Terrorism and criminology

NATIONAL COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

AND ECONOMICS

T

TERRORISM AND CRIMINOLOGY

Presented By: Hina Shahid

Contents Origination of term Definition of terrorism Cause Of Terrorism Object Hiroshima & Nagasaki Attack (1945) Punjab Terrorism (1980s – 1990s) World Trade Center, Pentagon and Shanks-ville Incident

(2001) Mumbai Attacks (2008)

Similarities between terrorism and organized crime Differences between terrorism and organized crime Different Acts of terrorism Theories Of terorism Prevention Of Terrorism

ORIGINATION OF TERM TERRORISM

The word terrorism is derived from a Latin word “terror” which means ‘great fear, dread or to frighten’. It became part of the phrase “ terror cimbrus” which was used by ancient Romans in 10 BC to describe the panic that ensued as they prepared for an attack by the fierce Cimbri warrior tribe.

Definitions of Terrorism “Terrorism is the unlawful use of force or violence against person or

Property to intimidate or coerce to government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives.”

- F.B.I Definition

"calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear. It is intended to coerce or intimidate governments or societies ... [to attain] political, religious, or ideological goals."

- U.S. Army Manual

“Terrorism is the use or threatened use of force designed to bring about political change.”

- Brian Jenkins

“Terrorism constitutes the illegitimate use of force to achieve a political objective when innocent people are targeted.” - Walter Laqueur

All terrorist acts are motivated by two things :

Social and political injustice: People choose terrorism when they are trying to right what they perceive to be a social or political or historical wrong—when they have been stripped of their land or rights, or denied these.

The belief that violence or its threat will be effective, and usher in change.

Causes Of Terrorism

Objects Of Terrorism

Panic Disruption Demoralization Intimidation Embarrass Government Media Attention Fear

TYPES OF TERRORISM

CIVIL DISORDER POLITICAL TERRORISM NON-POLITICAL TERRORISM QUASI TERRORISM LIMITED POLITICAL TERRORISM OFFICIAL OR STATE TERRORISM

CIVIL DISORDER

A form of collective violence interfering with the peace, security, and normal functioning of the community.

POLITICAL TERRORISM

Violent criminal behavior designed primarily to generate fear in the community, or substantial segment of it, for political purposes.

NON-POLITICAL TERRORISM

Terrorism that is not aimed at political purposes but which exhibits “conscious design to create and maintain a high degree of fear for coercive purposes, but the end is individual or collective gain rather than the achievement of a political objective.”

QUASI TERRORISM

The activities incidental to the commission of crimes of violence that are similar in form and method to genuine terrorism but which nevertheless lack its essential ingredient. It is not the main purpose of the quasi-terrorists to induce Terror in the immediate victim as in the case of genuine terrorism, but the quasi-terrorist uses the Modalities and techniques of the genuine terrorist and Produces similar consequences and reaction. For example,the fleeing felon who takes hostages is a quasi-terrorist, whose methods are similar to those of the genuineterrorist but whose purposes are quite different.

LIMITED POLITICAL TERRORISM

Genuine political terrorism is characterized by a revolutionary approach; limited political terrorism refers to “acts of terrorism which are committed for ideological or political motives but which are not part of a concerted campaign to capture control of the state.

OFFICIAL OR STATE TERRORISM

"referring to nations whose rule is based upon fear and oppression that reach similar to terrorism or such proportions.” It may also be referred to as Structural Terrorism defined broadly as terrorist acts carried out by governments in pursuit of political objectives, often as part of their foreign policy.

During the final stages of World War II in 1945,

the United States conducted two atomic bombings against the

cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan, the

first on August 6, 1945 & the second on August 9, 1945. These two events

are the only use of nuclear weapons in war to date.

Nagasaki AndHiroshima Attack (1945)

1987 Punjab killings are killings of 34 Hindu bus passengers in Haryana state in India in July 1987 by the suspected “Khalistan Commando Force militants”.The militants attacked two buses and killed 34 bus passengers. The militants created roadblock by using a car and a Jeep. They singled out Hindu passengers and dragged them off and shot them to death.

The 1991 Punjab killings was a massacre of train passengers that occurred on 15 June, 1991 in Ludhiana district, Punjab. The Sikh militants killed at least 80 train passengers travelling in two trains near the city of Ludhiana. The militants attacked two trains about a kilometer from Ludhiana station by having their emergency cords pulled. They opened fire inside the passenger trains and killed at least 80 passengers. The survivors stated that on one of the two trains Hindu passengers were identified before being shot. On the second train the militants fired indiscriminately and many Hindus were killed. Between April, when elections were announced, and the June attack a total of 700 people had died in the state.In the same year in December 1991 the militants further killed 49 passengers, mostly Hindu, travelling on train from Ludhiana to Ferozepur.

Punjab Terrorism (1980s - 1990s)

The  September 11 attacks were a series of four coordinated  suicide attacks  upon the United States in New York City and the Washington D.C. area on September 11, 2001. On that Tuesday morning, 19 terrorists from the  Islamist  militant group  ”Al-Qaeda” hijacked four passenger jets.

The hijackers intentionally crashed two planes into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City; both towers collapsed within two hours.

Hijackers crashed another jet into the Pentagon in  Arlington, Virginia.

The fourth jet crashed into a field near Shanks-ville, Pennsylvania, after passengers attempted to take control before it could reach the hijacker's intended target in Washington, D.C.

 Nearly 3,000 died in the attacks

World Trade Center, Pentagon and Shanks-ville Incident

Mumbai Attacks (2008)

The 2008 Mumbai attacks were more than 10 coordinated shooting and bombing attacks across Mumbai by Islamist attackers who allegedly came from Pakistan. The attackers received reconnaissance assistance before the attacks. Ajmal Kasab later claimed upon interrogation that the attacks were conducted with the support of Pakistan's ISI. The attacks, which drew widespread global condemnation, began on Wednesday, 26 November and lasted until Saturday, 29 November 2008, killing 164 people and wounding at least 308.

Genesis

Eight years ago, two planes flew into two towers and

the world changed.

United States initiated a ‘war against terror.

US hosted $3 billion aid package for Pakistan fighting

against Al-Qaida.

Pakistan joined the U.S. war on terror and broke relations

with Afghanistan's Taliban government

Similarities between Terrorism And Organized

Crime Hierarchy structure Operate secretly Underground network Control over the individual is strong front organizations (Businesses or Charities) Similar tactics

Differences Between Terrorism And Organized Crime

Terrorist ideologically or

politically motivated seek media attention

wish to compete with governments for legitimacy

Organized Crimeprofit-oriented

Do not seek media attention

Do not do this

Different Acts Of Terrorism

Terrorism Act 2000 Anti-Terrorism Act of 2001 Intelligence Reform and Terrorism

Prevention Act of 2004 ANIMAL ENTERPRISE TERRORISM ACT

The Political Theory Of Anarchism

Anarchism defined as the rejection of the state, of any form of coercive government, of any form of domination and exploitation. It is the notion of free and equal access to all the world’s resources to enable positive freedom in place of negative freedom

UNFOLDING TERRORISM APPLYING THEORIES OF CRIMINOLOGY

Anarchism is often referred to as the nineteenth century roots of terrorism, the term first being introduced in 1980by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon.

Fascism As theory Of Terrorism

The word comes from the Latin "Faces” which means to use power to scare or impress people. It generally refers to the consolidation of all economic and political power into some form of super-patriotism that is devoted to endless war with one’s enemies.

Benoti Mussolini,who have practically invented the term in 1922.According to him fascism is based on the idea of an indomitable power and an attempt to resurrect imperial Rome

Adolf Hitler said fascism is the clever and constant application of propaganda so that people can be made to see paradise as hell

Religion As Theory Of Terrorism

It is also a fact that about a quarter of all terrorist groups and about half of the most dangerous ones are primarily motivated by religious concerns. They believed that God not only approves of their action but that God demands their action.

Rational Choice As Theory Of Terrorism

The Theory holds that people will engage in crime after weighing the costs and benefits of their actions to arrive at a rational choice about motivation after perceiving that the chances of gain outweigh any possible punishment or loss

Globalization Theory Of Terrorism

Globalization contributes to dreams, fantasies and rising expectations but at the same time it leads to dashed hopes, broken dreams and unfulfilled achievements.

Preventions For terrorism

Education!!! Understand the differences in cultures, religions,

beliefs and human behaviors Think of the peace, freedom and equality of all

human beings, not just “my group of people” Eliminate the root of terrorism Establish surveillance and monitoring system on

terrorism attack Improve protective system for citizens

The End