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The respiratory system Apparatus respiratorius
1. Fill in the blanks in each text.
Nose
nasal cavity, sphenoid, maxillary, sputum, paranasal sinuses,
ethmoid, sinus, nares, cilia, frontal,
inspire, conchae,
When we inhale, or __________, air enters the body through
the
nose via the external nasal ________ (nostrils) and passes
through the _________ ________. This cavity is lined with a
mucous membrane and fine hairs called ___________ that warm
and moisten the air and filter out foreign bodies (such as
dust
and pollen) toward the throat for elimination. Material that
is
eliminated from the respiratory tract by coughing or clearing
the
throat is called ____________. In the bones of the skull and
face
near the nose are air-filled cavities lined with mucous
membranes that open to the nasal cavity. Each of these cavities
is called a _________, and they are
named specifically for the bones in which they are located, such
as the __________ (at the
forehead), __________, _________, and ____________ sinuses.
Together, because they are near the
nose, these cavities are referred to as the _____________.
Receptors for the sense of smell are
located within bony side projections of the nasal cavity called
turbinate bones or ___________.
Pharynx
pharyngeal tonsil, oropharynx, palatine, laryngeal pharynx,
lingual, pharynx, nasopharynx,
After passing through the nasal cavity, air reaches the throat
or _________, which is made up of three parts. The ____________ is
behind the nasal cavity and contains the __________ _________ or
adenoid, which is a mass of lymphatic tissue. The middle portion,
the ____________, can be found behind the mouth where the
__________ tonsils on either side of the soft palate are located.
The third part of the pharynx is the ____________ ______________
behind the larynx. The __________ tonsils are at the posterior of
the tongue.
Larynx
glottis, vocal cords, larynx, thyroid, epiglottis,
The voice box or _________ is shaped by cartilages, the most
prominent of which is the _________ cartilage at the front that
forms the Adams apple. The opening between the vocal cords is the
_________. The small leaf-shaped cartilage at the top of the larynx
is called the _________. When one swallows, this covers the opening
of the larynx and helps to prevent food from entering the
respiratory tract. The larynx contains the ____________
___________, which are important in speech production.
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Lower Respiratory Passageways
Windpipe And Bronchi
mediastinum, bronchi, capillaries, alveoli, trachea,
bronchioles,
The larynx conducts air into the windpipe or_______, a tube
reinforced with C-shaped rings of cartilage to prevent its
collapse. The trachea is contained in a region known as the
_________, which consists of the space between the lungs. The
trachea divides into two branches called the _________. Each
bronchus (the singular form of bronchi) goes to a separate lung and
subdivides into smaller tubes, like the branches of a tree. The
smallest of the bronchial branches are called ___________. At the
end of the bronchioles are clusters of air sacs called __________.
Each alveolus is made up of a layer of epithelium. This very thin
wall permits exchange of gases between the alveolus and
_____________ that surround and come in close contact with it.
Lungs
lobes, visceral pleura, pleura, parietal pleura, pleural
space
Each lung is covered by a membrane called the__________. The
outer layer nearest to the ribs is ___________ ____________. The
inner layer closest to the lungs is the ___________ __________. The
right lung is divided into three __________, the left lung has two
lobes. There is a narrow, fluid-filled space between the two layer,
the __________ ___________. The moist pleural membranes slide
easily over each other allowing the lungs to expand during
breathing. During breathing or technically
Breathing
inspiration, ventilation, phrenic, diaphragm, respiration,
expiration, intercostal
Air is moved into and out of the lungs by the process of
breathing, technically called __________ or ___________. This
consists of a steady cycle of ___________ (inhalation) and
(exhalation), separated by a period of rest. The cycle begins when
the _________ nerve stimulates the muscle called ___________ to
contract and flatten, thus enlarging the chest cavity. The
resulting decrease in pressure within the thorax causes air to be
pulled into the lungs. The ___________ muscles between the ribs aid
in both phase of respiration. Expiration occurs as the breathing
muscles relax, the lungs spring back to their original
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2. Identify the structures by a number from the diagram.
bronchi principales
cavitas/cavum nasi
epiglottis
larynx
lobus inferior pulmonis dextri
lobus inferior pulmonis sinistri
lobus medius pulmonis dextri
lobus superior pulmonis dextri
lobus superior pulmonis sinistri
mediastinum
pars laryngea pharyngis
pars nasalis pharyngis
pars oralis pharyngis
pharynx
pulmo dexter
pulmo sinister
sinus paranasales
trachea
nares
16 capsula articularis cricothyroidea,
cartilagines tracheales,
cartilago cricoidea,
cartilago thyroidea,
6 conus elasticus,
cornu inferius,
cornu superius,
incisura thyroidea superior,
5 lig. cricothyroideum medianum,
lig. thyrohyoideum laterale,
lig. thyrohyoideum medianum,
linea obliqua,
m. cricothyroideus,
membrana thyrohyoidea,
n. et a. laryngealis superior,
os hyoideum,
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Suffixes of the declensions
1.Fill in the missing endings according to the concord of
genders. a. pulmonal__ (is/e) dext___ (er/ra/rum)
bronchus lobar___ (is/e)
bronchus principal___ (is/e) dext___ et sinist___
(er/ra/rum)
bronchus segmental___ basal___ lateral___ (is/e)
cornu super___ (ior/ius)
facies diaphragmatic___ (us/a/um)
fissura horizontal___ (is/e)
fissura obliqu___ (us/a/um)
impressio cardiac___ (us/a/um)
lig. pulmonal___ (is/e)
lobus infer___ (is/e)
lobus medi___ (us/a/um)
lobus super___ (ior/ius)
margo anter___ (ior/ius)
margo poster___ (ior/ius)
nodus lymphatic___ tracheobronchial___ (is/e)
super___ (ior/ius)
pars larynge___ (us/a/um)
pleura parietal___ (is/e)
recessus pleural___ (is/e)
segmentum anter___ (ior/ius)
segmentum apical___ (is/e)
segmentum basal___ (is/e) poster___ (ior/ius)
segmentum lingular___ (is/e)
segmentum poster___ (ior/ius)
Declension I. II. III. IV.
Gender f m n m/f n m. n. f.
Dictionary
form -a
-us/-er -um
-is -e
-ior -ius
-ns
-us,
-us
-u,
-us
-es,
-ei
Singular
Nom.
-a -us -um -is/-ior/-
ns
-e/-ius/-
ns
-us -u -es
Singular Gen. -ae -i -i -is -is -us -us -ei
Plural Nom. -ae -i -a -es -a/-ia -us -ua -es
Plural Gen. -arum -orum -orum -um/-ium -um/-ium -uum -uum
-erum
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2. Put the following terms into Plural Nominative form.
bronchiolus terminalis ____________________________________
bronchus lingularis ____________________________________
cartilago trachealis ____________________________________
lig. anulare ____________________________________
m. intercostalis externus
____________________________________
nodus lymphaticus tracheobronchialis superior
____________________________________
ramus bronchialis sinister
____________________________________
recessus pleuralis ____________________________________
segmentum bronchopulmonale
____________________________________
sinus paranasalis ____________________________________
vena pulmonalis dextra ____________________________________
3. Form phrases by putting the terms in brackets into Singular
Genitive. lobus superior (pulmo dexter) _____________________
cornu majus (os hyoideum) _____________________
ramus (lobus medius) _____________________
pars costalis (pleura parietalis) _____________________
pars nasalis (pharynx) _____________________
rima (glottis) _____________________
4. Give the Latin equivalent of the definition. thin wall in the
nose ___________________
turbinate bone ___________________
lymphoid tissue in the throat_______________
ring-like cartilage of larynx_________________
nerve of the diaphragm ___________________
cartilage of the windpipe___________________
upper pointed part of the lungs ____________
division of the windpipe ____________
middle part of pharynx __________________
nostrils _______________
gate of the lungs _______________
muscles lifting the ribs _______________
5. Form adjectives from the following nouns diaphragma
__________________
pulmo __________________
respiratio __________________
alveolus __________________
lobus __________________
pectus __________________
paries __________________
bronchus __________________
larynx __________________
trachea __________________
mucus __________________
serum __________________
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6. Diminutive suffixes
Suffix -culus, -cula, -culum
-ellus, -ella, -ellum
-illus, -illa, -illum
-olus, -ola, -olum
-ulus, -ula, -ulum
E.g. musculus
ossiculum
cerebellum mamilla arteriola cellula
Form diminutive forms of the following nouns. Pl. valva, ae f
valvula
luna, ae f ___________
vesica, ae f ____________
caput, itis n ____________
vena, ae f ____________
fovea, ae f ____________
fossa, ae f ____________
circus, i m ____________
tuber, tuberis n ____________
lobus, i m ____________
vas, vasis n ____________
alveus, i m ____________
venter, ventris m _________
os, ossis n __________
corpus, corporis n ________
follis, is m _______________
fons, fontis m __________
rete, retis n ___________
clavis, is f ___________
pars, partis f ___________
malleus, i m ___________
glans, glandis f ___________
area, ae f ___________
testis, is m ____________
lingua, ae f _____________
moles, molis f _____________
navis, is f _____________
tubus, i m _____________
glomus, glomeris n (!) _________
fascis, is m ______________
canis, is f ______________
pupa, ae f ______________
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Vocabulary
Latin term English term Definition
aer, aeris m air
alveolus pulmonis alveolus air sac in the lungs
apparatus respiratorius respiratory tract
bronchiolus, -i m bronchiole, small bronchus
bronchus principalis principal / primary bronchus main stem
bronchus
bronchus, bronchi m bronchus
cartilago arytenoidea arytenoid cartilage
cartilago cricoidea cricoid cartilage ring-like cartilage of
larynx
cartilago thyroidea thyroid cartilage shield-like cartilage of
larynx
cavitas/cavum nasi nasal cavity cavity of the nose
concha nasalis concha turbinate bones
diaphragma, -matis n diaphragm muscle between chest and
abdomen
epiglottis, epiglottidis f epiglottis cartilage over the
exspiratio, -onis f exspiration breathing out
glottis, glottidis f glottis opening at the upper part of the
larynx
hilus, -i m / hilum, i n hilum the part of an organwhere nerves
and vessels enter
inspiratio, -onis f inspiration breathing in
larynx, laryngis f larynx voice box
lobus, -i m lobe part of an organ (e.g. lung)
meatus nasi meatus a passage or channel
mediastinum, -i n mediastinum space between the lungs
parietalis 2 parietal located toward the wall
pectus, pectoris n chest
pharynx, pharyngis f pharynx throat
pleura, -ae f pleura membrane around lungs
plica vocalis vocal cords folds of tissue responsible for
production of voice
pulmo, -onis m lung
respiratio, -onis f respiration breathing
segmentum, i n segment sections of the lobes
septum nasi nasal septum thin wall dividing b/w the two parts of
nasal cavity
sinus paranasales paranasal sinuses airspaces near the nose
sinus, sinus m sinus airspace
trachea, tracheae f trachea windpipe
visceralis 2 visceral related to the inner organs
vox, vocis f voice
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1.Fill in the blanks in the text. haemothorax, pneumothorax,
dyspnoe, hydrothorax, orthopnoe, apnoea, empyema,
If fluids are acuumulated in the chest it is called
________________, if blood is found between the
two pleurae, its name is ________________, and if pus is
detected in a body cavity, it is called
____________________. Nevertheless, when air gets into the
plural space, the condition is called
___________________. Asthma involves difficulty in breathing
(_____________), of which a severe
form is when the patient needs an upright position to relieve
brethlessness, which is called
______________. Sleep _____________ means intermittent periods
of breath cessation during
sleep.
2.Give the term visual examination of the nasal cavity
_________________
visual examination of the larynx _________________
visual examination of the bronchi _________________
surgical incision into the voice box _________________
decreased respiratory rate _________________
increased respiratory rate _________________
inflammation of the airspaces near the nose
_________________
narrowing of the windpipe _________________
chronic dilation of the bronchi _________________
bluish discoloration of the skin _________________
3-4. Match the pairs. Latin English Latin Grg
asphyxia a) cough sputum a) hydr-
stridor b) collection of pus pus b) haem-
epistaxis c) harsh respiratory sound punctio c) rhin-
haemoptysis d) nosebleed aqua d) phren-
tussis e) spitting blood sanguis e) py-
sputum f) suffocation aer f) -ptoe
pertussis g) substance coughed up pulmo g) pneum-
abscessus h) whooping cough diaphragma h) ortho-
rectus 3 i) phon-
nasus j) pneumon-
vox k) -centesis
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5. Explain the meaning of the following terms. atelectasis
__________________
emphysema pulmonis __________________
carcinoma pulmonis __________________
lobectomy __________________
pleural effusion __________________
pleurocentesis __________________
pneumoconiosis __________________
pneumomycosis __________________
spirometry __________________
6. What are these drugs used for? expectorant
___________________ antitussive __________________
bronchodilator ___________________ mucolytic
__________________
7. True or false? Musculi intercostales externi help inhalation.
_____ ____________________
Surgical opening of the chest wall is called thoracocentesis.
_____ ____________________
Hyperventilation results in acidosis. _____
____________________
Pleura parietalis is the pleura toward the lungs. _____
____________________
8. Odd one out. septum - nares - mediastinum - conchae
___________________________
sinus - cartilago thyroidea - epiglottis - plica vocalis
___________________________
segmentum - hilum - bifurcatio - alveolus
___________________________
diphtheria - pertussis - asthma - influenza
___________________________
hydrothorax - haemothorax - pneumothorax - hemithorax
___________________________
9. Analyse the terms. tracheobronchial ___________________
bronchopulmonary ___________________
cricothyroid ___________________
thyrohyoid ___________________
epipharynx ___________________
hypopharynx ___________________
intrapleural ___________________
infiltration ___________________
10.Identify the terms related to the physical examination.
palpatio, auscultatio, audientia, inspectio, visio, percussio,
punctio, palpitatio, concussio
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11. Explain the meaning of the highlighted terms of the
text.
A 20 year old male with persistent cough (CLINICAL PRESENTATION)
A 20 year old male with persistent cough was evaluated for surgical
and anesthesia risk. The patient did not
report fever, weight loss or night sweats. He was a smoker but
quit 5yrs ago. No history of exposures to
asbestos or industrial dusts was elicited.
The patient was never hospitalized for pneumonia as a child but
was diagnosed with bronchiectasis at the
age of 15 and underwent bronchoscopy every 3-4 month since then.
He also reported a history of blunt
chest injury from trauma at age 19, with chest x-ray showing
patchy areas of airspace opacity involving
predominantly the upper lobes bilaterally, these findings
interpreted as suggestive of upper lobe
bronchiectasis. Family history was negative for cystic fibrosis
or bronchiectasis. His previous sputum
cultures for mycobacterium tuberculosis were negative as was
testing for alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency.
Physical examination showed a clear chest with no rales,
rhonchi, or wheezes. No organomegaly or
adenopathy were identified. A CT chest study showed upper lobe
predominant bronchiectatic changes.
Pulmonary function tests displayed a mildly reduced FEV1/FVC
ratio. Laboratory investigations did not
reveal any significant abnormalities except for elevated serum
IgG and IgE. ACE was within normal limits.
Based on these findings the physician considered bronchiectasis
of unknown etiology; peripheral blood was
sent for genetic testing for cystic fibrosis (CF).
http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case716.html
Contributed by Arivarasan Karunamurthy, MD. and Jeffrey A. Kant,
MD, PhD
__________________ abnormal chest sounds heard when air enters
small airways containing fluid
__________________ abnormal chest sounds produced in in airways
with accumulated fluids
__________________ a whistling or sighing sound
__________________ cause of the disease
persistent __________________
anesthesia __________________
pneumonia __________________
bronchoscopy __________________
bronchiectasis __________________
sputum __________________
bilaterally __________________
organomegaly __________________
adenopathy __________________
cystic fibrosis __________________
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11 Clinical terms
Prae-/Suffixes Definition Example
acid- acidic acidosis
alcal- alcaline alcalosis
hydr- water hydrothorax
ortho- upright orthopnoe
py- pus pyothorax
-capnia level of carbon-dioxide hypercapnia
-centesis puncture, thoracocentesis
-coniosis condition caused by aspiration of dust
pneumoconiosis
-dilator widening bronchodilatator
-mycosis condition caused by a fungus pneumomycosis
-metry measurement spirometry
-oxia level of oxygen hypoxia
-phonia voice dysphonia
-ptysis spitting or coughing up of a substance haemoptysis
-stomy surgical opening into an organ tracheostomy
-ventilation gas exchange hyperventilation
Term Definition
abscess localized collection of pus
acidosis abnormal acidity of body fluids
alkalosis abnormal alkalinty of body fluids
antitussive drug that prevents or relieves coughing
asphyxia suffocation, condition caused by inadequate intake of
oxygen
asthma bronchiale a disease characterized by dyspnea, wheezing
and spasm of bronchial tubes
atelectasis incomplete dilation of lung tissue
carcinoma pulmonis malignant tumor of the lungs
cyanosis bluish discoloration of the skin caused by lack of
oxygen in the blood
diphtheria acute infectious disease characterized by formation
of a pseudomembrane
emphysema enlargement and destruction of the alveoli of the
lungs
empyema accumulation of pus in a body cavity, especially the
pleural space
epistaxis nosebleed, haemorrhage from the nose
expectorans drug used to help expel mucus from the chest
hyperventilatio increased rate and depth of breathing
pleural effusion flowing of fluid into the pleural space
pertussis whooping cough, an acute infectious disease
pleurocentesis puncture of the pleurae
pneumoconiosis disease of respiratory tract caused by inhalation
of dust particles
pneumomycosis fungal infection of the lungs
spirometry measurement of breathing volumes
sputum substance coughed up from the respiratory tract
stridor a harsh, high-pitched sound caused by obstruction of an
upper air passageway
tracheostomy surgical opening into the trachea
tussis cough
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