Chapter 2 - Literature
2.0Introduction
The implementation of an automatic heater regulator was achieved
(Richard.M, 2010). The project was achieved with an LM35 sensor as
the temperature monitoring medium coupled with an ATS
microcontroller through an external ADC (Analogue to Digital
converter). A 5volt DC power supply obtained through a 7850
regulator connected to a full wave rectifier output was used to
power the system. The relay circuits were then connected to the
microcontroller through Unbreakable Linux Network (ULN) driver,
which then operate the heater connected to it.
Yet another research was carried out by (Comer.M.J, 1999) the
design of the older conventional regulator , which looked like a
big square box having a circular knob on it, popping out of the
switch board, which are also called Resistance regulator.
The box has a tapped resistor inside it, which is connected in
series with the motor of the fan. Basic circuit diagram of a
Sconventional fan regulator (Comer.M.J, 1999)
When the knob is at position 1, the maximum resistance is added
in series with the single phase AC motor of the fan. Thus, there
will be maximum voltage drop in this resistance of the regulator,
and hence a reduced voltage will applied to the motor of the
fan.When we move knob to position 2, resistance R2 will be dropped
out, and only resistance from point 2 to point 5 will be in the
circuit. Hence, in this case voltage applied to the motor will be
greater than that of previous case. Similarly, when the knob is
moved towards right, resistance in circuit will be decreasing, and
when the knob is at position 5, maximum voltage will be applied to
the motor as there is no external resistance in the circuit, and
hence the speed of the fan will be maximum. This was the basic
working principle of a conventional ceiling fan regulator.
2.1BRIEF HISTORY OF TEMPERATURE
Temperature has always been a very important feature. Its effect
spreads across physical, chemical and characteristics and
processes. For instance, many different reactions needed to keep
the human system functioning will only work around temperature of
about 37C. Hence, the body develop elaborate mechanism to keep the
temperature constant (Akasnksha. P, Kajol .A, 2013). Yet the
measurement and study of this phenomenon (temperature) have been
slow in development. The history of temperature discovery dated as
far back as thousands of years ago. Since as at then, people have
always known fire to be hot and snow to be cold. It has always
becomes an important part of our life, ever since bakers and
blacksmiths relied on specific temperature to control chemical
reactions. This process requires certain degree of temperature
control. However there arises the need to monitor and measure these
temperature variations which is intended to be controlled.
2.2BRIEF HISTORY OF TEMPERATURE MONITORING
The ancient people are probably aware of the temperature
variation. They could note the temperatures by fire size or how
close to it, in order to get warm. These ancient people are at
first, fire tenders maintaining fire started by natural cause.
Later they became fire makers, by mastering the art of starting
their own fire. Eventually they became fire managers, as they
attempt to gain the specific heat needed to boil water, cook
different kind of food, work with copper, tin, bronze, iron and to
make glasses. Although they have no quantitative device to
determine how hot the fire was, so they choose to develop recipes
for building different type of fire and probably use some physical
indicator such as some minerals or metal melting to indicate
correctly temperature of the system. The ancient Greeks know that
air expanded when heated and applied the principle mechanically, so
they too developed no means of measuring temperature or amount of
heat needed (Akasnksha. P, Kajol .A, 2013).
The Italian scientist Galileo (1564 - 1642), is one of the first
recorded to attempt measuring temperature in 1592. His measuring
device consist of a bulb of air, which when heated, forced liquid
(water, spirit, or wine) down a column immersed in an open
container of liquid. In about 1611 the thermometer was calibrated
by Sanctorious sanctorious, a colleague of Galileo, who noted the
liquid level when the bulb was cooled with melting snow and again
when heated with candle. The space on the column between those two
was then subdivided into 110 equal parts. Jean ray (1552 1645), a
French physician, invented the first liquid thermometer in the year
1632. His thermometer consists of a flask with a long slander neck
partially filled with water. As the temperature changes, the liquid
level will rise or fall along the slander neck in response. The
20th century also saw the refinement of the temperature scale
(Rrenato Nunes,Jose Delegado, 1998).
The LM35 can now be operated as a form of an effective
temperature monitoring device. It is a precision temperature sensor
with output linearly proportional to the Celsius temperature scale.
It also operate on a single phase supply and draws only about
60amperes of current. Its self-heating is as low as 0.1degree at
still air. LM35 can detect effectively temperature within the range
of -55C to 150C. However, supply voltage required to operate an
LM35 sensor ranges between 4 to 30volts DC (Rrenato Nunes,Jose
Delegado, 1998).
2.3BRIEF HISTORY OF TEMPERATURE CONTROLLING
The manual temperature controlling techniques have recently been
used control heating and cooling systems when seeking to maintain
conducive temperature. The use of potentiometer used to be common
in regulating the operating level of some electrical device, but it
never counter the need to control such devices manually by pushing
the switch button. The potentiometer is a three terminal resistor
with a sliding contact that forms adjustable voltage divider. If
only two of its terminals are used (one side and the wiper), it
acts as a variable resistor or rheostat. Potentiometers comprises
of a resistive element, a sliding contact (wiper) that moves along
the element making good electrical contact with one part of it ,
electrical terminal at each end of the element, a mechanism that
move the wiper from one end to the other, and a housing containing
the element and the wiper (Rrenato Nunes,Jose Delegado, 1998).
In modern designs, like the computer system; it employs the use
of fan as a cooling system meant to protect the CPU and other
delicate components from overheating (Cosmos.I.Q, 2007). The fan is
operated automatically, and the fan speed depends on the
temperature level of the CPU. The fan standard control, simply
involves setting the fan to run at a constant speed whenever the
CPU is ON. This include setting up a minimum, required and maximum
fan speed and its corresponding high, desired or low CPU
temperature. At low temperature, the fan will run at a minimum
speed. The fan will continue to vary in line with the CPU
temperature, until the temperature level reach the high pre-set
value, in which case the fan will operate at a maximum speed.
2.4CHALLENGES OF PREVIOUS WORKS
In recent times, several attempts have been made to design
automated systems to monitor and control the temperature over a
specified range. However at various point different challenges were
been encountered during such inventions. Some of which render such
inventions totally ineffective and unaffordable, while other merely
reduces some fractions of its efficiency. This project is therefore
designed to solve the notable challenges found with previous works.
Some of the challenges faced by the previous inventions are listed
below;
i. The use of a single switching relay, which only permits the
system to switch between two modes (OFF and ON) only. This makes
the control exercise very limited and ineffective.
ii. Unavailability of a display unit, most of similar projects
done in the past dont usually have an LCD, this makes it impossible
for the user to know the current value of temperature, and so cant
detect if the system is faulty.
iii. Employing the ATS microcontrollers as a control unit, this
set of microcontrollers always requires an external ADC, which
could make the work less portable, and also exhibit complex pin
connection settings.
In the course of this project, several steps have been taken to
conquer the above listed and common challenges during the design.
The project entails a multi-relay circuit to switch between at
least three levels of operation. It is also designed as a general
system which could be used to control heating and cooling devices
simultaneously. The project incorporates an LCD unit, which could
easily verify if the system is working appropriately with the
displayed ambient temperature. Lastly the system make use of a PIC
microcontroller which has an internal ADC device and also a very
straightforward pin configuration. In continuous research several
other challenges could be found with this current design as well,
which might require further restructuring.
2.5REMOTE CONTROL SYSTEMS
A remote control is an electronic device that is used to control
an activity, process, or machine from a distance, by radioed
instructions or coded signals. The remote control can be contracted
to remote or controller. Commonly, remote controls are consumer IR
devices used to issue commands from a distance to televisions or
other consumer electronics such as stereo systems, DVD players and
dimmers. Controls for these devices are usually small wireless
handheld objects with an array of buttons for adjusting various
settings such as television channel, track number, and volume. In
fact, for the majority of modern devices with this kind of control,
the remote contains all the function controls while the controlled
device itself only has a handful of essential primary controls.
Most of these remotes communicate to their respective devices via
infrared (IR) signals and a few via radio signals. Earlier remote
controls in the 1970sused ultrasonic tones. Television IR signals
can be mimicked by a universal remote, which is able to emulate the
functionality of most major brand television remote controls. One
of the earliest examples of remote control was developed in 1898 by
Nikola Tesla, and described in his patent, U.S. Patent613,809,
named Method of an Apparatus for Controlling Mechanism of Moving
Vehicle or Vehicles. In 1898, he demonstrated a radio-controlled
boat to the public during an electrical exhibition at Madison
Square Garden. Tesla called his boat a "tele-automaton". (Nikola
T.1970)
2.6 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
In overall, the system consists of several components as shown
in Figure 1. Firstly, the range of the highest and the lowest
temperature are set in the microcontroller. Then a GSM modem
circuit is used to trigger the system to on or off state. When the
system is on, the ambient temperature will then be sensed by the
temperature sensor. The output of the sensor will then feed to the
PIC Microcontroller. The PIC Microcontroller will generate the
desired output signals which are correspondent to the difference
ambient temperatures by comparing the output voltage from the
temperature sensor with the preset values. These output signals
will be sent to the firing angle control circuit to trigger certain
relay to control the firing angle of the Triac. Therefore, the
average power supply to the motor will be varied; hence, the speed
of the motor can be controlled.
2.7 GSM PHNOE SWITCH
A GSM Phone switch is used to permit the current flow across two
or more terminal to allow interaction between electrical
components. In addition, it is also used to terminate the flow when
necessary. This switch is normally used to provide means for
connecting two or more terminals in order to permit the flow of
current across them to allow the interaction between electrical
components. The proposal of having such a switch is to alleviate
the problem faced by the aged and physically challenged persons in
trying to control some household appliances. Figure 2 shows the
schematic diagram of GSM Phone circuit. The main processes in the
circuit include the input transducer, amplifier, memory, changing
state and output stage.
A bistable multivibrator is formed by connecting two cross
transistors. This bistable multivibrator has the function of
storing memory. It will store the state of either on or off until
the end of time. Once the clap on, the state of the bistable
changed. The output of the amplifier is converted to a sharp pulse
by passing it through a low valued capacitor, 0.1F. With the help
of IN4001 diodes which helps it to be connected together steers the
pulse to the base of the transistor. When the first transistors
stop conducting, the other transistor which is already at the off
state will remain off. Then, those two capacitors across the base
resistors will start to action. The capacitor that connected to the
base of the transistor which was ON has voltage across it. In the
other hand, the transistor that was off has no voltage across the
capacitor that is connected to it.
In the output stage, there are a relay and a transistor. The
relay is used as a switch to trigger another circuitry. One of the
coil terminals of the relay is joined to the collector of the
transistor, and remain coil terminal will be joint to a relay
triggering source. The base of the transistor is joined to the
collector of one of the transistors in the bistable multivibrator.
As the transistor is in off state, the current from the source that
nearby the collector will be flowed to the base and hence the
transistor is in on state and the relay triggering source can be
flowed to the relay and hence, the relay will be on and able to
triggering the third party circuit.
CHAPTER THREE
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION AND DESIGN
3.0INTODUCTION
This chapter briefly explains about the Hardware Implementation
of the project. It discusses the design and working of the design
with the help of block diagram and circuit diagram and explanation
of circuit diagram in detail. It explains the features, timer
programming, serial communication, interrupts of Lm35,
microcontroller. It also explains the various modules used in this
project.
3.1METHODOLOGY MODELLING TOOLS
The modelling tool used for this project work is the on feedback
waterfall modelling tool for this projects.
Figure 3.1Non feedback methodology model
3.1.1Factors considered in selecting waterfall model
In Royce's original waterfall model, the following phases are
followed in order:
1. System and software requirements: captured in a product
requirements document
2. Analysis: resulting in models, schema, and business rules
3. Design: resulting in the software architecture
4. Coding: the development, proving, and integration of
software
5. Testing: the systematic discovery and debugging of
defects
6. Operations: the installation, migration, support, and
maintenance of complete systems
Thus the waterfall model maintains that one should move to a
phase only when its preceding phase is reviewed and verified.
Various modified waterfall models (including Royce's final
model), however, can include slight or major variations on this
process.[3] These variations included returning to the previous
cycle after flaws were found downstream, or returning all the way
to the design phase if downstream phases deemed insufficient.
3.1.2Advantages of waterfall model:
The following benefits can be deriving in selecting this model
which was considered appropriate and well matches for the
project;
It will provides better planning for the project
It will enable faster project implementation
It will improve the development and knowledge base approach on
the project.
3.1.3Structure of waterfall model with feedback:
The figure 3.1 below represents a feedback waterfall model; it
is broken down into number of phases I VI, each phase is linked to
the next step using the forward loop and also link to the previous
step using the feedback loop. The looping creates a proper check at
every level. Each phase will critically evaluate to ensure it meet
up with the requirement of the phase before moving to the next
step. Where there is need to re-evaluate the previous step, the
feedback loop is followed.
The following structure has been adopted for the discussion on
the methodology. Each phase will be treated separately; system
requirement, analysis, design and coding where necessary will be
treated in chapter three. Chapter four will discuss testing which
will also look at all measurement and analysis of the result.
Chapter five will state the system acceptance alongside system
appraisal.
3.2METHOD INFORMATION COLLECTION
This is the approach followed to collect information relating to
the project; the available methods of data collections are
mentioned.
(a) Questionnaire
(b) Google and Google Scholar Search
(c) Library
(d) Internet source
(e) Reading Journals
(f) Interview
(g) Observations
(h) Study documentation and
(i) Text Books.
3.2.1Factors considered in methods of information collection The
main factors that influenced the decision on the sources of
information includes; Information Utilization
The project utilizes more than one source which are; Surfing the
Internet Source, Consulting Books, Google Search and Google
Scholar, Reading Journals and Observing similar designs work
carried-out. The information collected was used to develop the
literature, improve on the project concept and the design approach,
and to understand the communication protocol for the sensors and
the camera modules.
System Requirements
The major requirement for the systems are listed below:
Readable display unit: This is a digital display unit, the font
size shall be 5x7 and the display can hold 32 viewable
characters.
Temperature sensor: the tempreture sensor senses the temtreture
of the room and relays the information to the microcontroller.
Power button (toggle): This button will determine power status
in the device, when toggle UP it will supply power to the system
and when toggle DOWN it cut off supply to the system.
The implementation of the project design can be divided in two
parts.
Hardware implementation
Firmware implementation
Hardware implementation deals in drawing the schematic on the
plane paper according to the application, testing the schematic
design over the breadboard using the various ICs to find if the
design meets the objective, carrying out the PCB layout of the
schematic tested on breadboard, finally preparing the board and
testing the designed hardware.
The firmware part deals in programming the microcontroller so
that it can control the operation of the ICs used in the
implementation. In the present work, we have used the Orcad design
software for PCB circuit design, the MicroC software development
tool to write and compile the source code, which has been written
in the C language. The Flash maic programmer has been used to write
this compile code into the microcontroller. The firmware
implementation is explained in the next chapter.
The project design and principle are explained in this chapter
using the block diagram and circuit diagram. The block diagram
discusses about the required components of the design and working
condition is explained using circuit diagram and system wiring
diagram.
3.4 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE PROJECT AND ITS DESCRIPTION
The block diagram of the project is as shown in the figure
3.1
( Pic16f877a16 X 2 LCDCrystal OscillatorPower
SupplyEEPROMLM35)
Fig 3.1 : BLOCK DIAGRAM
Brief explanation of functioning of each block of the system is
given below the detailed is given in next chapters
3.5 POWER SUPPLY
The design used 12V transformer. The circuit consists of
microcontroller, transistors, regulator, transistor LCD and some
passive components. The regulator transistor is designed to limit
the output to 5V; this voltage will be maintain over the capability
of the circuit, the transistor oscillator is a high current type as
it is turned ON for a very short time of period to saturate the
core of the transformer. The energy is then released as a high
voltage pulse. These pulses are then passed to the electrolytic
capacitor and appear as a 5V supply to the traffic light controller
circuit.
I.e. Vin =12V
According to Hauman(1988)
Drop out voltage for I.C = 2V
Vdc = 1.41 Vac -------------------- (i)
Idc = 191.6mA
Idc = 0.62 Vac -------------------- (ii)
Therefore total voltage = 12 + 2 + 1.14 = 15.41V
From equation (i)
Vdc = 1.41 X 12 = 16.92V
Vac = Vdc = 16.92V
1.41 1.41
This means input voltage to ICs is 12V
From equation (ii)
Iac = Iac = 191.6
0.62 0.62
Iac = 309mA
This is the maximum current (Iac) each IC can carry effectively
without deviation in its characteristics.
The circuit is designed with an exit delay which is determined
by the charging time of capacitor C6
Hence: Time constant (= C6 R11
Where C6 = 100R11 = 220k
= 100 X 10-6 X 220 X 103
= 22s
Therefore at switch ON, it will take the capacitor about 22
seconds to charge.
The transistor Q1 has a gain of 258 i.e = 258
Biasing is by fixed bias or Base resistor method and it is used
as a switch in the circuit.
Let Ic = Zero signal collector current
IB = IC - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (i)
Ic = IB - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (i)
Applying Kirchooffs Voltage law
Vcc = IB RB + VBE
RB = VCC - VBE = IB = VCC,
IBRB
IB is approximately VCC(Mehta, 2000)
RB
IB = 12=1.2 mA
10000
Testing with the multi-meter, = 258
From equation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (ii)
Ic = 1.2MA X 258
Ic = 0.30 96A = 309.6 ma
Stability of the transistor is given by
S = + 1
1- (dIB) - - - - - - - - - - - - (iii)
(dIc)
But (dIB) is approximately Zero (Mehta, 2000)
(dIc)
S = + 1
S= 258 + 1
S = 259
3.5.1COMPONENT OF POWER SUPPLY
Fig 3.2 components of power supply
Transformer:
Usually, DC voltages are required to operate various electronic
equipment and these voltages are 5V, 9V or 12V. But these voltages
cannot be obtained directly. Thus the a.c input available at the
mains supply i.e., 230V is to be brought down to the required
voltage level. This is done by a transformer. Thus, a step down
transformer is employed to decrease the voltage to a required
level.
Rectifier:
The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It
converts A.C. into pulsating D.C. The rectifier may be a half wave
or a full wave rectifier. In this project, a bridge rectifier is
used because of its merits like good stability and full wave
rectification.
Filter:
Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the
ripples from the output of rectifier and smoothens the D.C. Output
received from this filter is constant until the mains voltage and
load is maintained constant. However, if either of the two is
varied, D.C. voltage received at this point changes. Therefore a
regulator is applied at the output stage.
Voltage regulator:
As the name itself implies, it regulates the input applied to
it. A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to
automatically maintain a constant voltage level. In this project,
power supply of 5V and 12V are required. In order to obtain these
voltage levels, 7805 and 7812 voltage regulators are to be used.
The first number 78 represents positive supply and the numbers 05,
12 represent the required output voltage levels
3.6OTHER PASSIVE COMPONENT
Passive components are component, which cannot amplify power and
require an exeteral power source to operate. They include,
resistor, capacitor, diode, and inductor etc.
3.6.1 Resistor
Resistor is a component of an electric circuit that resists the
flow of direct or alternating electric current. Resistors can limit
or divide the current, reduce the voltage, protect an electric
circuit, or provide large amounts of heat or light.
An electric current is the movement of charged particles called
electrons from one region to another. The amount of resistance to
the flow of current that a resistor causes depends on the material
it is made of as well as its size and shape. Resistors are usually
placed in electric circuits, which are devices formed when current
moves through an electrical conductor (a material that allows the
current to flow without much resistance, such as copper wire) and
when the conductor makes a complete loop.
When a voltage, or electric potential, is applied to opposite
ends of a circuit, it causes current to flow through the circuit.
As the current flows, it encounters a certain amount of
resistance from the conductor and any resistors in the circuit.
Each material has a characteristics resistance. For example, wood
is a bad conductor because it offers high resistance to current;
copper is a better conductor because it offers less resistance. In
any electric circuit, the current in the entire circuit is equal to
the voltage across the circuit divided by the resistance of the
circuit. Resistors are often made to have a specific value of
resistance so that the characteristics of the circuit can be
accurately calculated.
3.6.2Capacitor
Capacitor, or electrical condenser, device for strong an
electrical charge, in its simplest form a capacitor consists of two
metal plates separated by a non-conducting layer called the
dielectric. When one plate is charged with electricity from a
direct-current or electrostatic source, the other plate will have
induced in it a charge of the opposite sign; that is, positive if
the original charge is negative and negative if the charge is
positive. The Leyden jar is a simple form of capacitor in which the
two conducting plates are metal foil coatings on the inside and
outside of a glass bottle or jar that serves as the dielectric. The
electrical size of a capacitor is its capacitance, the amount of
electric charge it can hold.
Capacitors are produced in a wide variety of forms. Air, mica,
ceramics, paper, oil, and vacuums are used as dielectric, depending
on the purpose for which the device is intended.
Capacitance, ability of a circuit system to store electricity,
the capacitance of a capacitor is measured in farads and is
determined by the formula c = q/v, where q is the charge (in
coulombs) on one of the conductors and v is the potential
difference (in volts) between
the conductors. The capacitance depends only on the thickness,
area, and composition of the capacitors dielectric.
3.6.3DIODE
The diode used in this project, perform the work of
rectification. They are three type of rectification; half, full and
bridge rectifier. But in this project work bridge rectifier was
used
3.7L C D
LCD (liquid crystal display) screen is an electronics display
module and find a wide range of applications.
A 16x2 LCD display is a very basic module and is very commonly
used in various device and circuit. These module are preferred over
seven segments and other muilti segment LEDS. The reasons being:
LCDs are economical; easily programmable; have no limitation of
displaying special and even custom characters unlike in seven
segments, animations and so on
A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there
are 2 such lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7
pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely command and
data
The command register stores the command instructions given to
the LCD. A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a prefixed
task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor
position, controlling display etc the data register stores the data
to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII valve of the
character to be displayed on the LCD. The physical app earance of
the lcd is
showwn below;
Fig 3.0 LCD
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
BILL OF ENGINEERING MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION
S/NO.
COMPONENT
QTY
UNIT PRICE
(N)
TOTAL
(N)
1.
RESISTOR
8
20
160
2.
DIODE
4
25
100
3.
SWITCH
1
400
400
4.
REGULATOR
1
450
450
5.
BUZZER
1
1000
1000
6.
IC SOCKET
2
200
400
7.
LCD
1
1800
1800
8.
CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR
1
800
800
9.
TRANSFORMER
1
400
400
10.
CAPACITOR
5
70
350
11.
CASING
1
4000
4000
12.
VERO BOARD
1
200
200
13.
BREAD BOARD
1
700
700
14.
SOLDERING LEAD
1 (ROLL)
1500
1500
15.
SOLDERING IRON
1
700
700
16.
LEAD SUCKER
1
450
450
17.
Transport and miscellaneous
1
12000
12000
GRAND TOTAL
25,110
1
T1
TS_PQ4_12
D1
1B4B42
1
2
4
3
U1
LM7805CT
LINEVREG
COMMON
VOLTAGE
C1
2.2F
C2
2.2F
POWER SUPPLY
U1
GNDVCCCVRSRWED0D1D2D3D4D5D6D7
ABCDEFGHJK
BCDEFGHJKA
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PSEN
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RST
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P0.0/AD0
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P0.1/AD1
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P0.2/AD2
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P0.3/AD3
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P0.4/AD4
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P0.5/AD5
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P1.0/T2
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P3.0/RXD
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P3.1/TXD
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P3.2/INT0
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P3.3/INT1
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P3.4/T0
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P3.7/RD
17
P3.6/WR
16
P3.5/T1
15
P2.7/A15
28
P2.0/A8
21
P2.1/A9
22
P2.2/A10
23
P2.3/A11
24
P2.4/A12
25
P2.5/A13
26
P2.6/A14
27
U1
AT89C52
1
5
1
6
R1
1k
1B
1
1C
16
2B
2
2C
15
3B
3
3C
14
4B
4
4C
13
5B
5
5C
12
6B
6
6C
11
7B
7
7C
10
COM
9
U2
ULN2003A
+12V
RL1
12V
RL2
12V
RL3
12V
RL4
12V
RL5
12V
D1
DIODE
D2
DIODE
D3
DIODE
D4
DIODE
D5
DIODE
+12V
+12V
+12V
+12V
+12V
RELAY_3
RELAY_4
RELAY_5
RELAY_2
RELAY_1
RELAY_1
RELAY_2
RELAY_3
RELAY_4
RELAY_5
LOAD-1
LOAD_2
LOAD_3
LOAD_4
LOAD_5
LIVE(HOT)
LIVE(HOT)
LIVE(HOT)
LIVE(HOT)
LIVE(HOT)
R5
100R
C1
1uF
+5V
R6
10k
PIN2(IR_TSOP1636)
PIN1(IR_TSOP1636)
PIN3(IR_TSOP1636)
X1
11.059200Mhz
C2
22pF
C3
22pF
C4
10uF
R2
10k
+5V
MCLR
MCLR
(VCC)40
2
0
(
G
N
D
)
+5V