashmir during the reign of Kanishka. The worship of images of the Buddha and Bodhisattvas became an important part of this tradition.
Bodhisattva was thought of in the schools of the Great Vehicle or Mahayana not as a being who was soon
to become a Buddha, but as one who would bide his time until even the smallest insect had reached the
highest goal. The old ideal (in Hinayana Buddhism) of the Arhant, the '"Worthy", who achieved
Nirvana and would be reborn no more, began to be looked on as rather selfish. Instead of striving to
become Arhants, men should aim at becoming Bodhisattvas, and by the spiritual merit which they
gained assist all living things on the way to perfection. The idea of transference of merit is a special feature of the teaching of the Great Vehicle. According to the Lesser Vehicle or Hinayana Buddhism a
man can only help another on the way by example and advice. Each being must be a lamp unto himself,
and work out his own salvation. Thus, Bodhisattva is an ideal, an aspirant of Buddhahood (buddhatva) who works for the enlightenment of all sentient beings in contrast to that of one‘s own emancipation of
the Arhat (an ideal in non-Mahāyāna traditions). Hence statement 2 is not correct.
Prominent Bodhisattvas:
o Avalokiteśvara: Avalokiteśvara is, conceivably, the most popular of all Mahayana Bodhisattvas. He is seen as the most compassionate savior of the universe. He is compassion-incarnate who is concerned with
every bit of sufferings of all beings in their everyday life.
o Manjuśri: Manjuśri is the Bodhisattva of wisdom and enlightenment. He is associated with the role of interlocutor on the questions regarding ultimate truth.
o Tara or Shayama Tara, also known as Jetsun Dölma in Tibetan Buddhism, is an important figure in
Buddhism. She appears as a female bodhisattva in Mahayana Buddhism, and as a female Buddha in
Vajrayana Buddhism. o Kṣitigarbha: Another important Bodhisattva in Indo-Tibetan Buddhism is Kṣitigarbha. Kṣitigarbha saves
the sentient beings during the period between the death of Sakyamuni Buddha and the future advent of
Maitreya Buddha. o Maitreya: Maitreya is the future Buddha. The idea is that there were many previous Buddhas, and there
will be many future Buddhas. If there will be future Buddhas, then the being who is to come next as the
Buddha must be the one who has advanced on his Bodhisattva path. That being is Maitreya. Maitreya is the only Bodhisattva accepted by both Mahayana and non-Mahayana traditions.
o Other prominent Bodhisattvas mentioned in the Buddhist Sanskrit literature are Samantabhadra,
Stem cells are special human cells that have the ability to develop into many different cell types, from muscle cells to brain cells. In some cases, they also have the ability to repair damaged tissues.
Stem cells differ from other kinds of cells in the body.
o Self-renewal: They can divide and renew themselves for long periods.
o Stem Cells are Unspecialised: It does not have any tissue-specific structure that allows it to perform specialized functions. Hence statement 1 is not correct.
o Potency: Specialised cells can be derived from stem cells through a process called differentiation.
While differentiating, the cell usually goes through several stages, gaining more specialization at each step.
Stem cells are divided into two main forms: embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells.
o The embryonic stem cells used in research today come from unused embryos resulting from an in vitro fertilization procedure and that are donated to science. These embryonic stem cells
are pluripotent, meaning that they can turn into more than one type of cell.
o There are two types of adult stem cells.
One type comes from fully developed tissues, like the brain, skin, and bone marrow. There are only small numbers of stem cells in these tissues, and they are more likely to generate only certain
types of cells. For example, a stem cell-derived from the liver will only generate liver cells.
The second type is induced pluripotent stem cells. These are adult stem cells that have been manipulated in a laboratory to take on the pluripotent characteristics of embryonic stem cells.
o Hence statement 2 is correct. Stem cells are applied especially to treat cancers, which require high-dose chemotherapy within the
scope of medical care. The patient‘s own stem cells are extracted from bone marrow or peripheral
blood prior to high-dose chemotherapy, stored temporarily and transplanted after the treatment in order
to minimize the side effects of the aggressive chemotherapy and to support the regeneration of destroyed
cells. Hence statement 3 is correct. Besides cancer, Stem cell therapy offers great potential for the treatment of diseases such
as neurodegenerative diseases, cardiac infarction, stroke, arthritis, or diabetes.
Q 10.A
Odishan Temple Architecture:
o Architecture in Odisha found its supreme expression in the form of temples, some of which are
among, finest in the country.
o Of these, three are most famous the Lingaraja temple at Bhubaneswar (11th century), the
Jagannath Temple at Puri (12th century) and the great Sun Temple at Konark (13th century).
These three cities form the "Golden Triangle" of Odishan Temple Architecture.
o These mark the culmination of a distinct style of architecture called the Kalinga style remarkable in its plan elevation and details of decoration.
o While the main temple, called Vimana or Deula, is the sanctum enshrining the deity the porch
or assembly hall called Jagamohana is the place for the congregation of devotees. o Rekha, Pidha & Khakhara are three types of Deula.
o The Kalinga style reached its perfection during the Ganga period when two more structures were
added to the front of the two-part temple in order to meet the needs of the elaborate rituals;
these are the natamandira (dancing hall) and the bhogamandapa (hall of offerings).
Types of Temples:
o Rekha Deula: The sanctum is constructed on a square base, with a curvilinear long tower or shikhara.
For e.g. Jagannath Puri, Parsurameshwara Temple
o Pidha Deula: The sanctum is rectangular with a roof in the form of pidhas or a pyramid. For e.g. Sun
Temple, Konark's Jagamohana. o Khakhra Deula: The roof of the sanctum is semicylindrical in shape. For e.g. Vaital temple at
Bhubaneswar and Varahi temple at Chaurasi.
64 Yogini Temples:
o There is another class of temples that are almost unique in their conception and execution in the whole
country; these are the circular shaped, hypaethral or roofless structures dedicated to the sixty-
four yoginis belonging to the Tantric order. o Out of all the five shrines of yogini worship existing in the whole country, two are situated in
Odisha, the Chausathi Yogini temples one at Hirapur near Bhubaneswar and the other at
Ranipur-Jharial in Titlagarh subdivision of Balangir district.