Teori dan Prinsip Dasar Hubungan Internasional

04/21/23 1

Sekdilu Angkatan 39Senin, 6 Juli 2015

Prof. Bantarto Bandoro ( Banto )

Indonesian Defense University

Mobile: 0818483461

Email: [email protected];

[email protected]

04/21/23 2

The question for this course

Are international relations undergoing fundamental and irreversible changes?

Is the international system shifting away from state-centrism?

How do political ideas influence states’ behavior ? Are non-state actors effectively challenging states? How states managed their global relations ? How theories of IR fit into the current context of international relations ?

04/21/23 3

Here we attempt to explore and identify political theory and statements to the extent it conjures with the study of international relations

Main references:1.Andrew Hacker, Political Theory: Philosophy, Idology , Science (1968)2. Evan Luard, Basic Text in International Relations (1992)

04/21/23 4

International Relations and Politics: Exploration of Political Theory and Statement

1. Martin Luther King, Jr. says: - leader in American-Africa civil rights“Our scientific power has outrun our spiritual power. We have guided missiles and misguided men.”   2. Gene Sharp says: - political scientist“The abolition of war requires the development of effective nonviolent alternatives to military struggle” 3. Bertrand Russell says: -English philosopher and antiwar activist“But war will only end after a great labour has been performed in altering men’s moral ideals, directing them to the good of all mankind and not only of the separate nations into which men happen to have been born.”   4. Albert Einstein says: - Theoretical phisicist“Peace is not merely the absence of war but the presence of justice, of law, of order--in short, of government.” Einstein

04/21/23 5

Martin Luther KingGene Sharp

Bertrand Russell Einsteins

APA KESIMPULAN ANDA SETELAH MEMBACA KUTIPAN2 DI ATAS

Exploration of Political Theory and Statement

Prolog

The term political theory has two distinct meanings for students of politics.

First: it stands out for the history of political ideas (Plato, Socrates etc) and their influence on political practice its subject matter is historical texts and the condition which surrounded the writing

Second: it stands out for a study of political behavior in the modern world the subject is the actual behavior of men and institutions . The so called systematic theory describe and explain contemporary political phenomena

04/21/23 6

Political ideas Political behavior

Exploration of Political

Theory and Statement

Political theory - an orientation that characterizes the thinking of a group or nation

To study politics is to study power.

To study philosophy is to study rationality

Power and rationality may be conjoined.

The agency for this conjunction is the state

04/21/23 7

Power Rationality State

Exploration of Political Theory and Statement

Thinkers: philosophers, historians, strategic writers and politicians

1.Thomas Hobbes ( “Leviathan” )-Insecurity of humans-Constant fear of one another -Seek for self-preservation-War of all agaisnt all-No sovereign power to maintain law and order

2. Jacques Rousseau -The natural tendency is for the man to flee and not to fight- they entered society that they enggage in war: “man only become a soldier after he has become a citizens

- it is not the nature of humans that causes war, but the nature of society.

04/21/23 8

Thomas Hobbes

J. Rosseau

A. On the nature of man

Exploration of Political

Theory and Statement

1. Thucydides – “Peloponesian War”- War is to promote interests of state- Naked force prevails- The will of the powerful finally matters

2. Kautilya – “Arthasastra”- War is an essential and inevitable features of struggle.- His advice is when to make war and against whom - War must be against weaker rulers or against rulers weakened by

internal disorder- War is seen as a game rulers use every possible ingenuity to

overcome the opponents by any means

APA KESIMPULAN ANDA ?

04/21/23 9

Thucydides

Kautilya

B. On Interests of States

Exploration of Political Theory and Statement

1. Edmun Burke

- States had the right to take action to suppress the nuisance

- The states of Europe formed a kind of commonwealth and sharing similar tradition and culture. No single states allowed to remain in exile of that tradition innovation must be prevented because it amount to a threat.

- states had the right to intervene against revolutionary regime

- CONTOHNYA ?

04/21/23 10

Edmund Burke

C. The State’s Right to Intervene

Exploration of Political

Theory and Statement

c. The State’s Right to Intervene -> Cont’

2.John Stuart Mill (“ On Liberty”)-Defended the right of a state to intervene in affairs of another to prevent tyrannical or alien government-The legitimacy of a government and its rights to rule could be challenged because of its non-presentative character because it was imposed rather than willingly acceptedOur conlusion: ada 3 KONKLUSI 1. Burke and Mill were concerned with different kinds of revolution: idelogical (Burke) and national (Mill). One supported intervention to overcome revolution (Burke-ideological), the other to support it (Mill- national)

04/21/23 11

J.Stuart Mill

Exploration of Political Theory and Statement

The State’s Right to Intervene -> Cont’Conclusion- cont’

2.What was at issue in their arguments was the balance between two rights: (1) the right one state to settle its internal conflict free from interference from outside on the basis of its “sovereignty”; and

3.the right of others to affect the outcome, whether to protect their own security (as argued by Burke) or to protect fundamental human rights (as argued by Mill).

04/21/23 12

Issues to be discussed

Class discussion – 10 MENIT SAJA

Discuss the folowing issues based on your undersanding of the statement by the abovementioned thinkers, philosopher. State your theoretical solution to thequestions below:

1.Is war inevitable ? APAKAH PERANG TIDAK BISA DIHINDARI ATAU BISA DIHINDARI ?

2.Do you think states have the right to intervene in the domestic affairs of other states ? MENURUT ANDA APAKAH NEGARA BERHAK MELAKUKAN INTERVENSI DALAM URUSAN DALAM NEGERI NEGARA LAIN ?

3.Is there a relation between power and interest ? APAKAH ADA HUBUNGAN ANTARA KEKUATAN DAN KEPETINGAN ?

04/21/23 13

Theories

•Realism: power struggles among states;

solusinya: balance of power

•Institutionalism: self-interested cooperation among states; Solusinya : regimes based on shared

interests

•Constructivism (idealism, identity perspective): differences in identities;

solusinya : shared norms04/21/23 14

04/21/23 15

Who, what, why, and how?

Realism Institutionalism Constructivism

What is the organizing principle?

Who are the main actors?

What are their main goals?

Survival/power(protect domestic population)

Economic gain and cooperation (maximize domestic well-being)

Solving global problems (maximize everyone’s well-being)

What are the core capabilities?

ANARCHY INTERDEPENDENCE NORMS / IDEAS

STATES STATES STATES/IGOs/NGOs

MILITARY TECHNOLOGIC AND

ECONOMIC KNOWLEDGE

LIBERALISM It stems from the principle of human nature being GOOD

Instead it is the inadequate social institutions and misunderstanding of leaders that created INJUSTICE, AGRESSION and WAR

Being inevitable these vices could be minimized through multilateral action and institutional reform

And that is where democracy and market capitalism become pillars of HUMAN FREEDOM

04/21/23 16

The Roots of Liberalism

Enlightenment: Humans are rational and they can continuously improve their conditions by just societies

19th century L: Modernize via scientific and industrial revolutions to come to a democratic society and free trade

20th century L: collective security, self-determination, no power politics and prevention of war

This has shaped the LIBERAL thought dwelling on the belief that cooperation is possible, peace could be achieved through interdependence, knowledge, democratic values and international organizations do work.

04/21/23 17

Hugo Grotius worked as a jurist in the Dutch Republic. He is one of the founding father of international law (where the subjects are states) based on natural law.

Functionalism The fundamental principle of F is that states and individuals have basic or functional needs

Fs see economic and social international cooperation as prerequisites for peace and security, in this context the special agencies of UN are explained (exp. WB, UNICEF, etc.)

Promotes a web of activities that would bring to more interconnectedness and thus, interdependence

Key role of experts F stands behind the drive of IGOs and not surprisingly most of them sprung after WWII, both regional and global

F fails to explain why the wars remain? How to separate technical and political issues?

04/21/23 18

REALISM Individuals seek to maximize their power and pursue their interests

R centers the action around the state which acts through balance of power

International Organizations are tools to be used by states for their own interest, so the tools cannot transform the actors as R believes

R does not rule out the IR, but has doubt about the NGOs and MNCs, much less the independence of IGOs

04/21/23 19

Hegemonic Stability Theory

H is a hybrid of liberal, public goods and realist theories

Hegemonic states use their power in certain ways HS believes that open market is a public good that needs a strong state to be the guardian

It is the propagator and hence the driver behind the free trade and democratic values as tenets of peece and security

Examples of Great Britain and the US after WWII

04/21/23 20

MARXISM Resulting from an uneven economic development

COLONIALISM NEOCOLONIALISM

Sought to maximize material Sought to maximize the dependence

gain through power control of ex-colonies on the surplus of domestic goods

GG is based on power, process of production and class relations

For Ms the IGOs are dominated by a group of powerful states that drive the agenda and have higher gains, WB and IMF are seen as vices that perpetuate this International System

04/21/23 21

Dependency Theory• Unequal trade between developed and developing states

• IGOs and MNCs based in developed nations help to perpetuate this inequality

• The inequalities of power and wealth should be redistributed via new global order

04/21/23 22

04/21/23 23

Ciri-ciri strategic environment

Environment Tidak statik, tetapi sangat dinamis

Apa Ciri-ciri strategic environment ?

04/21/23 24

Memotret strategic environment melalui

Lensa VUCA

Ciri-ciri strategic environment

Lingkungan yang probelamtik dan tidak stabil. Muncul masalah baru. Masalah lama muncul kembali dengan cara yang berbeda

Ligkungan ditafsirkan dalam berbagai perspektif dengan berbagai kesimpulan yang dapat membawa pada solusi yang berbeda. Solusi itu bisa negatif/buruk, bisa juga positif/bagus.

04/21/23 25

COBA ANALISISLIGKUNGAN STRATEGIS EXTERNAL

INDONESIA DAN PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP PELAKSANAAN

KEBIJAKAN DOWN TO EARTH DIPLOMACY INDONESIA 5 TAHUN MENDATANG

DENGAN MENGGUNAKANPENDEKATAN VUCA

04/21/23 26

HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL danGLOBALIZATION

Views globalization produce:1. Security-enhancing effects or 2. Security-eroding effects

Globalization :1.increases the level of economic interdependence, 2.raises the costs of conflict or war, and 3.therefore leads to more peaceful relations among states.

View 1

Gobalization can generate :1.Economic rivalry among states . . . 2.Over scarce natural resources, which again often 3.Threatens to spill over into military conflict.

View 2

Globalization produces both security-enhancing and security-eroding effects

View 3

04/21/23 27

Globalization

04/21/23 28

1. Can reduce security concerns of states,

2. Promote deeper co-operation, and therefore

3. Reduce the risk of armed conflicts among states.

1. Generates and aggravates security problems and

2. Heightens conflict

Memicu munculnya masalah keamanan baru

Membentuk persepsi nasional mengenai ancaman

Perlunya respon pada level national dan Regional

In the abscence of strategy , there is no clear definition for the future, bumping over crisis and change

04/21/23 29

Strategy will get you somewhere near where you intended to go

Strategy adalah PENDAKATAN SISTEMATIK UNTUK MENGATASI BERBAGAI PERUBAHAN DAN UNTUK

MEMASTIKAN APAKAH SESUATU ITU HARUS BERUBAH ATAU TETAP

04/21/23 30

Top down to the execution of strategy. Begin what question we must ask

1. What do we want to do policy objectives => => APA YANG INGIN KITA LAKUKAN

2. How do we planto do it strategic execution =>BAGA IMANA KITA HARUS MELAKUKAN ITU

3. What are we up against threats, vulnerability, challenges => APA YANG AKAN KITA HADAPI

4. What is availabe to do it economy, military, diplomacy ==>SUMBER-SUMBER APA YANG TERSEDIA AGAR KITA DAPAT MELAKUKAN HAL ITU

5. What are the missmatches Risks, unforeseen outcomes => APA YANG TIDAK BISA DIPERKIRAKAN

6. Why do we want to do strategic goals desire => APA TUJUAN KITA MELAKUKAN HAL ITU

04/21/23 31

An attempt to balance between:1. today’s realities (current security environment ) and

2. tomorrow posssibilities (future security environment)

Thus Strategy

Answering

Planning how to address

NSP AND FOREIGN POLICY

04/21/23 32

National Interests

At highest levels

• At highest levels, ends expressed as national interests – a nation’s wants, needs, concerns– Survival and security– Political and territorial integrity– Economic stability and well being

• Interests signal a nation’s desires and intentions to other nations

Vital interests • Vital interests

– Nations unwilling to compromise and are prepared to resort to WAR in support of vital interests

04/21/23 33

National Security • Protections of vital economic, political and security interest of state.

• If there is no protection of these areas, it produces losses of which could threaten the fundamental values and vitality of the state

04/21/23 34

04/21/23 35

Bagian2 dari sistem saling mendukung. Ketegangan/isu, jika ada, masih bisa dikelola. Masalah keamanan masih bisa diatasi, karena berfungsinya institusi-institusi secara normal . Resiko, ancaman dsb masih bisa diprediksi .

Struktur politik, ekonomi , sosial dsb masih berfungsi secara efektif. Tetapi ditemukan / diidentifikasi tantangan terhadap efektifitas dari sistem.

Sistem masih berfungsi , tetapi tidak mendukung pelaksanaan kebijakan/aturan-aturan main. Akibatnya arah dari sistem menjadi tidak jelas. Sistem tidak siap menghadapi kejutan yang datangnya tiba-tiba .

04/21/23 36

INDONESIA BEYOND 2015

APA PROYEKSI ANDA MENGENAI KONDISI INTERNAL INDONESIA 15-20 TAHUN

MENDATANG ?

04/21/23 37

KASUS HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL

LAINNYA

MARI KITA BAHAS HUBUNGAN ANTARA

1.SASARAN POLITIK ( POLITICAL OBJECTIVE )

2.STRATEGI NASIONAL (NATIONAL STATEGY) DAN

3.STRATEGI PENDUKUNG ( SUPPORTING STRATEGY)

04/21/23 38

RUSSIA : CONLFICT IN UKRAINE

?

?

?

Political Objectives - Military Objectives – Economic objectives

04/21/23 39

INDONESIA’S POROS

MARITIM

?

?

?

Political Objectives - Military Objectives – Economic objectives

04/21/23 40

RUSSIA : CONFLICT IN UKRAINE

Pertanyaan :

1.How well the theories explain RUSSIA and INDONESIA CASE

2.Detect the political idea (s) behind Russia’s and Indonesia’s behavior

INDONESIA’S POROS

MARITIM

04/21/23 41

Banto0818483461

[email protected]@gmail.com

Semoga sukses Menempuh pendidikan

di SEKDILU 39 -2015. Amin YRA