Effects of Terrorism on Tourism Submitted by: Priya Gupta TT b
Effects of Terrorism on Tourism
Submitted by:Priya GuptaTT b
Terrorism
Is an unlawful act of violence
Intimidates governments or societies
Goal is to achieve political, religious or ideological objectives like ISIS who aspire to establish Islam caliphate all over.
Arising and Uplifting
Terrorists have become more ambitious and
less confined by geographical boundaries,
exploiting the latest technologies to their
advantage .
Effects of Terrorism• Exports ( Missed many opportunities to boost
tourism due to insecurity).
• Trade balance unstable.
• Mostly affects international travelers.
• Diversification of Funds and Loss of lives.
• Decline in FTAs.
• Closure of properties, superstructures for renovations.
dateattack and
locationfatalities injuries
11 Sep 2001
crashing of hijacked planes into World Trade Center, New York City, New York, Pentagon in Alexandria, Virginia, and site in Pennsylvania, USA
2,993 8,900
14 Aug 2007
multiple car bombings in Al-Qataniyah and Al-Adnaniyah, Iraq
520 1,500
20 Aug 1978arson of theater in Abadan, Iran
477 ?
1-3 Sep 2004
hostage taking at school in Beslan, Russia (includes 30 terrorists killed)
366 747
23 Jun 1985
mid-air bombing of Air India flight off Ireland, and attempted bombing of second flight in Canada
12 Mar 1993 15 bombings in Bombay, India
8 Aug 1998
truck bombings of U.S. embassies in Nairobi, Kenya, and Dar es Saalam, Tanzania
23 Oct 1983
truck bombings of U.S. Marine and French barracks, Beirut, Lebanon
22 Sep 1997 attack at Ben Talha, Algeria
date attack and location fatalities injuries
6 Apr 2007
suicide bombing with truck carrying chlorine tanks in Ramadi, Iraq
35 50
6 Sep 1987
water poisoning with pesticide at constabulary in Zamboanga City, Philippines
19 140
21 Jan 1994attack with chemical grenades on village of Ormancik, Turkey
16 ?
28 Jan 2007explosion of truck bomb carrying chlorine tank
16 ?
20 Mar 1995sarin nerve gas attack in subway in Toyko, Japan
12 5,511
Significant terrorist acts using unconventional weapons
20 Jan 2012multiple bombings and gun attacks in Kano, Nigeria
26-29 Nov 2008
multiple shooting and grenade attacks and hostage takings in Mumbai, India (includes 9 terrorists killed)
Questions arisen
Terrorism can take form of:
• Domestic terrorism;• International terrorism;•Cross-border terrorism.
Relationship Between Terrorism and Tourism
Terrorism is aimed at civil targets but tourist are victimised
Directed to economic targets functionally related to tourism
Terrorism targets Tourist directly as “Soft Targets “ which has relatively high Media impact coverage .
Motives and Targets
Methods of Terrorism
Bioterrorism Bioterrorism refers to the intentional release of toxic
biological agents toharm and terrorize civilians, in the name of a political or other
causeincluding: Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) Botulism (Clostridium botulinum toxin) The Plague (Yersinia pestis) Smallpox (Variola major) Tularemia (Francisella tularensis) Hemorrahagic fever, due to Ebola Virus or Marburg Virus
Cyberterrorism
Cyber terrorists use information technology to attack civilians and draw attention to their cause. They use information technology, such as computer systems or telecommunications, as a tool to orchestrate a traditional attack.
For example, cyberterrorists could disable networked emergency systems or hack into networks housing critical financial information. There is wide disagreement over the extent of the existing threat by cyberterrorists.
Eco terrorism
Eco terrorism is a recently coined term means environmental extremists sabotage property to inflict economic damage on industries or actors they see as harming animals or the natural environment. These have included fur companies, animal research laboratories, for example.
Nuclear terrorism
"Nuclear terrorism" refers to a number of different ways nuclear materials might be exploited as a terrorist tactic. These include attacking nuclear facilities, purchasing nuclear weapons, or building nuclear weapons or otherwise finding ways to disperse radioactive materials
Narco terrorism
Narcoterrorism has had several meanings since its coining in 1983. It once denoted violence used by drug traffickers to influence governments or prevent government efforts to stop the drug trade. In the last several years, narcoterrorism has been used to indicate situations in which terrorist groups use drug trafficking to fund their other operations.
Why hotels ?
Offer a high degree of access, usually 24 hours a day.
Larger hotels have many public spaces and entrances and exits and foreigners may gather there
Meetings and conferences, sometimes prestigious, are hosted
Restaurants which might be frequented by prominent businessmen and government officials.
Properties which are part of international chains, often American owned, are a symbol of that country and its government.
Grand lobbies and spacious entrances are vulnerable to individual suicide and car bombings.
CONCLUSION
We can fight with the terrorism and save our resources only by bringing harmony among our different communities and peoples living in the world.
It the need of the time for us to come together to make this terrorism get apart from its root level by complementing the existence of every individuals and taking steps or measues by proper agreements and undertakings.
THANK YOU