-
February 2010
Air quality assessment, emission inventory and source
apportionment study for Bangalore city
Final report
Supported by Indian Oil Corporation Ltd., R&D Centre,
Faridabad
Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd. Bharat Petroleum
Corporation Ltd.
Reliance Industries Ltd. &
Central Pollution Control Board
Project Report No.2004EE28
w w w . t e r i i n . o r g The Energy and Resources
Institute
-
T E R I Report No. 2004EE28
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Annexure - I
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List of tables
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-
Executive summary
Background
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About Bangalore sources of air pollution ,$
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T E R I Report No. 2004 EE 28
,
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Objectives .98
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iii Executive summary
T E R I Report No. 2004 EE 28
Air quality status
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iv Executive summary
T E R I Report No. 2004 EE 28
117
257
321
261
109
226
9295135
9047
95
3875 93
164
8962
137
7323 35
45 43 24 24 2654
050
100150200250300350
Doml
ur
Kamm
anah
alli
Victor
iaCS
BIG
ICH
Peen
ya
Backg
round
Conc
entra
tion
( g/
m)
SPM RSPM PM10 PM2.5
13 9 13 11 9 10 10
3177 66
44 57 5141 33 28 2542 34 40
12102077 2027 2017 2083
31881349
33
1
10
100
1000
10000
Domlu
r
Kamm
anaha
lli
Victor
iaCS
BIGI
CH
Peen
ya
Backg
round
Conc
entra
tion
( g/
m)
SO2 NO2 O3 (ppb) CO
!
Figure 2 Study domain showing the location of the air quality
monitoring locations
Figure 3 Average concentration of SPM, RSPM, PM10, PM2.5 during
three seasons
Figure 4 Average concentration of gaseous pollutants during
three seasons
1
4
67
1. CSB (Kerbside)2. IGICH (Residential)3. Domlur (Residential)4.
Victoria (Kerbside)5. Kammanahalli (Residential)6. Peenya
(Industrial)7. Kanamangala (Background)
1
4
67
1. CSB (Kerbside)2. IGICH (Residential)3. Domlur (Residential)4.
Victoria (Kerbside)5. Kammanahalli (Residential)6. Peenya
(Industrial)7. Kanamangala (Background)
Vegetation Residential Roads Monitoring station 1. CSB
(Kerbside) 2. IGICH (Residential) 3. Domlur (Residential) 4.
Victoria (Kerbside) 5. Kammanahalli (Residential) 6. Peenya
(Industrial) 7. Kanamangala (Background)
-
v Executive summary
T E R I Report No. 2004 EE 28
Emission inventory $%5665&
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-
vi Executive summary
T E R I Report No. 2004 EE 28
PM10
Transport42%
Road Dust20%
Domestic 3%
DG Set7%
Industry14%
Hotel0%
Construction14%
NOx
Transport68%
Domestic 1%
DG Set23%
Hotel0%Industry
8%
Figure 5 Percentage share of different sources in total PM10
emission loads
Figure 6 Percentage share of different sources in total NOX
emission loads
Receptor modelling and source apportionment '
+
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# 10&A
-
vii Executive summary
T E R I Report No. 2004 EE 28
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Table 2 Indicative sources based on Factor Analysis for the
different sites
S. No. Site Site description Indicative sources
1 Silk Board Traffic location Motor vehicle exhaust, secondary
particulate matter, construction activities, natural
soil, road dust
2 Victoria road Traffic location Motor vehicle exhaust, natural
soil, road dust, biomass burning, secondary particle
formation
3 Peenya Industrial Road dust, residual oil burning, crustal
soil dust, industrial sources, metal industries,
motor vehicle exhaust, construction activities
4 Domlur Residential Soil and road dust, secondary particle
formation, motor vehicle exhaust, storm water
drain, biomass burning
5 Kammanahalli Residential Road dust, coal combustion,
vegetative burning, secondary particle formation,
resuspended soil, motor vehicle exhaust
6 IGICH Hospital
/Residential
Road dust, natural soil, secondary particle formation,
construction activities, motor
vehicle exhaust, incinerator combustion
7 Kanamangala/
Background
Background Natural soil, crustal source, road dust, vehicular
sources, biomass burning,
secondary particle formation
%
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-
viii Executive summary
T E R I Report No. 2004 EE 28
PM10
Transport 19.0%
DG sets13.0%
Paved road & Soil dust
50.6%
Secondary8.7%
Industrial 4.5%
Domestic4.2%
PM2.5
Transport 49.9%
Paved road & Soil dust
3.5%Domestic
5.8%
DG sets24.7%
Industrial 3.5%
Secondary12.7%
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Figure 7 Comparison of PM10 and PM2.5 source contribution in
Bangalore city (average of 3 seasons)
Dispersion modelling : existing scenario =!*=8%=!=;&
-
ix Executive summary
T E R I Report No. 2004 EE 28
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Figure 8 Contours for 24-hourly average PM10 concentration (
g/m3) for first (winter)
season during 2007
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 22000
240000
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
22000
24000
26000
0 g/m325 g/m350 g/m375 g/m3100 g/m3125 g/m3150 g/m3175 g/m3200
g/m3225 g/m3250 g/m3275 g/m3300 g/m3325 g/m3350 g/m3375 g/m3400
g/m3425 g/m3450 g/m3
-
x Executive summary
T E R I Report No. 2004 EE 28
Figure 9 Contours for 24-hourly averaged NOX concentration (
g/m3) for first (winter)
season during 2007
=
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0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 22000
240000
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
22000
24000
26000
0 g/m320 g/m340 g/m360 g/m380 g/m3100 g/m3120 g/m3140 g/m3160
g/m3180 g/m3200 g/m3220 g/m3240 g/m3260 g/m3280 g/m3300 g/m3
-
xi Executive summary
T E R I Report No. 2004 EE 28
22.4
10.9
1.8 3.67.8
0.17.7
54.4
26.4
17.2
2.16.6 10.3
0.1
9.0
71.9
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2.4
12.2 13.7
0.2
10.5
95.8
0102030405060708090
100
Trans
port
Road
Dust
Dom
estic
DG
Set
Indus
tryHo
tel
Cons
tructio
nTo
tal
PM10
Em
iss
ion
Lo
ad
(T/d)
2007 2012 2017
Table 3 Growth rates of different sectors
S.No Sector Description of growth
1 Domestic Population growth rate of 3.1% as listed in
Master
Plan - 2015
2 Transport Vehicle-wise growth rates were calculated using
the
last five years data (2002-2007). BS-IV norms are
taken into account from 2010.
3 Industrial 5.85% as depicted in Industrial development
plan
4 DG sets Based on population growth rates for domestic sets
and based on energy consumption for commercial
DG sets.
5 Construction Based on population growth rates
6 Road dust Based on increase in VKT ( from transport
sector)
7 Eating joints Based on population growth rates
$$K
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7
-
xii Executive summary
T E R I Report No. 2004 EE 28
146.4
0.0 2.751.0
17.2 0.2 0.0
217.4201.4
0.0 3.2
93.8
22.80.2 0.0
321.4
252.9
0.0 3.7
172.9
30.30.3 0.0
460.2
050
100150200250300350400450500
Trans
port
Road
Dust
Dom
estic
DG
Set
Indus
tryHo
tel
Cons
tructio
nTo
talN
ox Em
issi
on
Lo
ad (T
/d)
2007 2012 2017
Figure 11 Sectoral and total NOX emission load under BAU
scenario during 2007-2017
Dispersion modelling - BAU Scenarios 2012 and 2017 $K
$
):55
-
xiii Executive summary
T E R I Report No. 2004 EE 28
56:3$K):;:
-
xiv Executive summary
T E R I Report No. 2004 EE 28
5663*
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5663
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Line source control options & analysis
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Table 4 Reduction in PM10 emission loads due to various
technological interventions in transport sector in Bangalore
S.No Strategy 2007 2012 2017 % reduction
2012
% reduction
2017
Remarks
1 BAU 22.4 26.4 30.4 CAGR 2002-2007, BS-IV from 2010, No
bio-
diesel ,Ethanol, or ban
2 BS-V 22.4 26.4 30.1 0% -1% BAU + BS -V has been applied from
2015
3 BS-VI 22.4 26.4 30.0 0% -1% BAU + BS -VI has been applied from
2015
4 ELECTRIC 22.4 25.8 29.1 -2% -4% BAU + Introduction of electric
vehicle as per
chart provided by CPCB
5 Hybrid 22.4 26.4 30.4 0% 0% BAU + 1% hybrid cars in 2012 &
2% in 2017
6 CNG 22.4 25.4 26.6 -4% -12% BAU+ commercial vehicles
(Bus/Car/3w)-
25% conversion in 2012 and 100% in 2017
7 Ethanol 22.4 26.4 30.4 0% 0% BAU + 10% Ethanol introduced in
2012-2017
8 Bio-diesel 22.4 26.3 30.2 -0.4% -1% BAU + 5% Biodiesel
introduced in 2012 and
10% in 2017
9 H2/CNG 22.4 26.4 30.4 0% 0% 10% Vehicles in 2017
10 Diesel
oxidation
catalyst (DOC)
22.4 26.1 29.9 -1.0% -1.7% 50% conversion of BS-II buses in
2012, and
100% in 2017
11 Diesel
particulate
filter (DPF)
22.4 26.2 30.1 -0.6% -1.2% 50% conversion of BS-III buses in
2012, and
100% in 2017
## :6%
$K&
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-
xv Executive summary
T E R I Report No. 2004 EE 28
0% 0%
-2%
0%
-4%
0%
-0.4%
0%
-1.0%-0.6%
-1%-1%
-4%
0%
-12%
0%
-1%
0%
-1.7%-1.2%
-14%
-12%
-10%
-8%
-6%
-4%
-2%
0%
BS-V BS-VI ELECTRIC Hybrid CNG Ethanol Bio-diesel H2/CNG DOC
DPF
% R
edu
ctio
n (w
rt B
AU)
2012 2017
Figure 15 Percentage reduction achieved in PM10 emissions by
implementing various strategies in the transport sector
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-
xvi Executive summary
T E R I Report No. 2004 EE 28
0% 0%
-2.5%
-0.02%
-1%
-0.1%
0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
-1.9%
-3.7%
-5% -4%-4.9%
-0.1%
0.2%0.0% 0.0%
-0.04%
-6%
-5%
-4%
-3%
-2%
-1%
0%
1%
BS-
VBS
-
VI
ELEC
TRIC
Hybri
dCN
GEth
anol
Bio-die
sel
H2/CN
GDO
CDP
F
% re
duct
ion
(w
rt B
AU
)
2012 2017
S.No Strategy 2007 2012 2017 % reduction
2012
% reduction
2017
Description
7 Ethanol 146.4 201.1 252.6 -0.1% -0.1% BAU + 10% Ethanol
introduced in
2012-2017
8 Bio-diesel 146.4 201.6 253.4 0.1% 0.2% BAU + 5% Biodiesel
introduced in
2012 and 10% in 2017
9 H2/CNG 146.4 201.4 240.6 0.0% -4.9% 10% Vehicles in 2017
10 Diesel
oxidization
catalyst
(DOC)
146.4 201.4 252.9 0.0% 0.0% 50% conversion of BS-II buses in
2012, and 100% in 2017
11 Diesel
particulate
filter (DPF)
146.4 201.4 252.9 0.0% 0.0% 50% conversion of BS-III buses
in
2012, and 100% in 2017
#>,?%
$K&
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Figure 16 Percentage reduction achieved in NOX emissions by
implementing various strategies in the transport sector
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Scenario analysis )%LL
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-
Sectors Alternate-I Alternate-II Alternate-III Alternate-IV
Description Scenario with certain
strategies to reduce the air pollution loads across various
sectors.
Stringent scenario with many more strategies to reduce the air
pollution load across various sectors as compared to Alternate- I
scenario.
Scenario that contains additional set of measures that are not a
part of the common control options as per the chart suggested by
CPCB (for example, introduction of fuel efficiency standards,
installation of control devices (DOC/DPF) on all diesel vehicles
and DG sets).
Scenario with measures that are more oriented towards meeting
the air quality standards in future
Transport Introduction of BS-V in 2015 Ban on 10 year old
commercial vehicles in 2012 and 2017
Introduction of Metro in 2011 Enhancement of public
transport system based on diesel (shift of PKT from private
vehicles to public transport i.e. 10% in 2012 and 20% in 2017)
Improvement in inspection and maintenance
Introduction of DOC in BS-II buses and DPF in BS-III buses
Introduction of BS-VI in 2015 Ban on 10-yr old commercial
vehicles and
15-yr old private vehicles both in 2012 and 2017
Introduction of Metro in 2011 Enhancement of public transport
system
based on CNG (shift of PKT from private vehicles to public
transport i.e. 10 % in 2012 and 20% in 2017)
Introduction of electric vehicles (12% 2w, 5-10% 3w and taxis,
510% buses in 2012 and 2017, respectively)
Improvement in inspection and maintenance
Conversion of public transport (commercial 3 & 4 w) to CNG
(25% in 2012 and 100 % in 2017)
Introduction of BS-VI in 2015 Ban on 15 yr old commercial
vehicles in 2012 and 10 yr old
commercial vehicles in 2017 Introduction of Metro in 2011
Enhancement of public transport system based on diesel (shift
of PKT from private vehicles to public transport i.e. 10 % in
2012 and 20% in 2017)
Introduction of electric vehicles (1 2% 2w, 5 - 10% 3w and
taxis, 5 10% buses in 2012 and 2017, respectively)
Improvement in inspection and maintenance Application of DOC/DPF
after introduction of BS- IV fuel in 2010
to: Old Buses and Trucks (pre BS-IV):reduction in PM10 - DOC :
22.5%, DPF : 70% Old Diesel Cars pre BS-IV (about half of PM
reduction is
assumed as compared to that for buses/trucks) : reduction in
PM10-DOC: 10%, DPF : 35%
Introduction of fuel efficiency standards (considering reduction
of fuel consumption)
Light passenger vehicles : 10% between (2012-15) and 15% between
(2015-17), Light duty Passenger cars : 20% between (2012-15) and
30% between (2015-17), Heavy duty vehicles : 20% between (2012-15)
and 30% between (2015-17)
Introduction of BS-V in 2015 Ban on 10 yr old commercial
vehicles in 2012 and 2017 Introduction of Metro in 2011 Enhancement
of public transport system based on CNG
(shift of PKT from private vehicles to public transport i.e. 10
% in 2012 and 20% in 2017)
Introduction of electric vehicles (1 2% 2w, 5 - 10% 3w and
taxis, 5 10% buses in 2012 and 2017, respectively)
Improvement in inspection and maintenance Conversion of public
transport (commercial 3 & 4 w) to
CNG (25% in 2012 and 100 % in 2017) By-passing of trucks on the
proposed peripheral ring
road around Bangalore (which is broadly outside the study
domain- assumed only 10% truck traffic within the city)
Industries Ban on any new air polluting industries in city
limits
Ban on any new air polluting industries in city limits
Shift from solid fuel to liquid fuel (LSHS) in 2012 & NG in
2017 in existing industries
Ban on any new air polluting industries in city limits Shift
from solid fuel to liquid fuel (LSHS) in existing industries in
both 2012 and 2017
Ban on any new air polluting industries in city limits Shift
from solid fuel to liquid fuel (LSHS) in 2012 and to
NG in 2017 in existing industries
DG sets Inspection and maintenance Inspection and maintenance
DOC and DPF applied to commercial DG sets (>12 kVA) in
2010. Reduction in PM10 :DOC : 22.5%, DPF : 70% (reductions
taken same as those in the case of buses)
No power cuts i.e. no usage of DG sets in the city
Road dust re-suspension
Wall to wall paving
Wall to wall paving Wall to wall paving Reduction of road dust
re-suspension due to by-passing
of trucks Construction Better construction practices Better
construction practices Better construction practices
-
xix Executive summary
T E R I Report No. 2004 EE 28
217
460
217
350
217217
299
217
122
321
254
227275258
131
0
100
200
300
400
500
2007 2012 2017
N
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e
m
i
s
s
i
o
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a
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(
T
/
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BAU ALT-I ALT-II ALT-III ALT-IV
54.4
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95.8
54.4 57.2
74.5
54.445.1
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BAU ALT-I ALT-II ALT-III ALT-IV
# :6>,?$K):3
Figure 17 Estimated emissions loads for PM10 and NOX under the
BAU and four alternate scenarios
-
PM10 emission load
F8
56E56:555E56:3F8
;3E
-
xxi Executive summary
T E R I Report No. 2004 EE 28
56:33IL5
-
xxiiExecutive summary
T E R I Report No. 2004 EE 28
Figure 19 Percent reduction of predicted 24-hourly highest PM10
concentration ( g/m3) for Alternate I, Alternate II, Alternate III
and Alternate IV scenarios for the years 2012 and 2017
Concentration contours for alternate scenarios # :65
-
xxiiiExecutive summary
T E R I Report No. 2004 EE 28
Figure 20 Contours for 24-hourly average PM10 concentration (
g/m3) for Alternate I scenario in 2017
Figure 21 Contours for 24-hourly average PM10 concentration (
g/m3) for Alternate - II scenario in 2017
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 22000
240000
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
22000
24000
26000
0 g/m325 g/m350 g/m375 g/m3100 g/m3125 g/m3150 g/m3175 g/m3200
g/m3225 g/m3250 g/m3275 g/m3300 g/m3325 g/m3350 g/m3375 g/m3400
g/m3425 g/m3450 g/m3
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 22000
240000
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
22000
24000
26000
0 g/m325 g/m350 g/m375 g/m3100 g/m3125 g/m3150 g/m3175 g/m3200
g/m3225 g/m3250 g/m3275 g/m3300 g/m3325 g/m3350 g/m3375 g/m3400
g/m3425 g/m3450 g/m3
-
xxivExecutive summary
T E R I Report No. 2004 EE 28
Figure 22 Contours for 24-hourly average PM10 concentration (
g/m3) for Alternate - III scenario in 2017
Figure 23 Contours for 24-hourly average PM10 concentration (
g/m3) for Alternate - IV scenario in 2017
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 22000
240000
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
22000
24000
26000
0 g/m325 g/m350 g/m375 g/m3100 g/m3125 g/m3150 g/m3175 g/m3200
g/m3225 g/m3250 g/m3275 g/m3300 g/m3325 g/m3350 g/m3375 g/m3400
g/m3425 g/m3450 g/m3
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 22000
240000
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
22000
24000
26000
0 g/m325 g/m350 g/m375 g/m3100 g/m3125 g/m3150 g/m3175 g/m3200
g/m3225 g/m3250 g/m3275 g/m3300 g/m3325 g/m3350 g/m3375 g/m3400
g/m3425 g/m3450 g/m3
-
xxvExecutive summary
T E R I Report No. 2004 EE 28
Prioritized list of management/control options $
.# :6
82
.
$
$
82
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$K
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-
xxviExecutive summary
T E R I Report No. 2004 EE 28
0
5
10
15
20
25
Transport Road dust DG Sets Industries Construction
% re
duct
ion
w
rt BA
U (to
tal P
M10
em
issi
on
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)
2012 Alt I 2017 Alt I 2012 Alt II 2017 Alt II 2012 Alt-III 2017
Alt-III 2012 Alt-IV 2017 Alt-IV
Figure 24 Percent PM10 emission load reduction in different
sectors under Alternate scenarios as compared to the total
pollution load under BAU scenario
)
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-
xxviiExecutive summary
T E R I Report No. 2004 EE 28
>2%&
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Figure 25 Percent PM10 emission load reduction due to various
individual interventions as compared to the
total pollution load under BAU scenario in the years 2012 &
2017
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.2
12.2
0.1
1.4
0.9
1.5
0.1
1.4
1.2
0.4
9.1
15.0
0.0
9.2
1.4
6.0
2.6
6.3
3.6
4.7
4.7
0.4
0.0
0.2
0.8
4.0
1.4
2.5
1.3
13.0
13.8
0.4
12.8
1.9
8.3
5.5
6.2
5.3
3.6
12.5
0.3
0.2
0.5
1.7
1.5
6.2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
BS-V
BS-VI
Bio-diesel
Ethanol
Metro
BAN (Com. vehicles)
BAN (Pvt. vehicles)
CNG (Com. vehicles)
Electric Vehicles
I&M (Vehicles)
Synchronisation_signals
Enhance PTS (CNG)
Enhance PTS (Diesel)
DOC-DPF (BS-II,III Buses)
DOC-DPF (All diesel vehicles)
Bye Passing Trucks
Fuel Efficiency stds.
No power cuts
I&M (DG sets)
DOC/DPF (DG sets)
WTW (Road dust)
Better Construction
Ban Industries
Fuel Shift-Ind.(CNG)
Fuel Shift-Ind.(LSHS)
% reduction wrt total PM10 BAU load
w rt BAU 2012 w rt BAU 2017
-
xxviiiExecutive summary
T E R I Report No. 2004 EE 28
Table 6 Prioritised list of key interventions in terms of
reduction in total PM10 emission loads in 2017
S.No Strategy % reduction in total
PM10 emission loads
in 2017
1 By-passing of trucks through the proposed peripheral ring road
around
Bangalore
13.8%
2 Installation of DOC and DPF devices in all pre-2010 diesel
vehicles 13.0%
3 No power cuts leading to zero usage of DG sets 12.8%
4 Ban on 10 year old commercial vehicles in 2012 and 2017
12.5%
5 Ban on any new industries in city limits(6.2%) and fuel shift
towards cleaner
fuel NG (5.3%) in existing industries
11.5 %
6 Installation of DOC and DPF devices in DG sets 8.3%
7 Wall to wall paving for reduction of road dust 6.2%
8 Better construction practices 5.5%
9 Conversion of public transport (commercial 3 & 4 w) to CNG
(25% in 2012
and 100 % in 2017)
4.0%
10 Improvement in inspection and maintenance for vehicles
2.5%
11 Inspection and maintenance for DG sets 1.9%
12 Enhancement of public transport system based on CNG (shift of
PKT from
private vehicles to public transport i.e. 10% in 2012 and 20% in
2017)
1.7%
13 Enhancement of public transport system based on diesel (shift
of PKT from
private vehicles to public transport i.e. 10% in 2012 and 20% in
2017)
1.5%
$
A
)
*
,
=
# :6
*
-
Action plan S.No Sector Strategy Impact* Responsible Agency /
agencies Time frame Remarks 1 Transport Strengthening of Public
transport system - Metro
implementation on schedule
- Enhance share of public mass transport system on diesel
- Conversion/ enhancement of public transport to CNG
High
Govt of India, State Government, BMRCL (Bangalore Metro rail
Corporation Ltd.), Transport Department- Bangalore, BMTC (Bangalore
Metropolitan Transport Corporation), GAIL
Medium term Leveraging the JNNURM funding mechanism for public
transportation improvement Public-private partnership models to be
explored The metro network needs to be progressively expanded.
Bangalore currently does not have a CNG network. There are plans to
set up such a network in future. ULSD would also be available by
April 2010 in Bangalore. Retro-fitted 2-stroke three wheelers on
LPG in Bangalore have higher PM emissions compared to OE 2-stroke/
4-stroke LPG/Petrol. Thus retro-fitment of 2-stroke 3-wheelers is
not an effective control option.
Ban on old commercial vehicles (10 year) in the city
High Transport department - Bangalore Short-term Fiscal
incentives/ subsidies for new vehicle buyers A plan should be
devised for gradual phase out with due advance notice. Careful
evaluation of socio-economic impact of banning required. In the
long run, a ban/ higher tax on private vehicles (> 15 years)
could be looked into.
By-passing of trucks through the proposed peripheral ring road
around Bangalore
High Traffic Police, Transport department Short-term Has high
potential in reducing the pollutant load in the city
Progressive improvement of vehicular emissions norms (BS-V,
BS-VI)
Low MoRTH, MoPNG, Ministry of Heavy Industry and Public
Enterprises, MoEF, Oil companies, Automobile manufacturers
Medium to Long term
Auto-fuel road map should be developed well in advance to plan
the progressive improvement of emissions norms and corresponding
fuel quality norms. Though the impact is low, its potential is high
in the long term when gradually fleet renewal takes place.
Installation of pollution control devices (DOC/DPF) in all
pre-2010 diesel vehicles
High Transport department Medium Technical feasibility and
implementation plan of this strategy needs to be carefully
evaluated, though it has potential for emission load reduction.
Retro-fitment of DOC in BS-II buses and DPF in BS-III buses is
technically feasible.
Introduction of fuel efficiency standards
Low BEE, Ministry of Power, Ministry of Heavy Industry and
Public Enterprises, MoRTH, Automobile manufacturers
Medium Impact is low since it is applied only to new vehicles
registered after 2012. However, its potential is high in the long
term when gradually fleet renewal takes place.
Introduction of hybrid vehicles/ electric vehicles
Low - medium
Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Heavy Industry and Public
Enterprises, Automobile manufacturers, State
Short-Medium Appropriate fiscal incentives need to provided;
Electric vehicles would be especially effective in high pollution
zones. Impact determined by the extent of switchover to hybrid/
electric vehicles.
-
xxxExecutive summary
T E R I Report No. 2004 EE 28
government, Effective Inspection and
maintenance regime for vehicles
Medium Transport Department, Traffic police Short to Medium
Initial focus could be on commercial vehicles; Capacity
development in terms of infrastructure for fully computerized
testing/certification and training of personnel. Linkage of all PUC
centres for better data capture.
Alternative fuels such as ethanol, bio-diesel
Low MNRE, MoRD, MoPNG, MoA, Oil companies,
ongoing There are operational issues regarding availability and
pricing that need to be sorted.
Reduction in private vehicle usage/ ownership
Min. of Finance, State Government NGOs General public
Medium term A pre-requisite for curbing the growth of private
vehicles is the provision of an effective mass based transport
system. Strategies such as costlier parking, higher excise
duties/sales tax on private vehicles, car pooling would be
helpful.
Improve traffic flow Medium Traffic police, Bangalore
Development Authority (BDA), Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike
(BBMP),
Short Synchronization of signals, one way roads, flyovers,
widening of roads, removal of encroachments, staggering of office
timings to reduce peak flow and congestion. Application of IT tools
for traffic management (Intelligent transport system)
Fuel adulteration n.a Govt. of India, Oil companies, Food and
civil supplies department- Bangalore
Short Re-assess subsidy on kerosene, strict vigilance and
surveillance actions, better infrastructure in terms of testing
laboratories
2 Road dust -Construction of better quality roads -Regular
maintenance and cleaning/sweeping of roads
-Reduction in vehicular fleet and trips
n.a Bangalore Development Authority (BDA), Bruhat Bengaluru
Mahanagara Palike (BBMP), NHAI
Short - Mediumterm
Effective enforcement of road quality norms is required.
Landscaping/ greening of areas adjacent to roads
Wall to wall paving for reduction of road dust
High Bangalore Development Authority (BDA), Bruhat Bengaluru
Mahanagara Palike (BBMP)
Short term Interlocking tiles may be used so that water
percolation takes place.
3 Industries Fuel shift towards cleaner fuels
High KSPCB, Directorate of Industries and Commerce, Industry
associations, GAIL, Oil companies
Short-Medium term
Shift from solid fuels to liquid fuels (LSHS) and subsequently
to gaseous fuels (CNG)
Ban on any new air polluting industry in city limits
High KSPCB, Department of Forest, Ecology and Environment,
Department of Industries and Commerce, Karnataka Industrial Area
Development Board
Short term Industrial estates/zones may be developed well
outside the city
Strengthening of enforcement mechanism for pollution control
n.a KSPCB, Industry associations, Short term This would ensure
greater compliance with standards. In addition, cleaner technology
options need to be promoted and appropriate incentives to be
defined. Voluntary measures such as ISO certifications to be
encouraged.
4 Power/ DG sets
No power cuts leading to zero usage of DG sets
High Bangalore Electricity Supply Company, Karnataka Power
Corporation Ltd.
Medium term Adequate tie-ups need to be ensured
-
xxxiExecutive summary
T E R I Report No. 2004 EE 28
Installation of pollution control devices (DOC/DPF) in DG
sets
High KSPCB, DG set manufacturers Medium Technical feasibility
and implementation plan of this strategy needs to be carefully
evaluated, though it has potential for emission load reduction
Effective Inspection and maintenance regime for large DG
sets
Medium KSPCB, Chief Electrical inspectorate Short to Medium
5 Construction Better enforcement of construction guidelines
(which should reflect Green Building concepts)
High KSPCB, SEAC (State expert appraisal committee), Bruhat
Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP),
Short term
6 Other sectors
Integrated land-use development of Bangalore taking
environmental factors into consideration
n.a. Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority,
Bangalore Development Authority, Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike
(BBMP)
Medium term Holistic development of the entire region including
peripheral areas.
Open burning/ Waste burning to be discouraged
n.a Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP), KSPCB
Short term Organic matter could be used for compost formation
and methane gas generation
Domestic sector biomass burning to be reduced
Low Food and civil supplies department, Oil companies
Medium Rural areas should be encouraged to shift to cleaner
fuels
Virtual mobility- using ICT information and communication
technology
n.a Department of Information Technology& Biotechnology,
Government of Karnataka;
Short-Medium term
Reduced number of trips.
Strengthening of air quality monitoring mechanism in terms of
number of stations as well as pollutants monitored. Capacity
building of KSPCB staff.
n.a KSPCB Short Good quality data is an important input in
assessing the change in air quality and the impact of policy
interventions. Continuous monitoring stations to be promoted.
Environmental education and awareness activities
n.a Education department, Schools/Colleges, CBOs, NGOs
Short Also, sensitization programmes for policy makers.
* Impact is determined in terms of percent reduction in total
emission load for PM10 for the study period upto 2017 subject to
the assumptions listed in chapter 6 (High impact > 5% reduction;
medium impact 1-5% reduction; low impact < 1% reduction; n.a =
not quantified or not quantifiable). Time frame: Short (upto 2012),
Medium (2012-2017)
-
T E R I Report No. 2004EE28
CHAPTER 1 Introduction
1.1 Background of the study
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Air quality assessment, emission inventory and source
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T E R I Report No. 2004EE28
2
Figure 1.1 Survey of India map for Bangalore city
-
Introduction
T E R I Report No. 2004EE28
3
Figure 1.2 GIS representation of Bangalore city
1.2.1Climate 5)6"7
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T E R I Report No. 2004EE28
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1.4 Objectives and scope of work .E7
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Monitored ambient concentrations
Onsite meteorological conditions
Emission inventorisation (present and future)
Air dispersion modelling
Source profiles
Receptor modelling
Source apportionment PM10 and (PM2.5 limited)
Interpretation of model outputs (dispersion/receptor models)
Air quality management plan
Chemical characterization of PM10 samples
-
Air quality assessment, emission inventory and source
apportionment study
T E R I Report No. 2004EE28
6
1.6 Report structure
-
CHAPTER 2 Air Quality Status
2.1 Introduction
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Air quality assessment, emission inventory and source
apportionment study
T E R I Report No. 2004EE28
8
Figure 2.1 Sampling location at Domlur
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12O5729.75 N 77 O3859.62 E Elevation 2945 ft
12O5832.37 N 77 O3834.19 E Elevation 2978 ft
12O5808.45 N 77 O3731.98 E Elevation 2941 ft
12O5708.23 N 77 O3756.82 E Elevation 2926 ft
N
-
Air Quality Status
T E R I Report No. 2004EE28
9
Kammanahalli (Residential location namely R1) 26
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13O0024.78 N 77 O3746.33 E Elevation 2987 ft
13O0043.80 N 77 O3703.09 E Elevation 3010 ft
12O5942.90 N 77 O3727.82 E Elevation 2984 ft
13O0106.39 N 77 O3806.11 E Elevation 2979 ft
13O0005.80 N 77 O3829.64 E Elevation 2993 ft
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Air quality assessment, emission inventory and source
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T E R I Report No. 2004EE28
10
Victoria road (Traffic location namely T1) (
2
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12O5800.32 N 77 O3644.31 E Elevation 2963 ft
12O5739.83 N 77 O3729.80 E Elevation 2970 ft
12O5841.71 N 77 O3704.63 E Elevation 2973 ft
12O5818.80 N 77 O3601.94 E Elevation 3009 ft
12O5718.30 N 77 O3626.12 E Elevation 2951 ft
N
-
Air Quality Status
T E R I Report No. 2004EE28
11
CSB (Traffic location namely T) 2
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12O5441.62 N 77 O3803.78 E Elevation 2894 ft
12O5541.57 N 77 O3738.41 E Elevation 2939 ft
12O5518.20 N 77 O3636.26 E Elevation 2949 ft
12O5418.62 N 77 O3701.11 E Elevation 2907 ft
N
Figure 2.4 Sampling location at CSB
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Air quality assessment, emission inventory and source
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T E R I Report No. 2004EE28
12
IGICH (Hospital/Residential location namely S) +%+=/0+%+=/1
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12O5603.21 N 77 O3630.01 E Elevation 2991 ft
12O5703.65 N 77 O3604.58 E Elevation 2920 ft
12O5641.23 N 77 O3502.02 E Elevation 2996 ft
12O5541.09 N 77 O3528.52 E Elevation 3016 ft
N
Figure 2.5 Sampling location at IGICH
R
-
Air Quality Status
T E R I Report No. 2004EE28
13
Peenya Industrial Area (Industrial location namely I) )
+
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13O0128.15 N 77 O3039.92 E Elevation 2975 ft
13O0107.97 N 77 O3122.61 E Elevation 2991
13O0210.68 N 77 O3058.95 E Elevation 2969 ft
13O0148.47 N 77 O2957.69 E Elevation 2955 ft
13O0045.75 N 77 O3020.03 E Elevation 3014 ft
N
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Air quality assessment, emission inventory and source
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T E R I Report No. 2004EE28
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Kanamangala, Whitefield (Background location namely B) 2
9
79 8 988
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Air Quality Status
T E R I Report No. 2004EE28
15
Table 2.1 Summary descriptions of the seven sampling sites in
terms of the predominant activities
S.No Site Site Description Predominant activity levels
1 Domlur Residential - High and medium income category
population
- Shops, showrooms and IT companies
- Number of restaurants, bakeries and few big hotels
- Vehicular distribution shows 47% 2-wheelers, 34% cars, 16%
auto-rickshaws and
3% heavy vehicles.
2 Kammanahalli Residential - Low and medium income category
population
- Shops of medium scale
- Restaurants, bakeries, dhabas and hotels
- Vehicular distribution shows 57% 2-wheelers, 18% cars, 20%
auto-rickshaws and
5% heavy vehicles.
3 Victoria Road Kerbside - Medium and low income category
population
- Heavy commercial activity zone, many commercial complexes
- Restaurants, bakeries, and number of big hotels.
- Vehicular distribution shows 47% 2-wheelers, 29% cars, 19%
auto-rickshaws and
5% heavy vehicles.
4 CSB Kerbside - Mixed Population of all income groups
- Shops and IT companies
- Few, restaurants, bakeries and eating joints
- High volume of heavy-duty diesel (HDD) vehicles
- Vehicular distribution shows 46% 2-wheelers, 27% cars, 13%
auto-rickshaws and
14% heavy vehicles.
5 IGICH Hospital
(Residential)
- Mixed Population of all income groups
- Many hospitals and educational institutions
- Shops of small and medium scale
- Vehicular distribution shows 53% 2-wheelers, 22% cars, 19%
auto-rickshaws and
6% heavy vehicles.
6 Peenya Industrial - Only one residential colony with medium
and low income group population
- Industries falling in the region include engineering, machine
tools, metal smelting,
chemical, and pharmaceuticals
- High volume of heavy-duty diesel (HDD) vehicles
- Vehicular distribution shows 57% 2-wheelers, 14% cars, 11%
auto-rickshaws and
18% heavy vehicles.
7 Kanamangala,
Whitefield
Background - Plantation in 70% area of zone of influence
- 10 % of area covered by about 200 medium income group
houses.
- Some bio-fuels usage for cooking
- Movements of tractors and plying of very few public transport
buses and HDD
vehicles.
-
Air quality assessment, emission inventory and source
apportionment study
T E R I Report No. 2004EE28
16
Monitoring Parameters & Framework *D'
2
Table 2.2a Sampling and analytical protocol for source
apportionment study being conducted at Bangalore
Particulars Parameters
SPM
RSPM
PM10 PM 2.5 NO2 SO2 CO
OC/EC
Ions VOC (Benzene and 1,3 Butadiene, Alkanes)
O3
Aldehyde
NMHC
HC
PAHs (Included in
organic Markers)
Sampling Instrument
High Volume Sampler
Respirable Dust
Sampler (High
Volume Sampler)
Multichannel (3 channel) Speciation Sampler
FRM Partisol (PM2.5) sampler
Impingers attached to RDS
Impingers attached to
RDS
Online CO analyzer/Low
volume sampling
pump connected to Tedler bags
PM10 Sampler
Particulate collected on Quartz filter
PM10 Sampler Particulate
collected on Teflon filter
Low volume sampling
pump connected to Adsorption
Tube
Automatic analyser
Impingers attached to HVS / RDS
Low volume sampling
pump connected to Tedlar bags
Low volume sampling
pump connected to Tedlar bags
PM 10 Sampler
Sampling Principle
Filtration of aerodynamic
sizes
Filtration of aerodynamic
sizes
Filtration of aerodynamic sizes with a size cut by impaction
Filtration of aerodynamic sizes with a size cut by impaction
followed by cyclone
separation
Chemical absorption in suitable
media
Chemical absorption in
suitable media
Suction by Pump As per
instrument specification
Filtration of aerodynamic sizes with a size cut by
impaction
Filtration of aerodynamic sizes with a size cut by impaction
Active pressurised sampling / Adsorption
Suction by Pump
Chemical Absorption
Or Active
pressurised sampling
Suction by Pump
Auto suction by pump
Filtration of aerodynami
c sizes
Flow rate 0.8-1.2 m3/min
0.8-1.2 m3/min
16.7 LPM
16.7 LPM 0.5 LPM/ 1 LPM
0.5 LPM/ 1 LPM
1.3 LPM 16.7 LPM
16.7 LPM 0.2 - 0.5 LPM 0.7 LPM 0.5 LPM 0.2 lpm 0.2 lpm 16.7
LPM
Sampling Period
8 hourly change of
filter, 24 Hourly Reporting
8 hourly change of
filter, 24 Hourly Reporting
24 hourly 24 hourly 8 hourly/4 hourly
change of absorbing media, 24
Hourly Reporting
8 hourly/4 hourly
change of absorbing media, 24
Hourly Reporting
Continuous sampling
24 hourly 24 hourly 8 Hourly sampling and
24 Hourly Reporting
One week continuous
8 Hourly sampling and 24 Hourly
Reporting
Intermittent sampling in
24 hour
Intermittent sampling in
24 hour
Weekly composite of left over Quartz filter after OC/Ec
analysis
-
Air Quality Status
T E R I Report No. 2004EE28
17
Particulars Parameters
SPM
RSPM
PM10 PM 2.5 NO2 SO2 CO
OC/EC
Ions VOC (Benzene and 1,3 Butadiene, Alkanes)
O3
Aldehyde
NMHC
HC
PAHs (Included in
organic Markers)
Sampling frequency
20 Days continuous in each season,
for three seasons at
One location only
20 Days continuous in each season,
for three seasons
20 Days continuous in
each season, for
three seasons
One week continuous.
4 days Teflon, 3
days quartz
20 Days continuous in each season, for three seasons
20 Days continuous in each season,
for three seasons
One week continuous during 20 days of
monitoring in each season
20 Days continuous
in each season, for
three seasons
20 Days continuous in each season,
for three seasons
Once during 20 days of
monitoring in each season
One week continuous during 20 days of
monitoring in each season
Once in 20 days of
monitoring in each season
One week continuous during 20 days of
monitoring in each season
One week continuous during 20 days of
monitoring in each season
03 weekly composite samples
per season
Analytical instrument
Electronic Balance
Electronic Balance
Electronic Balance
Electronic Micro
Balance
Spectrophotometer
Spectrophoto-meter
NDIR based continuous analyser
OC/EC Analyser
Ion Chromatograph
GC-FID Automatic analyser
Spectrophotometer
GC - FID with Methaniser
GC - FID with
Methaniser
GC-MS
Analytical method
Gravimetric Gravimetric Gravimetric Gravimetric Colorimetric
Improved Jacob&Hochheiser method
Colorimetric Modified
west&Gake method
IR absorption according to
Beer & Lamberts law
TOR Method
Ion Chromatograph
y
USEPA method TO-1/ TO-2 / TO-4 /
TO-10 / TO-14
UV-Photometry
Colorimetric (MBTH method)
FID Analysis FID Analysis GC-MS
Minimum Reportable
value
5 g/m3 5 g/m3 5 g/m3 5 g/m3 9 g/m3 4 g/m3 0.05 ppm 0.5 cm2
punch
0.1 ppb 2 ppb
1.0 g/m3
0.05 ppm 0.05 ppm 1 ng/m3
Notes: 1. Benzene & 1,3 Butadiene being done by Charcoal
adsorption followed by desorbtion in CS2 and GC-FID Analysis. 2.
Methodology for molecular marker has been provided separately
3. To suitably split background monitoring into 3 periods so as
to correspond to monitoring at other sites 4. CO and O3 monitoring
for about 1 week per season
Table 2.2b Target physical and chemical components (groups) for
characterization of particulate matter for source apportionment
studies at Bangalore
Components Required filter matrix Analytical methods PM10 /
PM2.5 Teflon filter paper. Pre and post exposure
conditioning of filter paper is mandatory Gravimetric
Elements (Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, Ca, Br, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni,
Cu, Zn, As, Ti, Ga, Rb, Y, Zr, Pd, Ag, In, Sn, La Se, Sr, Mo, Cr,
Cd, Sb, Ba, Hg, and Pb)
Teflon filter paper Flame AAS and GT-AAS and Hydride generation
for As and Hg, ICP-MS
Ions (F-, Cl-, Br-, NO2-, NO3-, SO4-2, K+, NH4+, Na+, Ca++,
Mg++) Teflon filter paper Ion chromatography with conductivity
detector
-
Air quality assessment, emission inventory and source
apportionment study
T E R I Report No. 2004EE28
18
Components Required filter matrix Analytical methods Carbon
Analysis (OC, EC and Total Carbon) Quartz filter. Prebaking of
quartz filter
paper at 600 C is essential TOR method
Molecular markers* The left over quartz filter paper after OC/EC
analysis. Pool of 20 days sample as the dust concentration in the
filters at some locations were very low.
Extraction, followed by GC-MS/ GC-FID analysis with and without
derivatization
Alkanes n- Hentriacontane n-Tritriacontane n-
Pentatriacontane
Hopanes 22, 29, 30 Trisnorneohopane 17(H), 21(H)-29 Norhopane
17(H), 21(H) Norhopane
Alkanoic acid
Hexadecanamide Octadecanamide
PAHs Benzo[b]fluoranthene Benzo[k]fluoranthene Benzo[e]pyrene
Indeno[1,2,3-cd]fluoranthene Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene Phenylenepyrene
Picene Coronene
Others Stigmasterol Levoglucosan
* Few molecular markers such as Indeno[1,2,3-cd]fluoranthene,
Picene, Hopanes(above 3), Hexadecanamide could not be analysed.
17(H), 21(H)-Hopane was analysed instead.
Table 2.2c Other pollutants and their methods of analysis
Pollutants Methods SO2 Spectrophotometric measurement, Improved
West & Gaeke Method NO2 Spectrophotometric measurement, Jacobs
& Hochheiser Method CO GC FID with methaniser / NDIR based
continuous analyzer O3 Automatic Analyzer, UV Photometric Method
Aldehydes Spectrophotometric measurement Benzene Active sampling in
charcoal adsorption, desorption in CS2 and GC-FID
determination 1,3 Butadiene GC - FID Method with suitable
sorbent HC Sampling in Tedlar Bag followed by GC - FID NMHC By
difference THC Methane by GC FID with methaniser
-
T E R I Report No. 2004EE28
2.3 QA/QC (Calibration, coding, quality checks, etc.)
Development of standard operating procedures and QA/QC plan
)5$
07 $ @1
4
((
Quality Assurance and Quality Control #''
'(E
'0(-,-=--9%=
+=
41'
=(-,-
-
=4
35
4
@
-=-4
=-
0771F3-
'
-44
/
3
(;*E
G0
1
H059 1
#5
(
%=7
-
*
-
20 Air quality assessment, emission inventory and source
apportionment study
T E R I Report No. 2004EE28
2
7
+
$
;
2I#BI=
=)=7
J !
(29
Table 2.3 Difference (mg) in post and pre-weights of lab blanks
for different batches of filters used in the 1st season
S.No Lab blanks
1 0.00027
2 0.00086
3 0.00431
4 0.00078
5 0.00037
6 0.01057
7 0.01013
8 0.00234
9 0.00107
+
-
21 Air Quality Status
T E R I Report No. 2004EE28
2.4 Monitoring results *
Domlur (Residential) ;:()*()*)*
/()*B()*
(-,-
=-
-9=)=
01=--9
Kammanahalli (Residential) ()*()*
)*
(-
,-
=-
-9
=)=D
=--9
;A
CSB (Kerbside) #;7 ()*()*)*
()*
#()*
)*=)=
(-
,-
=-
-9
=)=
=--9
Victoria road (Kerbside) ()*()*
)*
=)=
-
22 Air quality assessment, emission inventory and source
apportionment study
T E R I Report No. 2004EE28
(-
,-
=-
-9
=)=
=--9
;77
IGICH (Hospital/ Residential) ;7()*
/
0()*()*)*1
(-
,-
=-
#-9
01#
=)==--9
Peenya (Industrial) ()*
()*?
'
)*
(-
,-
=-
-9
-9
=--9
;79
Kanamangala(Background)
#;7?()*()*)*
(-
,-
=-
-9
=--9
-
23 Air Quality Status
T E R I Report No. 2004EE28
* NO2 reported as NOx
For uniform depiction purpose 8-hourly O3 values are averaged
for each day
126
67 69
25
7293
25
71
24
63
19
152
0
40
80
120
160
200
SPM RSPM PM10 (avg.) PM2.5
Conc
entra
tion
( g/
m)
Ist IInd IIIrd
050
100150200250300350400
18.1
2.06
21.1
2.06
24.1
2.06
27.1
2.06
30.1
2.06
2.01
.07
5.1.
078.
1.07
11.4
.07
14.4
.07
17.4
.07
20.4
.07
23.4
.07
26.4
.07
29.4
.07
2.5.
075.
5.07
24.6
.07
27.6
.07
30.6
.07
3.7.
076.
7.07
9.7.
0712
.7.0
7
Conc
entra
tion
( g/
m)
SPM RSPM PM10 PM2.5
9
4626
586
2955
1492
15 2243
15
1551
1
10
100
1000
10000
SO2 NOx O3 (ppb) CO
Conc
entra
tion
( g/
m)
Ist IInd IIIrd
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
12/1
/200
713
/1/2
007
14/1
/200
715
/1/2
007
16/1
/200
717
/1/2
007
18/1
/200
720
/1/2
007
21/1
/200
722
/1/2
007
23/1
/200
724
/1/2
007
25/1
/200
726
/1/2
007
27/1
/200
728
/1/2
007
25/6
/200
726
/6/2
007
27/6
/200
728
/6/2
007
29/6
/200
730
/6/2
007
1/7/
2007
2/7/
2007
CO co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
g/m
)
Figure 2.8 : Air quality monitoring results for Domlur
(Residential)
First Second Third
1
10
100
1000
10000
18.1
2.06
21.1
2.06
24.1
2.06
27.1
2.06
30.1
2.06
2.01
.07
5.1.
078.
1.07
11.4
.07
14.4
.07
17.4
.07
20.4
.07
23.4
.07
26.4
.07
29.4
.07
2.5.
075.
5.07
24.6
.07
27.6
.07
30.6
.07
3.7.
076.
7.07
9.7.
0712
.7.0
7
Conc
entra
tion
( g/
m)
SO2 NOx CO O3 (ppb)
First Second Third
First Second Third
15
2
13
30
12
1
11
31
11
2
915
05
101520253035
THC (ppm) Methane (ppm) NMHC (ppm) Aldehydes(ug/m)
Conc
entra
tion
Ist IInd IIIrd
1.6
0.4
0.0
0.4 0.4
1.21.5
0.90.4 0.3
28.3
0.4 0.5
25.7
1.3
0.4
1.7 1.2
28.0
0.40.40.1
1.0
10.0
100.0
Metha
neEth
aneBut
ane
Pentan
e
Hexan
e
Benzen
e (ppb)
1-3 Bu
tadien
e (ppb)
Conc
entra
tion
(ppm
)
Ist IInd IIIrd
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
12/23
/2006
12/24
/2006
12/26
/2006
12/27
/2006
12/28
/2006
12/29
/2006
12/31
/2006
26/4/0
7
27/4/0
7
28/4/0
7
30/4/0
7
1/5/20
07
2/5/20
07
3/5/20
07
8/7/20
07
10/7/2
007
11/7/2
007
12/7/2
007
13/7/0
7
Ozo
ne (p
pb)
First Second Third
-
24 Air quality assessment, emission inventory and source
apportionment study
T E R I Report No. 2004EE28
* NO2 reported as NOx
010203040506070
1/31
/07
2/3/
072/
4/07
2/4/
072/
5/07
2/6/
072/
6/07
5/11
/07
5/13
/07
5/14
/07
5/15
/07
5/17
/07
8/11
/07
8/13
/07
8/14
/07
8/14
/07
8/15
/07
8/16
/07
8/17
/07
8/18
/07O
zone
Con
cent
ratio
n (p
pb)
12
2
10 10
15
3
1214
17
3
13 14
0
5
10
15
20
THC (ppm) Methane (ppm) NMHC (ppm) Aldehydes(ug/m)
Conc
entra
tion
Ist IInd IIIrd
3.41.8 1.2
0.7 0.5
63.1
3.92.71.5
0.6 0.6
59.7
1.90.9
0.9
3.3
0.8 0.5
66.1
3.93.1
0.1
1.0
10.0
100.0
Metha
neEth
aneBut
ane
Pentan
e
Hexan
e
Benzen
e (ppb)
1-3 Bu
tadien
e (ppb)
Conc
entra
tion
(ppm
)
Ist IInd IIIrd
First Second Third
0
100
200
300
400
50013
.01.
0716
.01.
0719
.01.
0722
.01.
0725
.01.
0728
.01.
0731
.01.
0703
.02.
0706
.02.
07
6.5.
079.
5.07
12.5
.07
15.5
.07
18.5
.07
21.5
.07
24.5
.07
10/8
/200
713
/8/2
007
16/8
/200
719
/8/2
007
22/8
/200
725
/8/2
007
28/8
/200
731
/8/2
007
Conc
entra
tion
( g/
m)
SPM RSPM PM10 PM2.5
First Second Third
1
10
100
1000
10000
13.0
1.07
16.0
1.07
19.0
1.07
22.0
1.07
25.0
1.07
28.0
1.07
31.0
1.07
03.0
2.07
06.0
2.07
6.5.
079.
5.07
12.5
.07
15.5
.07
18.5
.07
21.5
.07
24.5
.07
10/8
/200
713
/8/2
007
16/8
/200
719
/8/2
007
22/8
/200
725
/8/2
007
28/8
/200
731
/8/2
007C
once
ntra
tion
( g/
m)
SO2 NOx CO O3 (ppb)
First Second Third
Figure 2.9: Air quality monitoring results for Kammanahalli
(Residential)
294
115133
34
109 92
41
177
61 5329
301
050
100150200250300350
SPM RSPM PM10 (avg.) PM2.5
Conc
entra
tion
( g/
m)
Ist IInd IIIrd
5
26 18
1220
1942
3322
11
49 39
10
1689
1
10
100
1000
10000
SO2 NOx O3 (ppb) COCo
ncen
tratio
n (
g/m
)
Ist IInd IIIrd
01000200030004000500060007000
31/0
1/20
07
1/2/
07
3/2/
07
4/2/
07
5/2/
07
7/2/
07
12/8
/07
13/0
8/07
15/0
8/07
17/0
8/07
18/0
8/07
19/0
8/07CO
Con
cent
ratio
n (
g/m
)
First Third
For uniform depiction purpose 8-hourly O3 values are averaged
for each day
Second season continuous data for CO not available
-
25 Air Quality Status
T E R I Report No. 2004EE28
* NO2 reported as NOx
Second season continuous data for CO not available
2.8 1.80.9 0.9
0.7
2.3 2.01.1
0.7
65.7
1.81.0
3.1
76.9
2.81.1
3.4 3.4
80.0
0.7
0.9
0.1
1.0
10.0
100.0
Metha
neEth
aneBut
anePen
tane
Hexan
e
Benzen
e (ppb)
1-3 Bu
tadien
e (ppb)
Conc
entra
tion
(ppm
)
Ist IInd IIIrd
181
91 986276
96
31
411
10273
38
191
0
100
200
300
400
500
SPM RSPM PM10 (avg.) PM2.5
Conc
entra
tion
( g/
m)
Ist IInd IIIrd
14
3
11
35
14
2
12
36
16
3
12
34
0
10
20
30
40
THC (ppm) Methane (ppm) NMHC (ppm) Aldehydes(ug/m)
Conc
entra
tion
Ist IInd IIIrd
Figure 2.10: Air quality monitoring results for CSB
(Kerbside)
10
94
12
1180
5827
3636
10
47 3714
1234
1
10
100
1000
10000
SO2 NOx O3 (ppb) CO
Conc
entra
tion
( g/
m)
Ist IInd IIIrd
0100200300400500600
15.1
2.06
18.1
2.06
21.1
2.06
24.1
2.06
27.1
2.06
30.1
2.06
02.0
1.07
05.0
1.07
08.0
1.07
13.4
.07
16.4
.07
19.4
.07
22.4
.07
25.4
.07
28.4
.07
1.5.
07
19/7
/200
722
/7/2
007
25/7
/200
728
/7/2
007
31/7
/200
73/
8/20
076/
8/20
079/
8/20
0712
/8/2
007
Conc
entra
tion
( g/
m)
SPM RSPM PM10 PM2.5
First Second Third
1
10
100
1000
10000
15.1
2.06
18.1
2.06
21.1
2.06
24.1
2.06
27.1
2.06
30.1
2.06
02.0
1.07
05.0
1.07
08.0
1.07
13.4
.07
16.4
.07
19.4
.07
22.4
.07
25.4
.07
28.4
.07
1.5.
07
19/7
/200
722
/7/2
007
25/7
/200
728
/7/2
007
31/7
/200
73/
8/20
076/
8/20
079/
8/20
0712
/8/2
007
Conc
entra
tion
( g/
m)
SO2 NOx CO O3 (ppb)
First Second Third
010203040506070
12/2
7/06
12/2
8/06
12/2
8/06
12/2
9/06
12/3
0/06
12/3
1/06
1/1/
071/
2/07
4/26
/07
4/27
/07
4/28
/07
4/29
/07
4/29
/07
4/30
/07
5/1/
075/
2/07
7/31
/07
8/1/
078/
1/07
8/2/
078/
3/07
8/4/
078/
5/07
8/6/
078/
6/07O
zone
Con
cent
ratio
n (p
pb)
First Second Third
01000200030004000500060007000
29/1
2/06
31/1
2/06
1/1/
07
3/1/
07
4/1/
07
6/1/
07
7/1/
07
31/7
/07
2/8/
07
3/8/
07
5/8/
07
6/8/
07
CO C
once
ntra
tion
( g/
m)
First Third
For uniform depiction purpose 8-hourly O3 values are averaged
for each day
-
26 Air quality assessment, emission inventory and source
apportionment study
T E R I Report No. 2004EE28
* NO2 reported as NOx
First Second Third
For uniform depiction purpose 8-hourly O3 values are averaged
for each day
0100200300400500600
2/16
/07
2/19
/07
2/22
/07
2/25
/07
2/28
/07
3/3/
073/
6/07
3/9/
073/
12/0
73/
15/0
73/
18/0
718
.6.0
721
.6.0
724
.6.0
727
.6.0
730
.6.0
73.
7.07
6.7.
079.
7.07
3/9/
076/
9/07
9/9/
0712
/9/0
715
/9/2
007
18/9
/200
721
/9/2
007
Conc
entra
tion
( g/
m)
SPM RSPM PM10 PM2.5
306
191 199
64
115
184
43
369
100 109
27
287
050
100150200250300350400
SPM RSPM PM10 (avg.) PM2.5
Conc
entra
tion
( g/
m)
Ist IInd IIIrd
1
10
100
1000
10000
2/16
/07
2/19
/07
2/22
/07
2/25
/07
2/28
/07
3/3/
073/
6/07
3/9/
073/
12/0
73/
15/0
73/
18/0
718
.6.0
721
.6.0
724
.6.0
727
.6.0
730
.6.0
73.
7.07
6.7.
079.
7.07
3/9/
076/
9/07
9/9/
0712
/9/0
715
/9/2
007
18/9
/200
721
/9/2
007
Conc
entra
tion
( g/
m)
SO2 NOx CO O3 (ppb)
7
60
12
3338
10535
1183
12
6637
19
1560
1
10
100
1000
10000
SO2 NOx O3 (ppb) CO
Conc
entra
tion
( g/
m)
Ist IInd IIIrd
020406080
100120
3/12
/07
3/13
/07
3/14
/07
3/15
/07
3/16
/07
3/17
/07
3/18
/07
3/19
/07
7/5/
077/
6/07
7/7/
077/
8/07
7/9/
077/
10/0
77/
11/0
7
9/4/
079/
5/07
9/6/
079/
7/07
9/8/
07
Ozo
ne C
once
ntra
tion
(ppb
)
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
5/3/
077/
3/07
8/3/
0710
/3/0
712
/3/0
7
4/7/
075/
7/07
7/7/
078/
7/07
4/9/
075/
9/07
7/9/
079/
9/07C
O Co
ncen
tratio
n (
g/m
)
12
210
1711
39
36
13
2
11
37
0
10
20
30
40
THC (ppm) Methane(ppm)
NMHC (ppm) Aldehydes(ug/m)
Conc
entra
tion
Ist IInd IIIrd
2.11.2 1.2
0.6 0.5
0.01.82.7 1.3
0.6 0.5
15.6
1.3 1.2 1.61.12.5 1.9
12.6
0.50.60.1
1.0
10.0
100.0
Metha
neEth
aneBut
anePen
tane
Hexan
e
Benzen
e (ppb)
1-3 Bu
tadien
e (ppb)
Conc
entra
tion
(ppm
)
Ist IInd IIIrd
Figure 2.11: Air quality monitoring results for Victoria Road
(Kerbside)
First Second Third
First Second Third
First Second Third First Second Third
-
27 Air Quality Status
T E R I Report No. 2004EE28
* NO2 reported as NOx
For uniform depiction purpose 8-hourly O3 values are averaged
for each day
0
50
100
150
200
250
3002.
3.07
8.3.
0711
.3.0
714
.3.0
717
.3.0
720
.3.0
723
.3.0
7
4/16
/07
4/19
/07
4/22
/07
28.5
.07
31.5
.07
3.6.
076.
6.07
9.6.
712
.6.0
715
.6.0
7
10/8
/07
13/8
/200
716
/8/2
007
19/8
/200
722
/8/2
007
25/8
/200
728
/8/2
007
31/0
8/07
Conc
entra
tion
( g/
m)
SPM RSPM PM10 PM2.5
197
81 85
3623 34 15
79
3769
2252
0
50
100
150
200
250
SPM RSPM PM10 (avg.) PM2.5
Conc
entra
tion
( g/
m)
Ist IInd IIIrd
1
10
100
1000
10000
2.3.
078.
3.07
11.3
.07
14.3
.07
17.3
.07
20.3
.07
23.3
.07
4/16
/07
4/19
/07
4/22
/07
28.5
.07
31.5
.07
3.6.
076.
6.07
9.6.
712
.6.0
715
.6.0
7
10/8
/07
13/8
/200
716
/8/2
007
19/8
/200
722
/8/2
007
25/8
/200
728
/8/2
007
31/0
8/07
Conc
entra
tion
( g/
m)
SO2 NOx CO O3 (ppb)
6
23 37
3750
1851
483
8
9037
13
2016
1
10
100
1000
10000
SO2 NOx O3 (ppb) CO
Conc
entra
tion
( g/
m)
Ist IInd IIIrd
020406080
100120
4/13
/07
4/15
/07
4/17
/07
4/18
/07
4/19
/07
4/20
/07
4/21
/07
4/22
/07
6/1/
076/
3/07
6/3/
076/
4/07
6/5/
076/
6/07
6/7/
07
8/21
/07
8/22
/07
8/23
/07
8/24
/07
Ozo
ne C
once
ntra
tion
(ppb
)
02000400060008000
100001200014000
15/0
3/07
17/0
3/07
18/0
3/07
20/0
3/07
21/0
3/07
31/0
5/07
1/6/
073/
6/07
4/6/
076/
6/07
7/6/
07
24/0
8/07
26/0
8/07
27/0
8/07C
O Co
ncen
tratio
n (
g/m
)
11
2
10
16
11
1
108
13
1
12
7
0
5
10
15
20
THC (ppm) Methane (ppm) NMHC (ppm) Aldehydes(ug/m)
Conc
entra
tion
Ist IInd IIIrd
0.4 0.5
0.9
0.2 0.2
2.0
0.6 0.60.2 0.3
23.1
0.50.8
18.8
0.8
1.2
0.2 0.3
19.6
2.1
0.50.1
1.0
10.0
100.0
Metha
neEth
aneBut
ane
Penta
ne
Hexan
e
Benzen
e (ppb)
1-3 Bu
tadien
e (ppb)
Conc
entra
tion
(ppm
)
Ist IInd IIIrd
Figure 2.12: Air quality monitoring results for IGICH
(Hospital/Residential)
First Second Third
First Second Third First Second Third
First Second Third
-
28 Air quality assessment, emission inventory and source
apportionment study
T E R I Report No. 2004EE28
* NO2 reported as NOx
0
100
200
300
400
500
2/14
/07
2/17
/07
2/20
/07
2/23
/07
2/26
/07
3/1/
073/
4/07
3/7/
07
3/24
/07
3/27
/07
5.5.
078.
5.07
11.5
.07
14.5
.07
17.5
.07
20.5
.07
23.5
.07
18/7
/200
721
/7/2
007
24/7
/200
727
/7/2
007
30/7
/200
72/
8/07
5/8/
07
Conc
entra
tion
( g/
m)
SPM RSPM PM10 PM2.5
262
143171
30
84
171
21
171
58 69
22
245
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
SPM RSPM PM10 (avg.) PM2.5
Conc
entra
tion
( g/
m)
Ist IInd IIIrd
1
10
100
1000
10000
2/14
/07
2/17
/07
2/20
/07
2/23
/07
2/26
/07
3/1/
073/
4/07
3/7/
07
3/24
/07
3/27
/07
5.5.
078.
5.07
11.5
.07
14.5
.07
17.5
.07
20.5
.07
23.5
.07
18/7
/200
721
/7/2
007
24/7
/200
727
/7/2
007
30/7
/200
72/
8/07
5/8/
07
Conc
entra
tion
( g/
m)
SO2 NOx CO O3 (ppb)
9
5326
1780
30 39
4411
10
8936
10
3373
1
10
100
1000
10000
SO2 NOx O3 (ppb) CO
Conc
entra
tion
( g/
m)
Ist IInd IIIrd
0
20
40
60
80
3/21
/07
3/22
/07
3/23
/07
3/24
/07
3/25
/07
3/26
/07
3/27
/07
3/28
/07
5/19
/07
5/21
/07
5/22
/07
5/24
/07
7/17
/07
7/18
/07
7/19
/07
7/20
/07
7/21
/07
7/22
/07
7/23
/07
Ozo
ne C
once
ntra
tion
(ppb
)
0300060009000
1200015000
24/0
2/07
26/0
2/20
07
27/0
2/07
1/3/
07
2/3/
07
4/3/
07
5/3/
07
17/0
7/20
07
19/0
7/20
07
20/0
7/07
22/0
7/07
24/0
7/07CO
Con
cent
ratio
n (
g/m
)
12
2
9
22
15
3
12
1919
4
1518
05
10152025
THC (ppm) Methane (ppm) NMHC (ppm) Aldehydes(ug/m)
Conc
entra
tion
Ist IInd IIIrd
3.11.6 1.3
0.7 0.5
3.33.51.7
0.9 0.6
61.7
1.8 1.1
66.0
3.21.1
3.7 3.4
66.1
0.70.80.1
1.0
10.0
100.0
Metha
neEth
aneBut
ane
Pentan
e
Hexan
e
Benzen
e (ppb)
1-3 Bu
tadien
e (ppb)
Conc
entra
tion
(ppm
)
Ist IInd IIIrd
Figure 2.13: Air quality monitoring results for Peenya
(Industrial)
First Second Third First Third
First Second Third
First Second Third
For uniform depiction purpose 8-hourly O3 values are averaged
for each day
Second season continuous data for CO not available
-
29 Air Quality Status
T E R I Report No. 2004EE28
* N
O2
reported
as N
Ox
110
5147
2732
105
23
83
31
66
27
82
0 40 80
120
160
200
SP
MR
SP
MP
M10
(avg.)P
M2.5
Concentration (g/m)
IstIInd
IIIrd
For uniform depiction purpose 8-hourly O
3 values are averaged for each day
12
2
119
7
0
76
8
0
88
0 5 10 15
THC (ppm)
Methane
(ppm)
NMHC (ppm
)Aldehydes
(ug/m)
Concentration
IstIInd
IIIrd
0.30.2
0.0
0.10.0
3.6
0.50.3
0.10.1
0.1
0.0
0.20.1
0.10.3
0.10.1
3.3
0.40.2
0.0
0.1
1.0
10.0MethaneEthane
Butane
Pentane
HexaneBenzene (ppb)
1-3 Butadiene (ppb)
Concentration (ppm)
IstIInd
IIIrd
Figu
re 2
.14: A
ir q
uality
mo
nitoring
results fo
r K
anam
angala
(Backg
rou
nd)
618
21
925
4554
1723
9
9144
14
1399
1 10
100
1000
10000
SO2
NOx
O3 (ppb)
CO
Concentration (g/m)
IstIInd
IIIrd
1 10
100
1000
10000
12/15/200612/25/2006
1/4/20071/14/20071/24/20072/3/2007
2/13/20072/23/20073/5/2007
3/15/20073/25/2007
16/04/200726/04/200706/05/200716/05/200726/05/20075/06/2007
15/06/200725/06/20075/07/2007
28/6/078/7/2007
18/7/200728/7/20077/8/2007
17/8/200727/8/20076/9/2007
16/9/2007
Concentration (g/m)
SO2
NOx
COO
3 (ppb) First
S
econd
Third
0 50100150200250300
12/15/200612/25/2006
1/4/20071/14/20071/24/20072/3/2007
2/13/20072/23/20073/5/2007
3/15/20073/25/2007
16/04/200726/04/200706/05/200716/05/200726/05/2007
5/06/200715/06/200725/06/2007
5/07/200728/6/07
8/7/200718/7/200728/7/20077/8/2007
17/8/200727/8/20076/9/2007
16/9/200726/9/2007
Concentration (g/m)
SPMRSPM
PM10
PM2.5
First
S
econd
Third
0 20 40 60 80100
1/19/071/20/071/21/071/22/071/23/071/24/071/25/071/26/071/27/07
5/4/075/5/075/6/075/7/075/8/075/9/075/10/07
9/12/079/13/079/15/079/16/079/17/079/18/079/19/079/20/079/21/079/22/079/23/079/24/07
Ozone Concentration (ppb)
First
S
econd
Third
0
3000
6000
9000
12