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zeb}Ún d{\{N{d{¨ Q{¨Ðm¢=T{Z= Ho| ? ±vÞo¼ !
[¢*t B*t @ p²¨ztâQ² C zvb+ Þzed²Ôb+ _¼ f»Ð*t _¼ ûÇZ+ @ o¼=Q+ îp²¨ @Q¼. C ±t=_+ a¢*t _¼ Ûú Ûzgztb+ U¼b{p{m{ze¦ h»m+ ~v*t T¼p²¨Ù=_+â ~gÐm+â.±v a²d+ h»m{ßÒm²b+ a¢*t _¼ Ûú ~gÞnnp{¨Ûm¢ F@p{¨ÛN¢zrÔ @=b+ B=h»m²Ùb+ p²¨ @jÀ_+ a² Hx¢Ð±t=T² K*g _²n¨u} @=b+ ~t=T² a{_+ îp²¨ C zvp² zvÒÞm+Ú Hp²m+ ø~t_²b+ ûÇZ+. C d²p²m+ b¢b+ f»Ð*t a¢*t Kd² !! q¼ ±vm² B*t p+¨Ú T{=T²_¼ o²_+ ±eKÞ±e N¼Ôp+ K*g p+¨Ú Hx²Õm¢H=T² Bd+ o¶m¢Ô=Q+ _¼ m¶b+ zeb{Ú=*t.±v§±e l{¨À H=W¼l+¨ B_+ !
F@p{¨ÛN¢zrÔ
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------d{p{¨Ðµt !
d¶d{¨ SCIT ð follow @p{Zp+¨ p²¨¨b{n¨ ±eËZ¡d{ b{ÃQ{m{ d{¨=çU{=b¾ iÓb{ N{ø_} m¥î zeÞZ ù¨o¾ Dd{Ô Ab{m{^ T{ªu}N{Bb¢ m}l{¨|nð~e=ç=b¢.
p{¨|N{¨ school o¾ 9, 10 ÞN}zt¨Þo¾ U{=b{zt¨â Q{¨m¢=ç T²~eÕd} zeb}Ún¨ T{b{p{Zp+¨, p}Z¡ d{\{N{ Q{¨Ðm¢=T{\{p+¨ d¶m{Õ o¶b{¨.C øzrl{¨|n¨ izv§q} I ztªÆo+ o¾d{© T²zeÕm¶p²©. @l¨_¶ zeb}Ún¨m}l{¨|nð N{¨_{ªzvn ze\¶ p}m¢N¢ Q{^, l{¨î, Ûf}ztn¨ f}Z¡=T{\{p+¨KN{ _{zeÕðztm¢ @p{m¾c{p+¨. D_}âzvp{=_{¨n¨ b}ðÔ b}ZZ|ðN¢ T}o| m{N}n¨Q} N{¬~r T¶Ðu}m{¨. N}ñ " Bze¦Õ\{¨ D_{Õnp{¨|n m}l{¨ j¾_{¨d}Ôd{¨ ... @=Z· k{ m{ d{ k{ k{ m{ p{ Q{^}n¨ ... 10 p{ @x{m{p+¨ _¾ l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî ... " @ð Q{^}n¨ p{¨¨=b¶zt¨N¼ð m}l{¨|n=Z·T}o| N{Ëzrp+¨ ; @b¢ ztm¢ @l¨d{ zeÓb{î N{ª\} N}b{¨.
So what is the way around this ?!!
zeb}Ún d{\{N{ ÛQ{~v=T{Zp+¨. zeb}Ún¨ j}Q} T{b{¨p{¦_{ª HN{Á\{ l{¨î p{Ðzt¨=b¾ @N{Á\{ øm{p{Zp+¨ T¶Ðztª (l{¨î @=Z· øm}p{¨= @ð N{b} @Óm{p+¨ !) practice T¶Ðµt ztß=_{=Q} zeb}Ún¨ m}µt d}Z¡N¢ N{ñztp+¨Q{^}nN{¨ @d{¨Q{¨^=Q} zeb}n¨ ze\{_}l¨.
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The following is the way, I stumbled upon, to do this :
KN{ d}\{¨ d}N{¨ p{¨| j}p{¨Ù C zeb{Úp+¨ øð~e=ç=b¢ :-
k{=\{d{ õp{¨¨\}Ðm{ Vd{ k}=c{p{¦\{¨Vßn j}^ _{ª^ N¾b{=\{ N{w} ÛzeT{=\{ k{¨V _}=\{p{ N¥Ðm¢N¢ m}p{¨ p{¨©Ðm¢N¢d+m²=\{p{ u}Z¡ ¹b²p{ø¨N{ o¶\{d{¨T{¨d+ N{\{ Q{ËZ¡ k¶m¢N} \{=\{\{ \}=\{ \}=\{ ðd{b{=i¨ nW|=\{p{¨¨ ð=\{ p{¨Ð_{ p¶b{=\{p{¨¨ d²N¢Á T}_²b{d{¨ b}q{m{c¥ N{m{¨^} zel²©ðc¥ !!
(yes this IS an D_{Õnp{¨|n zeb{Úp+¨ with 5 lines instead of 4)
B=b{¨o¾ d}n¨Q¾ f}b{p+¨ o¾ð \{=\{\{ \}=\{ \}=\{ .... @d¶ patternd{d{¨Ô AN{ám¢=ç=b¢. Suppose KN{ f}b{p+¨ p²¨¨Ð_{p+¨ @o| m}еt ? @ðtry T¶u}d{¨ :
\}=\{\{ \}=\{ \}=\{ \{\{\{p+¨ \{\{\{p+¨ \{\{\{p+¨ \{\{p+¨ \{\{p+¨| l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî | 10 p{ @x{m{p+¨
Actually I am cheating here. I did not make out this total
pattern in one attempt.
p{¨¨=b{¨ k{ m{ d{ k{ k{ m{ p{ Q{^}n N¾ztp+¨ nzR¨p{¦N¢ \{ @ñ Q{¨m{¨p{¦N¢ \{p+¨ @ñ m}u}d{¨. A _{m{¨p}_{ T{b{¨p{Z|ðN¢ ù¹o²d{ ÛQÀ*eâ Q} T¶u}d{¨.
k{ m{ d{ k{ k{ m{ p{U I I U I U I I I U I I U I I U I U I U\}=\{\{ \}=\{ \}d+ \{\{\{ \{=\{\{ \{=\{\{ \{=\{\{p+¨ \{\{p+¨
\}=\{\{ \}=\{ \}=\{ \{\{\{p+¨ \{\{\{p+¨ \{\{\{p+¨ \{\{p+¨ \{\{p+¨
l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî N{¨b{m}öâd{ Ñu}d}ðN¢ natural Q} break p{Ðzt¨=b¢.
This is somewhat similar to the musician stressing a syllable
at the beginning of a _}w{p+¨ cycle.
Bze¦Õ\{¨ ¹±e zeb{Úp+¨ C pattern N¢ @^¨Q{¨^=Q} T{b¢ø T{ª\{=\¢ l{¨î Ñu}d{p+¨
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correct Q} p{Ðzt¨=b¾ m}b¾!!
\}=\{\{ \}=\{ \}=\{ \{\{\{p+¨ \{\{\{p+¨ \{\{\{p+¨ \{\{p+¨ \{\{p+¨
k{=\{d{ õp{¨¨ \}Ðm{ Vd{ j}d+ c{p{¦ b{¨ÈW+ p{n j} ^ _{ª ^ N¾b{=\{ N{ w} Ûze ze=T{ k{¨V _}d+ \{p{ N¥m+ îN¢ m} p{¨ p{¨© Ðm¢N¢d+m²=\{p{ u}Z¡ ¹b²p{ ø¨N{ o¶ \{d{¨T{¨d+ N{\{ Q{Z+ Z¡ k¶ m¢N}\}=\{\{ \}=\{ \}=\{ ðd{b{p+¨ i¨ nW|p+¨ \{p{¨¨ ðp+¨ \{ p{¨_+ _{ p¶b{=\{p{¨¨ d²N¢Á T}Z³ b{d{¨ b} q{m{a¥ N{m{¨^} zel²© ðc¥
zeb}ÚðÔ Bo| øm¢ç m}~td{=b{¨N{¨, T{b{p{ p{¨=Z¨d{Ô=b{¨N{¨ x{ø¨=T}ö.N}ñ KN{ u}m¢ d{\{N{ @np}Z¨ @l¨_¶ Bo| øm{p{N{¨=\}d¶ zgo|d} p{¬Ð_{p+¨@ð Q{¨Ðm¢=T{ p{T{¨Æ.
C pattern Bo|Q¶ D=\}nð N}ñ, "\}=\{\{" o¶ p}\}nð N}ñ Iù¨ o¶b{¨.ù¨N{¨ d{çÆd{ÞZ¨Q} m}zt¨N¼ð, zeb}ÚöÔ T{b{p{Zp+¨ practice T¶l{¨ p{T{¨Æ.Just make sure that you get a natural pause at the l{¨î Ñu}d{p+¨.
E.g. using _{ d{ d{ ... D_{Õnp{¨|n can also be written as
_}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ d}
Bo| D_{Õnp{¨|n Ûp}~td{ _{m{¨p}_{ natural Q} T{=zeN{p{¨|n try T¶u}d{¨.And stumbled upon another interesting fact. There is NO difference
between the two patterns, except for the initial Q{¨m{¨p{¦ (U) of D_{Õnp{¨|n becoming two nzR¨p{¦n¨ (I I) in T{=zeN{p{¨|n.
On further investigation I realized that the p{¬Ð_}n¨ of T{=b{zt¨âhave been grouped into pairs such that the beginning Q{¨m{¨p{¦ (U) of one is made into 2 nzR¨p{¦n¨ (II) in the other, the l{¨î Ñu}d{p+¨remaining the same.
The co - p{¬Ð_{p+¨ of D_{Õnp{¨|n is T{=zeN{p{¨|n.
So while D_{Õnp{¨|n is
_}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ d}
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T{=zeN{p{¨|n ( d{ V k{ V V V m{ )is
_{d{ d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ d}| l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî | 11 p{ @x{m{p+¨
(for the Doubting Thomases :-) :-
d{ V k{ V V V m{ I I I I U I U I I I U I I U I I U I U I U _{d{d{ d{_}d{ _}d{_{ d{d}_{ d{d}_{ d{d}_{ d}_{d} | l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî | 11 p{ @x{m{p+¨
)
the yati sthAnaM is not disturbed.
Similarly the patterns for p{¨Ð_¶k{p+¨ and q}Òm{ªnp+¨ are :
u}Òm{ªnp+¨ : p{¨ zt V zt _{ _{ Q{
\{=\{=\{p+¨ \{\{ \{=\{ \{=\{ \{\{\{p+¨ \{=\{=\{ \{=\{=\{ \{p+¨
p{¨Ð_¶k{p+¨ : zt k{ m{ d{ p{¨ l{¨ p{
\{\{ \{=\{p+¨ \{\{ \{=\{ \{=\{ \{\{\{p+¨ \{=\{=\{ \{=\{=\{ \{p+¨
Again the co-vRttAs p{¨Ð_{N¾N¢n and _{m{np+¨ are :
p{¨Ð_{N¾N¢n : m{ zt V V k{ m{
p{¨Ð_{ N¾N¢n p{¨Ð_{ N¾N¢n p{¨Ð_{ N¾N¢n N¾N¢o|
_}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d}
_{m{np+¨ : d{ k{ m{ zt V V Q{
_{d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d}
So I made myself out these patterns and started reading poems
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breaking the syllables according to these patterns I made.
Thus I can now recognise whether or not a zeb{Ú f}b{p+¨ is "CandO" tically correct by testing it against the pattern as I
read it.
I am not saying that this is the only method to gain mastery over
padya naDaka but this is the one I discovered. I would like to
know if anybody else made a conscious effort like I did (or were
they fortunate enough to develop a feel for the poems without any
such conscious effort ?) and if so what technique they used.
If you liked this I will write next time about the other metres -
£tzt, Q¥_{, @=b+ N{=b{ .
Thanks for y’alls attention.
--
q{=N{m{p+¨
_²n¨Q{¨ U{=b{zt¨â - 101 N¼=_{ N{ø_}p¶q{= N{öQ¢, zeb}Ún¨ m}l{¨|nd{¨N¼=Z¨d{Ô p{¨| T²Þo²n¨, _{d{N{¨ _²n¨Q{¨ U{=b{zt¨â øp{m¢Ðztª DÐ_{m{= m}l{¨p{¨=b¢. d}N{¨ Q{¨Ðm{¨d{Ô=_{ p{m{N{¨ U{=b{zt¨â ztªÛ_}nð, d¶d{¨ zeb}Ún d{\{N{ d¶m{¨ÆN¼d{Ô ïm{¨d{©, ztø¨Ùý_{= T¶~t KN{ çd{Ô p}Úzt= m}l{¨|nd{Ô d} çm{N}n N¾m¢N{ Bo| ïm¢=b¢.
Bb¢ m}l{¨Z=o¾ p²¨¨Ð_{=Q} d} ÊW|zeN{q{ÐN¢ ¹±ed¶ Ac}m{zeÍ\}d{¨. @=b{¨p{Þn B=b{¨o¾ N¼ðÔ _{ze¦Õn¨ b¼Þm¢ D=\{ p{T{¨Æ. @l¨d}, Dd{Ô _{ze¦Õn¨ "l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî p{Ãm}n¨", "N{=b{ zeb{Ú= ztªÛ_}n¨" @d¶ @=q}Þo¾d¶ @ð d} d{p{¨ÙN{=. ù¨N{¨ C p}Úzt=o¾ N{ð~e=çd{ b¾s}n¨, p{¨¨Ûb} m}x{u}n¨ ztzv¬b{l{¨_{_¾ d}N{¨ _²öl{¨ zem¢Ðµt, b¢Òb{¨N{¨=Z|d{¨.
BÞZ¨
k{p{b¥l{¨¨\{¨,
zt=N} m}p{¨N{¬Ïzr
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(m{â=N{Dzt.d²_+)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------nzR¨p{¦: IN{ p{¨|Û_} N}n=o¾ DT{Æm¢=T{ i\¶b¢ nzR¨p{¦. b¥ð Q{¨Ðm{¨ "C". u}c}m{^=Q} Ûzvu}ßn¨ nzR¨p{¦np{¦_}l¨. C C C C Db}: _{, d{, b¢ß, ÞN{
Q{¨m{¨p{¦: b¢ß p{¨|Û_} N}n=o¾ DT{Æm¢=T{ i\¶b¢ Q{¨m{¨p{¦. b¥ð Q{¨Ðm{¨ "E". u}c}m{^=Q} b¥Äm}n¨ Q{¨m{¨p{¦np{¦_}l¨. E E E E E Db}: N¾, zt=, ¹N², o|, l²¨o+
Q{¨m{¨, nzR¨ ðÏm{l{¨= T¶µtZze¦Õ\{¨ u}c}m{^=Q} ¹±e Db}zvm{^no¾T{ª~eÕd{ËZ¨ @x{m}n ¹±ed{ p}Z¡ Q{¨Ðm{¨n¨=T{¨_}m{¨.
zt=l{¨¨ÐN}x{m}n¨ (Db}: Û_{, ÞN{¨ p{=Z¡ø), b¢ß_}ßn¨ (Db}: Ð_{, ze¦Õ p{=Z¡ø)p{¨¨=b{¨ p{¦d{Ô @x{m}ðÔ Q{¨m{¨p{¦d{¨ T¶Ðu}l¨.
Db}: "ø¨Û_{" @d¶ zeb{=o¾ ø\¢Q} T{ªÐµt "ø¨" ð nzR¨p{¦Q} Q{¨Ðm¢=çd}"Û_{" @d¶ zt= l{¨¨ÐN}x{m{= p{¨¨=b{¨ D=\{Z= p{nd{ @b¢ Q{¨m{¨p{p{¦_{¨=b¢.
@o|Q¶ "_{ze¦Õ" @d¶ zeb{=o¾ "ze¦Õ" @d¶ b¢ß_}ßx{m{= p{¨¨=b{¨ D=\{Z=p{nd{ "_{" Q{¨m{¨p{¦ @p{¦_{¨=b¢.
C ztªÛ_}ðN¢ N}m{^= "ø¨Û_{", "_{ze¦Õ" @d¶ zeb}nd{¨ DT{Æm¢=T¶Zze¦Õ\{¨ "ø¨_+ m{", "_{*e ze¦" Q} øð~e=T{Z= N}p{T{¨Æ.
E C E C @=b{¨p{Þn ø¨Û_{ _{ze¦Õ @ð Q{¨Ðm¢=T}ö.
Q{^}n¨: Ûzeî zeb{Ú m¥îN¥ KN{ øúËzr¹p²¨d{ nl{¨ p{¦=Z¨=b¢. A nl{¨d{¨ Q{¨m{¨p{¦, nzR¨p{¦n pattern _¾ ztªç=T{ p{T{¨Æ. @l¨_¶ C nl{¨d{¨ zt¨nk{=Q}
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ztªç=T{Z= N¾zt= N¼ðÔ u}p{¨d{Ú¹p²¨d{ Q{¨m{¨p{¦, nzR¨p{¦ combinations ð "Q{^}n¨"Q} Im{Õm{T}m{¨. u}c}m{^=Q} KN{ Q{^=o¾ p{¨©\{¨ @x{m}n¨ p{¦=Z|l¨.
l{¨: C E E k{: E C C p{ : C E (b¥ðð nQ{= @ð N{ª\} @=Z|m{¨) m{: E C E V: C E C zv : E C _{: E E C zt: C C E n : C p{¨: E E E d{: C C C Q{ : E
C Q{^}nð Q{¨Ðm{¨ ±eËZ¨N¾p{\}ðN¢ m²=\{¨ çZ|Án¨d}Ôl¨.
1. C d}n¨Q{¨ ztªÛ_}nð N{=[{Ñzt= T²l{¨Ú=\¢: @) Ab¢ p{¨c{Ú @=_{Ú nzR¨p{¦n¨ - l{¨ m{ _{ - n¨ A) Ab¢ p{¨c{Ú @=_{Ú Q{¨m{¨p{¦n¨ - k{ V zt - n¨ B) ztm{ß nzR¨p{¦ - d{ - Q{^= C) ztm{ß Q{¨m{¨p{¦ - p{¨ - Q{^=
p²¨¨b{Z¡ m²=\{¨ ztªÛ_}nd{¨ Bo| @d{ßl¨=T{¨N¾p}ö: Ab¢ nzR¨p{¦ l{¨ Q{^= : C E E (@=Z· p²¨¨b{Z¡ @x{m{= nzR¨p{¦ - ø¨Q{_} m²=\{© Q{¨m{¨p{¦nð @Ñm{=) p{¨c{Ú nzR¨p{¦ m{ Q{^= : E C E @=_{Ú nzR¨p{¦ _{ Q{^= : E E C @o|Q¶ Ab¢ Q{¨m{¨p{¦ k{ Q{^= : E C C p{¨c{Ú Q{¨m{¨p{¦ V Q{^= : C E C @=_{Ú Q{¨m{¨p{¦ zt Q{^= : C C E
2. B=N¼N{ zeÓb{î Iø¨Z=Z· "l{¨ p{¨| _} m} V k} d{ zt n Q{=" @d¶ phrase ð N{=[{Ñzt= T²l{¨ÚZ=.
B=b{¨o¾ Bze¦Õ\{¨ I Q{^= N}p}n=Z· A @x{m{= b{ÃQ{m{ p²¨¨b{n¨ ±eËZ¡ p{¨©\{¨ @x{m}nd{¨ ïzt¨N¼ð nzR¨p{¦ Q{¨m{¨p{¦n¨ Q{¨Ðm¢=T}ö.
Db}: l{¨ Q{^= : "l{¨ p{¨| _}" @=Z· C E E@o|Q¶ zt Q{^= : "zt n Q{=" @=Z· C C E
ù¨N{¨ I zeÓb{î _¶öN{Q} @ð~eеt A zeÓb{îð @d{¨ztm¢=T{ p{T{¨Æ.
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l{¨î - Ûf}zt:
_²n¨Q{¨ N}p}Úno¾ Dzel²©Q¢=T¶ zeb{Ú m¥_{¨Þo¾ T}o| p{m{N{¨ zt=ztÁ¬_{= d{¨=ç b¢Q{¨p{¨î T¶zt¨N¼d{Ô p{¬Ð_{ m¥_{¨o¶. "D_{Õnp{¨|n", "T{=zeN{p{¨|n", "p{¨Ð_¶k{=", "q}Òm{ªn=" ùZ¡o¾ Ûzep{¨¨O¹p²¨d{ø. @l¨_¶ _²n¨Q{¨N{¨ Ûze_¶ÚN{¹p²¨d{ zeb{Ú m¥_{¨n¨ o¶N{ f½o¶b{¨. @T{Æ=Q} _²n¨Q{¨N{¨ T²=b¢d{ø "N{=b{=", "£tzt=", "Q¥_{ zeb}Ún¨ : _¶ZQ¥î - AZp²nb¢".
@l¨_¶ Bo| zt=ztÁ¬_{= d{¨=\¢ ÛQ{~v=çd{ p{¬Ð_}nd{¨ N{ª\}, _²n¨Q{¨ _{d{ Ûze_¶ÚN{_{nd{¨ Af}b¢=T¶ £tßN{m¢=ç=b¢. zt=ztÁ¬_{ p{¬Ð_}nN{¨ _²n¨Q{¨ T¶m¢Æd{ øq¶s}n¨ "l{¨î", "Ûf}zt" ðl{¨p{¨|n¨.
l{¨î: l{¨î @=Z· øm}p{¨= @ð @Ñm{=. nl{¨iÓb{¹p²¨d{ zeb{Ú d{\{N{o¾ ztzvV=Q} p{T¶Æ pause (øm}p{¨=) ð l{¨î Ñu}d{= @=Z|m{¨. _²n¨Q{¨ zeb}Úno¾ C l{¨î Ñu}d{=o¾ D=\¶ @x{m{= f}b{= p²¨¨b{Z¡ @x{m{=_¾ "l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî" o¾ D=\}nd¶b¢ ðl{¨p{¨=.
C ÛN¢=b¢ @x{m{ p{Ãm}no¾ KN{ p{Ãm{=o¾ð @ðÔ @x{m}nª zem{ztÕm{= l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûîo¾ D=Z|l¨.1. @, A, J, M, zv, l{¨, @=, @> 2. B, C, H, I, F3. D, E, K, L 4. N{, O, Q{, zR, Y, x{ 5. T{, U{, V, m{X, q{, zr, zt, S6. Z, [{, \{, ]{, ^ 7. _{, a{, b{, c{, d{ 8. ze, zg, i, k{, p{¨, p{ 9. ^, d{ 10. m{, y, n, w{ zvÞn¨n l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî f}Z¡=T¶Zze¦Õ\{¨ p}Z¡_¾ N{ª\¢d{ @T{¨ÆnN{¨ N{ª\} l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî f}Z¡=T}ö. @=Z·: "T{", "V" KN¶ l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî p{Ãm{=o¾ Dd}Ô "T{" N¢ "ë" _¾ ¹p²¨Ûî N{¨b{m{b{¨.
zt=l{¨¨ÐN}x{m}n¨ p{çÆd{ T¾Z, l{¨î N¾zt= I @x{m}¹d²Ôd} Q{^¡=T{p{T{¨Æ.Db}: "ÛN¼" p²¨¨b{Z¡ @x{m{= @d{¨N¾=\¢. l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî N¾zt= b¥ðÔ "N¼" Q} Q}ñ "m¼" Q} Q}ñ k}ø=T{ p{T{¨Æ.
Ûf}zt:
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zeb{Ú f}b{=o¾ð m²=\¾ @x{m}ðÔ Ûf}u}x{m{= @=Z|m{¨. _²n¨Q{¨o¾ p{¬Ð_}no¾, N{=b{ zeb{Ú=o¾ @ðÔ f}b}no¾ Ûf}u}x{m{= KN{ÁZ· D=\}nd¶b¢ ðl{¨p{¨=. Ûf}u}x{m{= @ðÔ f}b}no¾d{© KN¶ Q{¨^¡=_{=o¾ D=\{d{N{Ám{o¶b{¨.
p{¨¨=b{¨ p{¨¨=b{¨ øp{m¢=T{j¾l¶¨ zeb{Úm¥_{¨n Db}zvm{^no¾ C ðl{¨p{¨|nd{¨ Q{p{¨ð=T{ p{T{¨Æ.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------p{¬Ð_}n¨
D_{Õnp{¨|nC p{¬Ð_{= d{\{N{ Bo| D=Z¨=b¢:
"_}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _}" | l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî | 10 p{ @x{m{= _¾
b¥ðð p{¨©\{¨ p{¨©\{¨ @x{m}n¨Q} øk{ë=ç Q{^}n¨ Q{¨Ðm¢Ðµt
k{ m{ d{ k{ k{ m{ p{E C C E C E C C C E C C E C C E C E C E_}d{d{ _}d{ _} d{ _{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _} d{ _}
@=Z· D_{Õnp{¨|n p{¬Ð_{=o¾ "k{ m{ d{ k{ k{ m{ p{" Q{^}n¨ p{Ðu}l¨10 p{ @x{m{= _¾ l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî @ð T²zeÕp{T{¨Æ.
Db}: (b¥ðð - ù¨N{¨ _²ö~td{ B_{m{ D_{Õnp{¨|n zeb}Únd{¨ - ¹±ed{ T²~eÕd{ d{\{N{ ïm{¨o¾ T{b{p{Z= @np}Z¨ T¶zt¨N¼=Z· zeb}Ún¨ I p{¬Ð_}ðN¢ T²=b¢d{p¾ Q{¨Ðm¢=T{Z=, zeb{Ú= N{=[{Ñzt= T¶l{¨Z=, m}l{¨Z= zt¨n¨p{p{¦_{¨=b¢)
_¼=\{p{¨¨ d¶N{ b{=_{p{¨¨d{¨ _¾m{ze¦ j¼ÈVl{¨¨ p}p{¨ zvÐztp{¨¨d+p²¨=\{¨Q{ Ûp²©l{¨¨ Q{ÈW³n¨d{¨ p²¨Þnð T{ªze¦n¨ p{¨=b{üztp{¨¨d+N¼=\¼N{ Q{¨Èí m{ªzep{¨¨d{ N¾m¢d{ øb{ÚnN²Þn d¼ÈV¹p²l{¨¨=\²\¢ f}m{ßï _{d{l{¨ l²©l¨ Q{^}c¢ze ñN{¨ Ûp²¨¨N²Áb{d+
¹±e zeb{Ú=o¾ p²¨¨b{Z¡ f}b}ðÔ D_{Õnp{¨|nN¢ ztªç=çd{ d{\{N{ ÛzeN}m{=
Page 10
N¼=T²= ø\{ b¥~t m}еt:
_}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ d}_¼=\{p{¨¨ d¶N{ b{=_{ p{¨¨d{¨ _¾m{ze¦ j¼ÈVl{¨¨ p}p{¨ zvÐzt p{¨¨d+
T{ªq}m} C zeb{Ú=o¾ zeb}n @ÞöN{ p{¨d{= m}zt¨N{¨d{Ô d{\{N{N¢ H=_{ b{ÃQ{m{Q} D=b¾?!(C zeb{Ú= Db}zvm{^Q} ïzt¨N¾p{\}ðN¢ Bb¼N{ N}m{^=!) @ðÔ zeb}ÚÞo¾ B=_{ b{ÃQ{m{ N{nl¨N{ D=\{N{f½p{T{¨Æ. C zeb{Ú=o¾d¶ d}n¨Q¾ f}b{= T{ª\{=\¢:
_}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ d}l{¨¨=\²\¢ f}m{ß ï_{ d{l{¨ l²©l¨Q{ ^}c¢ze ñN{¨ Ûp²¨¨N²Á b{d+
zeb}n øm{¨ze¦ N¼=T²= @ztzvV=Q} D=Z¨=b¢. @l¨d} zeb}Ún d{\{N{ zeËZ¨i\}n=Z· N¼=_{ N}n= zeb}Únð Bo| T{b{p{N{ _{zeÕb{¨. d{\{N{ N¼=_{ zeËZ¨ çN}ÁN{ Bo| øm{p{N{¨=\}d¶ zeb}ÚðÔ T{b{p{T{¨Æ.
B=N¾ Q{p{¨ð=T{ b{ÃQ{ øq¶zr= Iø¨Z=Z·, p{¨d{= m}zt¨N¼d{Ô d{\{N{o¾, m²=\¾ u}m¢ "_}d{d{" p{T¶Æ p{¨¨=b{¨ N¼=T²= pause p{çÆ "_}d{d{" _}w{=o¾ b²i× o|Q} p{¨=ç Eze¦_¾ p{Ðzt¨=b¢. C _}d{d{ o¾ "_}" l{¨î Ñu}d{= N}p{Z= l{¨|b{¬çÇN{= N}b{¨. T²f»ÕT¶Æb¶ø¨Z=Z· zeb}ÚðÔ p{¨d{= m}zt¨N{¨d{Ô d{\{N{o¾ T{b¢ø_¶ l{¨î Ñu}d{= b}d{=_{Zb¶ _²n¨Ðzt¨=b¢ - @x{m}n¨ o²N¶Ázt¨N¾p{n~td{ zeð o¶b{¨.
Bze¦Õ\{¨ formal Q} Q{^øk{Vd{ T¶~t T{ªÒb}=:
k{ m{ d{ k{ k{ m{ p{ E C C | E C E |C C C|E C C | E C C|E C E| C E N¼=\¼N{ Q{¨Èí m{ªzep{¨¨d{ N¾m¢d{ øb{ÚnN²Þn d¼ÈV¹p²
"b¢ß_{ß= / zt= l{¨¨ÐN{= p{¨¨=b{m{ @x{m}nd{¨ Q{¨m{¨p{¦ T¶Ðu}l¨" @d¶ ztªÛ_{= p{Þn "Q{¨Èí", "øb{Ú", "N²Þn", "d¼ÈV" nd{¨ "E C" Q} Q{¨Ðm{¨ ±eËZ|p{¨¨.
Ûf}zt @ðÔ f}b}no¾d{© ò=b{¨ ze«m{ßN{ "\{" ztm¢f½l¨=b¢.
l{¨î : 1p{ @x{m{= "N¼=" - "N¾" 10p{ @x{m{= ztm¢f½l¨=b¢.
T{b{¨p{m{¨n¨ @ðÔ f}b}nd{© Bo|Q¶ øk{ë=ç ztm¢ T{ªzt¨N¾p{T{¨Æ.d{\{N{ ÛzeN}m{= T{b{¨p{¦_{ª l{¨î Ñu}d}ðÔ Q{¨Ðm¢=T{\{=, zeb{Ú=o¾
Page 11
@ðÔ Q{^}nª ztm¢Q} N{¨b¢m¢=b¥ o¶ðb¥ N{ð±eËZZ= u}c{d{ T¶l{¨|ö. zeb{Ú=o¾ @N{Á\{N{Á\} @x{m}nð p{b¢ö HN{Á\{ zeb{Ú= d{\{N{ _{~eÕ=b¥ Q{¨Ðm¢=T{\{= zeb{Ú d{\{N{ @np{\{Z=o¾ p{¨=ç u}c{d{ðÐzt¨=b¢.
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T{=zeN{p{¨|n
Bb¢ D_{Õnp{¨|nN¢ ztzv-p{¬Ð_{= @ð T²zeÕp{T{¨Æ. b¥ðN¥ D_{Õnp{¨|nN¥ Dd{Ô KN{ÁZ· _¶\} I=BZ=Z· D_{Õnp{¨|no¾ð p²¨¨b{Z¡ Q{¨m{¨p{¦, T{=zeN{p{¨|no¾ m²=\{¨ nzR¨p{¦np{¦_{¨=b¢.
@=Z· D_{Õnp{¨|n d{\{N{ "_}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _}" @l¨_¶ | l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî | 10 p{ @x{m{= _¾
T{=zeN{p{¨|n d{\{N{ "_{d{ d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _}" | l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî | 11 p{ @x{m{= _¾
(zrm}: ù¨N¢Ëzr¹p²¨_¶ b¥d¶Ô "c¢m{d{d{ c¥= d{ _¾= d{ d{d{ c¥= _{N{ _¾= _{N{ c¢N{¨Á c¢N{¨Á c}" @ñ m}zt¨(d¶m{¨Æ)N¾p{T{¨Æ)
C d{\{N{d{¨ N{ª\} p{¨©\{¨ p{¨©\{¨ @x{m}n¨Q} øk{ë=ç Q{^}n¨ Q{¨Ðm¢Ðµt
d{ V k{ V V V m{ C C C C E C E C C C E C C E C C E C E C E _{d{d{ d{ _}d{ _}d{ _{ d{ _}d{ d{ _}d{ d{ _}d{ _}d{ d}
Z©N¥Q} T²f}Õn=Z·: T{=zeN{p{¨|n o¾ 4 f}b}no¾d{© "d{ V k{ V V V m{" Q{^}n¨ p{Ðu}l¨, 11p{ @x{m{=_¾ l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî.
Db}: @n¨Q{¨Z l¶¨ l²¨y¨=Q{ð p{¨ü p{¨~v_}_{¨Ù\{W|_{ q{_{¬p¶ l{¨öQ¢d{ d}\{¨ u}Q{m{p{¨¨nðÔl{¨¨ d¶N{p{¨¨ N}N{ f½p{¦ N{ Ïm{¨n¨ zeb¢p¶p{¦¹m²d{ d{ð d¼Ð_{¨m{¨ T{Ð_{¨m{¨ m}V m}V d} zen¨N{¨n øq{ß~t=ze¦p{¨¨ øzed{¨Ôn d}Ðm{¨n Q}p{¦p²¨Þo²\{d+
Page 12
(Bb¢ îm{¨zeî p¶=N{Z N{p{¦n "f}=\{p¾b¾ÚQ{ øVl{¨|n¨" o¾ðb¢. NÀm{p{ ztk{o¾ m}l{¨j}m{ zt=b{m{Ø=o¾ N{¬Ïzr¨\{¨ c{¬_{m}ËÛzr¨ð_¾ T²~eÕd{b¢.)
¹±e zeb}ÚðÔ T{=zeN{p{¨|nN¢ T²~eÕd{ d{\{N{o¾ T{b{¨p{¦N¼ð ztm¢Q} Dd{Ôb¾ o¶b¾ T{ªzt¨N¾=\¢. A _{m{¨p}_{ @ðÔ f}b}nd{© Q{^ øk{Vd{ T¶~t Q{^}n¨ ztm¢f½l{¨|l²© o¶b¾ Q{p{¨ð=T{=\¢.
Ûf}u}x{m{= : n (d}n¨Q{¨ f}b}no¾ p{m{¨ztQ} "n¨, ö, n¨, n¨") l{¨î: (p²¨¨b{Z¡ @x{m}ðN¥ 11p{ @x{m}ðN¥ T{ªÐµt: ) 1. "@" -- "ü" 2. "l{¨" -- "n" Bø m²=\{¨ N{ª\} ðW|ðN¢ KN{ l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî p{Ãm}ðN¢ T²=b¢d{ø N}p{¦. N}ñ Q{p{¨ð=ç T{ªÐµt Bø m²=\{© zt=c¢ p{Þn p{¨|m{¨m{ªze=o¾ Dd{Ô "@" n¨. "l{¨öQ¢d{" = "l+¨ + @öQ¢d{" , "nðÔl{¨¨" = "n¨ + @ðÔl{¨¨" N}iËZ¡ l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî "@" -- "@" N¢ ztm¢f½l¨=b¢. 3. "Ïm{¨" -- "d¼" "Ïm{¨" o¾ð "^¨" ÛQ{~vеt l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî _¶öN{Q} N{ð~eÐzt¨=b¢. Q{p{¨ð=T{b{ÃQ{ øzrl{¨= Iø¨Z=Z· "^" N¢ "d{" N¢ ¹p²¨Ûî N{¨b{m{Zp¶¨ N}N{, p}Z¡ð @=Z¡ Dd{Ô @T{¨Æn¨ "D" N¢ "K" N¥ N{ª\} ¹p²¨Ûî N{¨b¢m¢=b¢. 4. "ze" -- "ze"
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q}Òm{ªn= b¥ð d{\{N{: "_}d} _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _{d{d} _}d}d{ _}d}d{ d}" | l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî | 13 p{ @x{m{=
B=N¾ m{N{=Q} m}еt: "_{Ób¢Ð_¾= _{N{ _¾= d{ _¾= d{ c¢m{d} _{Ób¢N{¨Á _{Ób¢N{¨Á _}" | l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî | 13 p{ @x{m{=
Q{^ øk{Vd{ T¶Ðµt
p{¨ zt V zt _{ _{ Q{ E E E C C E C E C C C E E E C E E C E _}d} _} d{d{ _} d{ _}d{ _{d{d} _}d}d{ _}d}d{ d}
Z©N¥Q}: q}Òm{ªn= zeb{Ú= 4 f}b}no¾
Page 13
"p{¨ zt V zt _{ _{ Q{" @d¶ Q{^}n¨ p{Ðu}l¨. 13p{ @x{m{=_¾ l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî.
Db}: V=\}¹±e N{~e m}í p{¨¨=b{¨ ~t_{ p}ëÛq¶^¡ðd+ Q{ªm¢Æ d¶ b{=\{=i¨d+ Q¼ð b¾n¨ ztÚ=b{d{p{¨¨ ù¨b{d+ d}m¢ u}m¢=T{¨T{¨d+ Q}=\¥p{p{¨¨Ù c{m¢=ç zgÃn¨^¨\{¨ p{¨©N{= W³=\{¨ T{¨d{Ôze¦Õ \¼ N{Á=\{¨ñÔ p²¨¨m{ d}nN¢=ze\{¨ N{¨m{¨x}Ù d}a{ zt=c¢=zeQ}d+
(C zeb{Ú= N{ª\} "f}=\{p¾b¾ÚQ{ øVl{¨|n¨" o¾ m}l{¨j}m{ zRËZ=o¾ðb¶) b¥ðð d{\{N{ d{d{¨ztm¢=ç T{b{p{Z=, Q{^ øk{Vd{, l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî Q{¨Ðm¢=T{Z= T{b{¨p{m{¨nN{¨ @k}Úzt= N¢=b{ p{b¢ö ±e\{¨_{¨d}Ôd{¨!
Ûf}zt øzrl{¨=o¾ p{¨|Û_{= m²=\{¨ çd{Ô øzrl{¨|n¨ ztªçÐu}d{¨. 1. f}b{=o¾ p²¨¨b{Z¡ @x{m{=o¾ Q{d{N{ zt¨d}Ô p{еt, b}ðN¢ N{ª\} Ûf}zt ðl{¨p{¨p+¨ p{Ðm¢Ðzt¨=b¢. @=Z· p²¨¨b{Z¡ f}b{=o¾ p²¨¨b{Z¡ @x{m{= Q{d{¨N{ ò=b{¨ ze«m{ßN{¹p²¨d{¹b²_¶ ø¨Q{_} p{¨©\{¨ f}b}no¾ð p²¨¨b{Z¡ @x{m}n¨ N{ª\} ò=b{¨ l{¨¨ÐN{¹p²¨d{p¶ @l¨ D=\}ö. (C ztªÛ_{= D_{Õnp{¨|nN¢ BçÆd{ Db}zvm{^o¾ T{ª\{ p{T{¨Æ.)2. p²¨¨b{Z¡ f}b{=o¾ Ûf}u}x{m{= Q{d{¨N{ zt= l{¨¨ÐN{=, b¢ß_{ß=, o¶N{ f»\¢ @x{m{¹p²¨_¶ @ðÔ f}b}no¾d{© @o|Q¶ zt= l{¨¨ÐN{= , b¢ß_{ß=, f»\¢ @x{m{= Q}d¶ D=\}ö.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------p{¨Ð_¶k{=
Bb¢ q}Òm{ªo|ðN¢ "ztzv-p{¬Ð_{=". ðW|ðN¢ T}o| p{¬Ð_}n¨ Bo| V=ZQ} D=Z|l¨. KN{ b}ð p²¨¨b{Z¡ Q{¨m{¨p{¦ m²=\¾ b}ðo¾ m²=\{¨ nzR¨p{¦np{¦_{¨=b¢.
@=b{¨ p{Þn b¥ð d{\{N{: "_{d{d} _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _{d{d} _}d}d{ _}d}d{ d}" | l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî | 14 p{ @x{m{=
B=N¾ m{N{=Q} m}еt: "_{N{ c¢Ð_¾= _{N{ _¾= d{ _¾= d{ c¢m{d} _{Ób¢N{¨Á _{Ób¢N{¨Á _}" | l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî | 14 p{ @x{m{=
Q{^ øk{Vd{ T¶Ðµt
zt k{ m{ d{ p{¨ l{¨ p{ C E E E C C E C E C C C E E E C E E C E
Page 14
_{d{d} _}d{d{ _}d{ _} d{ _{d{ d} _}d} d{ _}d} d{ d}
Z©N¥Q}: p{¨Ð_¶k{= zeb{Ú= 4 f}b}no¾ "zt k{ m{ d{ p{¨ l{¨ p{" @d¶ Q{^}n¨ p{Ðu}l¨. 14p{ @x{m{=_¾ l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî.
Db}: @n ¹p²N{¨=[{ ze¦m{=i¨o¾ d{Q{m¢o¾ d} p{¨©n u¿c{=i¨ b} zen p{¨=b}m{ p{d}_{m}p{¨¬_{ ztm{> Ûf}=_¶=b{¨ N}=_¾zeo¾ _{Õn zem{Ú=N{ m{p{¨| ød¾b¢ l{¨Q{¨ d}zed{Ô > Ûzeztd{¨Ô=\{¨ ø zvßn d}Q¶=Ûb{p{¨¨ f}~v f}~v l{¨d{ Q{¨l{¨|Úö=ç zt=m{=ô¹l²¨
(C zeb{Ú= f½_{d{ øm{ç_{ "Ûûp{¨b}=Ûc{ p{¨ük}Q{p{_{=" o¾ð Q{W·=Ûb{ p²©x{= zRËZ=o¾ðb¢)
b¥ðð d{\{N{ d{d{¨ztm¢=ç T{b{p{Z=, Q{^ øk{Vd{, l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî Q{¨Ðm¢=T{Z= T{b{¨p{m{¨nN{¨ @k}Úzt= N¢=b{ p{b¢ö ±e\{¨_{¨d}Ôd{¨!
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------B=N} T}o| m{N}n p{¬Ð_}n¨d}Ôl¨. N}ñ B=N¾ m²=\{¨ p{¨|Û_{= N¼=_{ Ûzep{¨¨O=Q} p}\{ iÍ\}l¨.
Bø "p{¨Ð_{N¾N¢n" , "_{m{np{¨¨" @d¶ V=Z p{¬Ð_}n¨.
p{¨Ð_{N¾N¢n d{\{N{ T}o| zt¨nk{=Q} p{¦=Z¨=b¢: "p{¨Ð_{ N¾N¢n p{¨Ð_{ N¾N¢n p{¨Ð_{ N¾N¢n N¾N¢o|" "_}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}" | l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî | 11 p{ @x{m{=
b¥ðo¾ Q{^}n¨ : "m{ zt V V k{ m{"
T{b{¨p{m{¨n¨ E~v=çd{ËZ· "_{m{np{¨¨" d{\{N{ "_{d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}" | l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî | 12 p{ @x{m{= b¥ðo¾ Q{^}n¨ : "d{ k{ m{ zt V V Q{"
p{¨Ð_{ N¾N¢n Q{^}n¨ m}~t T{ªÐµt @b¢ l²¨=_{ "symmetric" Q} D=b¾ @Ñm{p{¨p{¦_{¨=b¢. N¼=T²= d¶m{¨ÕQ} m}еt C p{¬Ð_{=o¾ "palindromes" m}l{¨ p{T{¨Æ!
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p{¬Ð_}n d{\{N{, Q{^}n¨, l{¨î Ñu}d{= D_{Õnp{¨|n _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _} k{ m{ d{ k{ k{ m{ p{ 10 T{=zeN{p{¨|n _{d{ d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _} d{ V k{ V V V m{ 11 q}Òm{ªn= _}d} _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _{d{d} _}d}d{ _}d}d{ d} p{¨ zt V zt _{ _{ Q{ 13 p{¨Ð_¶k{= _{d{d} _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _{d{d} _}d}d{ _}d}d{ d} zt k{ m{ d{ p{¨ l{¨ p{ 14 p{¨Ð_{N¾N¢n _}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _} m{ zt V V k{ m{ 11 _{m{np{¨¨ _{d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _} d{ k{ m{ zt V V Q{ 12
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------_²n¨Q{¨ zeb}Ún¨BN{ @T{Æ _²n¨Q{¨ zeb{Ú m¥_{¨nN{¨ p{еt p{¨¨=b{¨Q} N¼ðÔ N¼Ð_{ Q{^}n¨ d¶m{¨ÆN¾p{n~t D=Z¨=b¢. k{l{¨ze\{N{=\¢, Bø p{¨d{N{¨ zem¢T{l{¨¹p²¨d{ f}_{ Q{^}n d{¨=T¶ Im{ÕÍ\}l¨.
B=Ûb{ Q{^}n¨: d{n, d{Q{, ztn, k{, m{, _{ d{n : C C C Cd{Q{ : C C C Eztn : C C E C k{ : E C C m{ : E C E _{ : E E C
ztªm{Ú Q{^}n¨: Q{n, d{ Q{n : E C d{ : C C C
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£tzt zeb{Ú=
£tzt zeb}ÚðÔ KN¶ o|Q} D=\¶ d}n¨Q{¨ ±eÒb{ f}b}n¨Q} N}ñ (1, 1, 1, 1), C KN¾Á ±eÒb{ f}b}ðÔ m²=\{¨ çd{Ô f}b}n¨Q} (1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2) p²¨¨Ð_{= Hðø¨b¢ f}b}n¨Q} N}ñ øp{m¢=T{p{T{¨Æ. £tzt zeb{Ú=o¾ k}Q{= N}N{ f½l¨d} u}c}m{^=Q} £tzt zeb{Ú= _{m{¨p}_{ KN{ Q¥_{ zeb{Ú= ("AZp²nb¢" o¶b} "_¶ZQ¥î") p{Ðzt¨=b¢.
1. KN{ ±eÒb{ f}b{=o¾ p{m{¨ztQ} 6 B=Ûb{ Q{^}n¨, 2 ztªm{Ú Q{^}nª p{Ðu}l¨. 2. Ûf}zt ðl{¨p{¨= o¶b{¨. 3. l{¨î 1p{ Q{^=o¾ p²¨¨b{Z¡ @x{m}ðN¢ 3p{ Q{^=o¾ p²¨¨b{Z¡ @x{m{=_¾d{©,
Page 16
5p{ Q{^=o¾ p²¨¨b{Z¡ @x{m}ðN¢ 7p{ Q{^=o¾ p²¨¨b{Z¡ @x{m{=_¾d{© ¹p²¨Ûî N{¨b{m}ö. 4. Ûf}ztl{¨î D=\{ p{T{¨Æ. @=Z· ¹±e ztªÛ_{=o¾ T²~eÕd{ Q{^}no¾ p²¨¨b{Z¡ @x{m}nN{¨ l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî ib{¨n¨ m²=\¾ @x{m}n¨ Ûf}zt ðl{¨p{¨= f}Z¡Ðµt T}n¨ - @=Z· KN¶ @x{m{= @l¨ D=\}ö (I Q{¨^¡=_{¹p²¨d} ztm¶).
C @T{Æ _²d{¨Q{¨ zeb{Ú m¥_{¨no¾ OçÆ_{¹p²¨d{ Q{^}n¨ T²zeÕN{ f½p{Z= p{Þn @ðÔ zeb}Ún¨ (@=_²=b{¨N{¨ KN{ zeb{Ú=o¾ð @ðÔ f}b}nª) KN¶ nl{¨o¾ D=\{d{p{ztm{= o¶b{¨. N}ñ ùZ¡ nl{¨d{¨ Q{¨Ðm¢=T{\{= @=_{ N{Ëzr= N}b{¨. zeb}Ún¨ ¹±eN¢ T{b{¨p{¦_{ª D=Z· nl{¨ b}d{=_{Z @b¶ @p{Q{_{= @p{¦_{¨=b¢.
Db}: £t. o¾N}n èN{ÞZ¨ f½N}m{Õ m{øT{=Ûb{ b¥f}n¨ Q{Q{d}d{ ÛîzeÕo¶N{ VQ{î¹±e i\{p{T{¨Æ Vnm}ú N²m{Z|n¨ p{¨|p{¨©n¨ p¶¨m{N{¨ p{¨\{p{o¶N{ zeð p{¨|ö Ûzeîm¾í Ûf}^¡N¾Z¨n Q{¨=\² Q{\¢l{¨|m{p{¨¨n N¥n¨ N{b{zeo¶N{ @=b}n¨ ç=b{ ño|N}q{ p¶b¢¹±e T{¨N{Án Ûp{¨¨ÃQ{¨n¨ T²N{Áo¶N{
_¶.Q¥ H=_{ Ûq{p{¨ d¼=b{¨T{¨=Z¡p¾ l¶¨p²¨¨ u}ßø¨! @\{¨Q¢\¢î p²ÞZ¼ d¶\{¨ p{¨| Q{\{zeo¾d{; Q{¨=\² N{¨b¢ö=ç ñ p{¨¨=b{¨ N{¨zeÕp¾_{¨ @=b{¨N¾p{l{¨Ú zv¬b{l{¨ ze¦s}Õ=Vn¨nd{¨
(@ôd{p{ f½_{d{ - N{m{¨^Ûû - V=c}Ún f}zel{¨Ú q}#~t Q}m{¨ p{¨c{¨m{ p{¨c{¨m{=Q} k{Q{p{=_{¨ð N{m¢Õ=çd{ zv¬b{l{¨ ze¦s}Õ=Vö Bb¢!)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 _{ _{ _{ ztn _{ ztn Q{n Q{n E E C E E C E E C C C E C E E C C C E C E C E C o¾N}n èN{ÞZ¨ f½N}m{Õ m{øT{=Ûb{ b¥f}n¨ Q{Q{d}d{ ÛîzeÕo¶N{ |Ûf}ztl{¨î| | l{¨î|
¹±e Db}zvm{^o¾ Ûf}zt l{¨î Dd{Ô @x{m}nN{¨ Ûf}zt_¾ j}Z¨ l{¨î N{ª\} N{¨b¢m¢=b¢.Ûf}zt l{¨î @x{m}nN¢ l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî @p{ztm{= o¶b{¨. B=N¼N{ Db}zvm{d+’@ T{ª\{=\¢.
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d{Q{ ztn d{Q{ m{ d{n _{ d{ d{I I I U I I U I I I I U U I U I I I I U U I I I I I I I
N{öN¢ p²d²Ônnªm{¨ T{n¨p{ b¾~tw{ä_¾ n_{nN{¨ p{¨|m}N{¨ nîN¢ l{¨îN¢ |Ûf}zt l{¨î| |l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî|
BN{Á\{ Ûf}zt l{¨î Dd{Ôb¢ N}ñ "ö" N¢ "n¨" N¢ l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî o¶b{¨.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------_¶ZQ¥î - AZp²nb¢C m²=\{¨ zeb}Ún Q{^}nd{¨ KN{ AZp²nb¢ zeb{Ú=o¾ T²Ðf}m{¨:
ztªm{¨Ú\¼N{Ám{¨=\{¨ zt¨m{m}íöÒb{m{¨ b¢d{N{m{ b{ßl{¨=i¨ _¶ZQ¥î Bd{ Q{^ Û_{l{¨=i¨ B=Ûb{ b{ßl{¨=i¨ zv=zt ze=T{N{=i¨ AZp²nb¢
_¶ZQ¥î: @ðÔ f}b}no¾d{© 1 ztªm{Ú Q{^=, 2 B=Ûb{ Q{^}n¨, 2 ztªm{Ú Q{^}n¨ p{Ðu}l¨.
AZp²nb¢: 1,3 f}b}no¾ : 3 ztªm{Ú Q{^}n¨, 2 B=Ûb{ Q{^}n¨ 2,4 f}b}no¾ : 5 ztªm{Ú Q{^}n¨
Q¥_{ zeb}Ún¨ m²=\¢Z¡N¥ common ztªÛ_}n¨ 1. Ûf}zt ðl{¨p{¨= o¶b{¨ 2. l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî p²¨¨b{Z¡ Q{^=o¾ p²¨¨b{Z¡ @x{m}ðN¢, 4p{ Q{^=o¾ p²¨¨b{Z¡ @x{m}ðN¢ D=\}ö.3. Ûf}zt l{¨î D=\{p{T{¨Æ. p¶p{¨d{ zeb}Ún¨ @ñÔ AZ p²nb¢ zeb}Ún¨. ¹±ed{ Db{zvm¢=çd{ £tzt zeb{Ú= çp{m{ Dd{Ôb¢ KN{ _¶ZQ¥î zeb{Ú=.
_¶ZQ¥î - B=N¼N{ Db}zvm{^: îøm¢ Bzt¨p{¨¨d{ ¹_²n=i¨ ïl{¨ p{T{¨Æ, b{øö p{¨¬Q{_{¬Ïzro¾ ñm{¨ Û_}Q{ p{T{¨Æ, îm¢Q¢ N{¨=b¶Z¡ N¼p{¨¨Ù u}c¢=T{ p{T{¨Æ T¶m¢ p{¨©Âm{¨ð p{¨d{zt¨ m{=ë=ze m}b{¨
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(Bb¢ ¹±e\¢f}Z¡ "Id{¨Q{¨" nx{Ù^ N{ø _²ðQ¢=çd{ k{Ðm{¬zvm¢ zt¨k}~r_}n o¾ðb¢)
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N{=b{ zeb{Ú=
N{=b{ zeb{Ú= @=b{= B=_} @=_} N}b{¨. @î zt¨=b{m{¹p²¨d{ zeb{Ú m¥_{¨no¾ N{=b{= KN{Z¡.
1. N{=b{ zeb{Ú=o¾ "Q{Q{"(EE), "k{" (E C C), "V" (C E C), "zt"(C C E), "d{n" (C C C C) @d¶ Q{^}n¨ p{Ðu}l¨. Q{p{¨ðеt @ñÔ 4 p{¨|Û_{n¨ N{n Q{^o¶!
2. N{=b{=o¾ 1,3 f}b}no¾ 3 Q{^}n¨, 2,4 f}b}no¾ 5 Q{^}nª p{¦=Z|l¨.
3. j¶~t (@=Z· odd number) Q{^= "V" Q{^= N}m}b{¨. @=Z· 1,3 f}b}no¾ 1,3 Q{^}n¨, 2,4 f}b}no¾ 2,4 Q{^}n¨ "V" Q{^= N}N{ª\{b{¨.
4. 2,4 f}b}n @=_{=o¾ "Q{¨m{¨p{¦" D=\}ö. @=Z· C f}b}no¾ 5p{ Q{^= "Q{Q{" o¶b} "zt" @l¨ D=\}ö.
5. Ûf}zt ðl{¨p{¨= f}Z¡=T}ö. Ûf}ztl{¨î zeðN¢ m}b{¨.
6. l{¨î ¹p²¨Ûî 2,4 f}b}no¾ p²¨¨b{Z¡ @x{m}ðN¥, d}n¨Q¾ Q{^= p²¨¨b{Z¡ @x{m{=_¾ N{¨b{m}ö.
7. @ðÔ f}b}no¾ p²¨¨b{Z¡ @x{m}n¨ @ñÔ Ûzvu}ßn¨ Q}ð, @ñÔ b¥Äm}n¨ Q}ñ @l¨ D=\}ö.
8. 2,4 f}b}no¾ 3p{ Q{^= "V" N}ñ "d{n" N}ñ @l¨ D=\}ö.
T{ª\{Z|ðN¢ T}o| strict Q} @ð~e=çd}, N{=b{=o¾ð Q{^}nñÔ d}n¨Q{¨ p{¨|Û_{n Q{^}n¨ N}p{Z= p{nd{ zeb{Ú= nl{¨ zeËZ¨N¾p{Z= T}o| _¶öN{. KN{ u}m¢ N{=b{ zeb{Ú= nl{¨ @np{\¢_¶ zeb}Ún¨ p}Z=_{Z @p¶ C ztªÛ_}nN{¨ @d{¨Q{¨^=Q}d¶ p{Ðu}l¨. zt¨p{¨ï q{_{N{ zeb}Ún¨ @ñÔ N{=b{ zeb}Úo¶. ù¨N{¨ p{çÆd{ zeb}Únd{¨ d²p{¨m{¨ p¶Ðztª nl{¨ iÓb{=Q} T{b{p{Z|ðN¢ ¹±eN¢ T{b{¨p{¦_{ª u}c{d{ T¶Ðµt zeb}Ún¨ T{b{p{Z=, m}l{¨Z=, Q{¨Ðm{¨=T{¨N¾p{Z=_¶öN{ @p{¦_}l¨!
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Db}:
inp{=_{¨\{ d}N¶p{¨ðzen¨p{¦m{_¾ ðÛQ{~v=ç zen¨N{¨Z p¶¨o| ?!inp{=_{¹p²¨d{ ztm{Õp{¨¨T{ö èp{¨n T¶_{ çN¢Á T}p{b² zt¨p{¨ï ?!
zt zt k{ C C E |C C E|E C C inp{=_{¨\{ d}N¶p{¨ð
d{n Q{Q{ V d{n Q{Q{C C C C|E E|C E C | C C C C | E Ezen¨p{¦m{_¾ ðÛQ{~v=ç zen¨N{¨Z p¶¨o|
ø¨Q¢öd{ m²=\{¨ f}b}n Q{^øk{Vd{ T¶l{¨\{=, @ðÔ ztªÛ_}nª ztm¢ T{ªzt¨N¾p{\{= T{b{¨p{m{¨nN{¨ @k}Úzt=!
=Km² ãÑm+ÚÙ zeÐ_²m+Ôâ h»m+ p{¬Ð_}n¨[¢*t b¼T{¨p²¨=_+ B*t i±tb+ Kd+ @ f»Ð*t C m²ÛîHp²b+ Ûh»p+¨ a² _²n¨u} @m¢Æp²*tf»Ð±tb+ j+Ú Ûú Ûzgk{N{m+ Bztâp{ÉVn (@*t zeÐm+ K*g @ 3 f»Ð*t ±tm¢H*t Kd+T{=b{zt¨â) öÐ~t=Q+ a² Q{^}n¨ K*g a² p{¨W¼m+ p{¬Ð_}n¨. C ÛîHb+ _¼ Bb²=î*gÚa² ãÑm+ÚÙ zeÐ_²m+Ôâ K*g a¼±t p{¬Ð_}n¨ @=b+ p{¨m+Á a²p+¨ Bd+ I*tÚ _¼ m¶b+ ãÑm+ÚÙ Dð_+â.C @o¼â ÛîHb+ _¼ Q¢p² @_+ o¶Ð*t Kd² Hx{=Þ±e h»m+ IT+ - HBa²m+ @ f»ze¦nm+ zt=Û~tÁ_+/_²n¨Q{¨ p²m²â Km+ ~go+Ù u»=Q+ ò_+ Km+ @ öd²(*t) C p{¨b² D*e _¼ ~g_+ a¼±t zeÐ_²m+Ôâ. Ld+ p+¨Ú ~gÐm+â ze*tâ C p{¨b² a² ãÑm+ÚÙ zeÐ_²m+Ôâ B=_{¨Bîp²o+Ú; C a²d+p{¨b² @ ±tT¼=b+ ze*tâ ÛaÀ*R _¼ £t B*g a² "l{¨î" Ñu}d{= B*t ÞT¶m+ Ûh»p+¨a² ãÑm+ÚÙ zeÐ_²m+Ô C p{¨b². C zvb+ _¼ m²Ûø_² a² zeÐ_²m+Ô Kd+ @ ±gp+ KT{Æ~tK=*tKd+ a¢*t ±tT¼=b+ ze*tâ. [² Hx{=Þ±e*t b¼ d¼_+ d²T²ztâm¢o+Ú ztî*tÖÚ l{¨î.
[² ¹p²¨d+ Jp+¨ K*g a¢*t Hx²m¢Æ±t B*t E^+ Bd+ Bb²=î~gÚ=Q+ @ zeÐ_²m+Ô M_+ K*g @Þo+ a¼±t l{¨-m{-_{-k{-V-zt-p{¨-d{ Q{^*t; Bb²=î~gÚ=Q+ a² d{p²¨*t K*g u»p²¨p²Þo+ N¼Ôp+Ô zeÐ_²m+Ôâ @=b+ Bd+ T¼ø¨=Q+ D*e øa+ Hx{=Þ±e*t Ûh»p+¨ ~go+Ù u»=Q+â h»m+u»p²¨ K*g a²±t zeÐ_²m+Ôâ. ±v§±e l{¨À zvp² @_+ o¶Ð*t zvo+Ö @*t p{¨¨T+ zg¦d+ øa+ a¢*t@*t C zvb+ Bd+ p{¨N¢=Q+ a²±t D*e.
I=W¼l+¨,
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F@p{¨ÛN¢zrÔ q{=N{
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- øb{¨Úd}Ùn p{¨-p{¨-Q{-Q{ l{¨î: 5 U U U - U U U - U U
_}d} _}d} _}d} _}d}f½_¶ f½ñ p{еt m}ñ
k{Ûb{N{p{¨¨ m{-zt-p{ l{¨î: - U I U - I I U - I U
_}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ d}N{=T{¨ Q{=Zn¨ Ûp²©Q²m}
p{¨^¡ m{=Q{p{¨¨ m{-zt-zt-Q{ l{¨î: 6 U I U - I I U - I I U - U
_}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d}d}N{¨ d{çÆd{ b}ðð d¶d¶/±eýä T¶zt¨N{ p{Ð~tð d}d}Ô
B=Ûb{ Ûp{V _{-_{-V-Q{-Q{ l{¨î: 8 U U I - U U I - I U I - U U _}d} _{d}d} _{d{d} _{d}d}N}p{¨| _{¨m}^}= d{ k{l{¨= d{ nÈW| AÐm} øzrÏ^} úa¢o|q{Æ m{ªf}
Dµe=Ûb{ Ûp{V V-_{-V-Q{-Q{ l{¨î: 8 I U I - U U I - I U I - U U
_{d} _{d}d} _{d{d} _{d}d} _{ßp¶¨p{ p{¨|_} T{ ~e_} _{ßp¶¨p}
m{a¾c{_{p{¨¨ m{-d{-m{-p{ l{¨î: 7
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U I U - I I I - U I U - I U
_}d{ _}d{ _{d{ _}d{ _}d{ d}m¢p{¦ß m¢p{¦ß p{¨ð j}^p¶¨±tm}/ëp{¦ß ëp{¦ß p{¨ð o|Q{ u}Q²m}
u}ßQ{_{p{¨¨ m{-d{-k{-Q{-Q{ l{¨î: 7 U I U - I I I - U I I - U U _}d{ _}d{ _{d{ _}d{d{ _}d}m{=\¢ m{=\¢ p{¨d{ ø¨=Z¡N¢ f½b}=N}p{¦ N}p{¦ p{¨ð N}N{¨n¨ N{ªÐu}l+¨
_¾p{N{p{¨¨ k{-k{-k{-Q{-Q{ l{¨î: 7 U I I - U I I - U I I - U U
_}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d}ÛizvÙ p{¨¨m}m¢ zt¨m}m¢Æ_{ ö=Q{=/ðm{Ùn k}~t_{ q¾ô_{ ö=Q{=
k{¨V=Q{ Ûzel{¨|_{p{¨¨ l{¨-l{¨-l{¨-l{¨ l{¨î: 8 I U U - I U U - I U U - I U U _{d}d} _{d}d} _{d}d} _{d}d}@zeÏm} N{w{Û_{= ztb} ztT{Æm¢Û_{=/úp{= q{=N{m{= q{=k{¨ ù¨q} d{ù¨\¶çb}d{=b{ m{ªf} úp¾zv= úp¾zv=d{p²© k{ª_{ d}a} d{p²© k{ÐN{ f}o|
B=Ûb{ p{=q{p{¨¨ _{-_{-V-m{ l{¨î: 8 U U I - U U I - I U I - U I U _}d} _{d}d} _{d{ d}d{ _}d{d}
p{=q{Ðztp{¨¨ V-_{-V-m{ l{¨î: 8 I U I - U U I - I U I - U I U _{d} _{d}d} _{d{ d}d{ _}d{d}N{ø= N{ùd} p{¨¨zep{Ûq{p{Ðztp{¨=
ÛztQ¢ß^¡ m{-m{-m{-m{ l{¨î: 7 U I U - U I U - U I U - U I U _}d{d} _}d{d} _}d{d} _}d{d}
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@=b{¨o¾d¶ N{b} d}N{¨ Ad{=b{p{¨© u}zvzt= d} zea{= m}Vzt= d} m{a{= / u}Q¢_¶ AzeZ= q{N{Úp{¨| .....
Ûb{¨_{ øn=ò_{p{¨¨ d{-k{-k{-m{ l{¨î: 7 I I I - U I I - U I I - U I U _{d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _{d} _{d}p{d{p{¨¨n=b{¨d{ f}\²\¢ N¾l¨o| / N{ø_{ l{¨=b{¨d{ N{ªl{¨p² ñøo|
_¾ZN{p{¨¨ 4 zt l{¨î: 9 I I U - I I U - I I U - I I U
_{d{d} _{d{d} _{d{d} _{d{d}@p{ñ _{d{l{¨| N{p{¨ñl{¨ N{m{= / øVl¨|k{p{ p¶=N{Z ¹q²nze_¶
_¾b{N{p{¨¨ d{-V-V-l{¨ l{¨î: 8 I I I - I U I - I U I - I U U _{d{ d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d}@_{ðN¢ d{çÆd{ b}ðð d¶ d} / p{¨d{zt¨N{¨ d{çÆd{ p}\{_{\¶d¶
p{d{ p{¨l{¨©m{p{¨¨ k{-V-zt-d{-Q{-Q{ l{¨î: 9 U I I - I U I - I I U - I I I - U U _}d{_{d{ _}d{_{d{ _}d{_{d{ _}d}p²=Zi\¢ N}p{¦p{¨ð p¶\{¨N¼ð d{=_{d+
p{zt=_{ înN{ _{-k{-V-V-Q{-Q{ l{¨î: 8 U U I - U I I - I U I - I U I - U U
_}d} _{d}d{ _{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d}Io| np{=Q{ zRd{ u}m{ zt¨Q{=c{ ïÑm{=
p{¨b{d{ _{-k{-V-V-Q{-Q{ l{¨î: 9 U U I - U I I - I U I - I U I - U U
_}d}d{ _}d{ _{d{_} _{d{ _}d{ _}d} Ûû p¶=N{Z|T{n ze_¶ _{p{ zt¨Ûzek}_{=
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p{¨|öð d{-d{-p{¨-l{¨-l{¨ l{¨î: 9 I I I - I I I - U U U - I U U - I U U
_{d{ d{d{ _{d{ _}d} _}d{ _}d}d{ d}d}p{¨d{N¼ztQ¢ øk}VÚ= p}w{§ä T{ªµtm{¨ T¾b{Ú=
ztm{u}=N{p{¨¨ zt-V-zt-zt-l{¨ l{¨î: 10 I I U - I U I - I I U - I I U - I U U
_{d{d} _{d}d{ _{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ d}d}p{m{ p¶=N{Z|T{n ze_¶ _{p{ zt¨Ûzek}_{=
zt¨Q{=c¢ zv-zv-zv-zv-zv-zv-zv-Q{ l{¨î: 9 U I U - I U I - U I U - I U I - U I U
_}d{ _}d{ _}d{ _}d{ _}d{ _}d{ _}d{ d}D=\{ p¾l¨ d}N{¨ d{¨p{¦ß @=\{Q} zt±v©b{m}
ze=T{ T}p{¨m{p{¨¨ V-m{-V-m{-V-Q{ l{¨î: 10 I U I - U I U - I U I - U I U - I U I - U
_{d} _{d} _{d} _{d} _{d} _{d} _{d} _{d}VZ|Zù Q{nÉVn Ûzep}zv f}ø_{Ñzto¶
úÛP¡^¡ l{¨-p{¨-d{-zt-k{-p{ l{¨î: 13 I U U - U U U - I I I - I I U - U I I - I U
_{d}d} _}d} _}d{d{ _{d{d{ _}d} _{d{ _{d}zem¶s}d+ Jf½ N{ª\{b{¨ _²n¨zt¨N¾ k}l+¨ _²n¨zt¨N¾
ze¬c¢ß V-zt-V-zt-l{¨-p{ l{¨î: 9 Km+ 12 I U I - I I U - I U I - I I U - I U U - I U _{d}d{ _{d{d} _{d}d{ _{d{d} _{d} d} _{d} p{¨m}w{ Q{p{¨d{= p{¨l{¨©m{ d{Zd{= N{b} ñ zeb{=
_{d}d{ _{d{ _}d{d} _{d{d{ _}d{d} _}d{d}p{¨l{¨©m{ d{Zd{= N{b} ze\{î f}b{ zt=T}nd{=
p{¨=b}ÛN}=_{ p{¨-k{-d{-_{-_{-Q{-Q{ l{¨î: 11
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U U U - U I I - I I I - U U I - U U I - U U _}d} _}d}d{ _{d{d{d{ _}d}d{ _}d}d{ d}d}B=N} m}b¶ø¨ p{¨m{^p{¨¨ BÞZ¡=N{ d¶ _}w{ W|nd+
_}d} _}d} _{d{d{d{ _{d} _}d{d} _}d{ d}d}B=N} m}b¶ø¨ p{¨m{^p{¨ü B=N{ d¶ _}w{ W|nd+
p{¨Ð_{ N¾N¢n m{-zt-V-V-k{-m{ l{¨î: 11 U I U - I I U - I U I - I U I - U I I - U I U _}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ d}@=T² n=T²n¨ o¶ð p²©x{p{¨¨ T}n N{Ëzrp²¨ k}ø¨ñ
_{m{ö k{-zt-d{-V-d{-m{ l{¨î: 11 U I I - I I U - I I I - I U I - I I I - U I U
_}d{d{ _{d{ _}d{d{ _{d{ _}d{d{ _{d{ _}d{ d}H=b{¨N{¨ k{l{¨p²¨=b{¨N{¨ iîN¶=b{¨N{¨ zeb{ u½b{m}
q}Òm{ªnp{¨¨ p{¨-zt-V-zt-_{-_{-Q{ l{¨î: 13 U U U - I I U - I U I - I I U - U U I - U U I - U
_}d} _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _{d{d} _}d}d{ _}d}d{ _}
_{m{np{¨¨ d{-k{-m{-zt-V-V-Q{ l{¨î: 12 I I I - U I I - U I U - I I U - I U I - I U I - U
_{d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ d} p{¨d{zt¨ p{¨|m²d{¨ p{¨Àd{ ù^Q{ f}Zo¶ Q{î f}\{¨d¶?
p¶¨zR øztªÖÈm¢_{p+¨ l{¨-p{¨-d{-zt-m{-m{-Q{ l{¨î: 13 I U U - U U U - I I I - I I U - U I U - U I U - U _{d}d} _}d} _}d{d{ _{d{d{ _}d} _{d}d} _{d}d}ztm¶o¶ f½ñ o²p{¨Ùð p{b¢ö p¶Ðµt Bb¶d} Ûze_}ze=
_{d} _}d} _}d} _{d{d{d{ _{d} _}d{d} _}d{ d}d}p{¨d{= T¶Ðµt Q}ñ Vm{Q{b{¨ N{b} p}\{o| ñÃn¨_}\¶=
Page 25
T{=Ûb{N{w{ m{-zt-zt-_{-V-V-Q{ l{¨î: 11 U I U - I I U - I I U - U U I - I U I - I U I - U _}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d} _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ d}H=b{¨N¾ p{¨m¢ _¼=b{m{ T¶Ðztª p{¨¨=b{¨N{¨ b{ªN{¨_{¨ D=b¢m}
p{¨Ð_¶k{p{¨¨ zt-k{-m{-d{-p{¨-l{¨-p{ l{¨î: 14 I I U - U I I - U I U - I I I - U U U - I U U - I U _{d{d} _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _{d{d} _}d}d{ _}d}d{ _}
D_{Õnp{¨|n k{-m{-d{-k{-k{-m{-p{ l{¨î: 10 U I I - U I U - I I I - U I I - U I I - U I U - I U _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ d}
@=i¨m{¨zvp{¨¨ k{-k{-k{-k{-m{-zt-p{ l{¨î: 13 U I I - U I I - U I I - U I I - U I U - I I U - I U _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ d}_¼=b{m{ zeÍ\{b¢ çd{Ôb¢ f}zep{¨¨ _¾Zo¾ _{d{ j}p{_¾
T{=zeN{ p{¨|n d{-V-k{-V-V-V-m{ l{¨î: 11 I I I - I U I - U I I - I U I - I U I - I U I - U I U _{d{ d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ _{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{ _}d{ d}
ÛztÓQ{m{ p{¨-m{-k{-d{-l{¨-l{¨-l{¨ l{¨î: 8, 15 U U U - U I U - U I I - I I I - I U U - I U U - I U U _}d} _}d}d{ _}d} _{d{ d{d{ _{d{ _}d} _{d}d} _{d}d}I=Z¤ B=b}N{ d}_¾ Bb¢ N{¨b{m{b{ñ Bze¦Õ\¶p²© Bo|Q} ?!
p{¨ü ÛztÓQ{m{ zt-_{-_{-d{-zt-m{-m{-Q{ l{¨î: 9, 16 I I U - U U I - U U I - I I I - I I U - U I U - U I U - U _{d{d} _}d} _{d}d} _{d{ d{d{ d{d{ _}d} _{d}d} _{d}d} Bb¢Q¾ B=b}N{ d}_¾ Bb¢ N{¨b{m{b{ñ Bze¦Õ\¶p²© Bo|Q} ?!
p{¨|ðð 7 k{-Q{ l{¨î: 7, 13, 19
Page 26
U I I - U I I - U I I - U I I - U I I - U I I - U I I - U _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}ze¦d{Ôø¨ T{=b{¨m{¨ N}=îð T{ªçd{ ze«çd{ N{nßn p{¨|b¢m¢Q}JQ¢m¢ d{=b¢ð d{=b¢_{ p²©b¢ð øq{ß ød¾b¢ð øÏzr¨ d{¨_¶
_{m{w{p{¨¨ 7 d{-Q{ l{¨î: 13 I I I - I I I - I I I - I I I - I I I - I I I - I I I - U _{d{d{ _{d{d{ _{d{d{ _{d{d{ _{d{d{ _{d{d{ _{d{d{ d}@_{n ø_{n N{¨_{n _{np{¨¨ nb¢m¢ ze\{Q{ zem{¨Q¢\²d+
N{øm}V øm}ë_{p+¨ d{-6 V-p{ l{¨î: 8, 14, 20 I I I - I U I - I U I - I U I - I U I - I U I - I U I - I U _{d{ d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}d{d{ _}@_{ðð ø¨=çd{ zt¨=b{m{¨ \¢=N¼N{ \}p²¨d{¨ T¶m²d{¨ A_{¬_{ _¾øN{~t_{ ò=ize¦ T{=Ûb{¨ð N}=çd{ øçÆd{ N{nßn p{¨|b¢m¢Q}
ÛNÀ=T{ zeb{ k{-p{¨-zt-k{-d{-d{-d{-l{¨ l{¨î: 11, 19 U I I - U U U - I I U - U I I - I I I - I I I - I I I - I U U _}d{d{ _}d} _}d{d{ _}d} _{d{ d{d{ _{d{ d{d{ _{d{ d{d{ _}d}ðd{ÔN{¨ d¶¹\² d¶Z¡N¢ m¶¹±e Hp{m¢N¢ b¼m{N{ð ztp{¨l{¨p{¨¨ d¶¹d²
u}c¢ß k{-d{-V-d{-zt-d{-d{-k{-Q{ l{¨î: 8, 15, 22 U I I - I I I - I U I - I I I - I I U - I I I - I I I - U I I - U _}d{d{ _{d{ d{d{ _}d{d{ _{d{ d{d{ _}d{d{ _{d{ d{d{ _}d{d{ d}c¥=_{N{ b¢m¢N¢Z _¾=_{N{ _{m¢N¢Z d{=_{N{ _{m¢N¢Z c¥=_{N{ a}d} p{¨b¢ zem{¨Q¢\{¨ p¶l¨ øc{p{¨¨nd{¨ d}øN{¨\{¨\¢Q¢d{ d}p{ p{o²d+
Ûzek{¨ 3 d{-5 V-p{ l{¨î: 9, 15, 21 I I I-I I I-I I I-I U I-I U I-I U I-I U I-I U I-I U _{d{ d{d{ _{d{ d{d{ _{d{d} _{d{d} _{d{d} _{d{d} _{d{d} _{d{d}N{np{m{ ze\{N{¨p{¨¨ nnd} p{¨Q{¨p} N{d{¨nd+ _{\¢ W·l{¨N{¨ p{¨|d{ zt¨p{¨|!
p{¨nl{¨Vp{¨¨ d{-V-d{-zt-d{-d{-k{-d{-p{ l{¨î: 8, 15, 22 I I I-I U I-I I I-I I U-I I I-I I I-U I I-I I I-I U
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_{d{ d{d{ _}d{d{ _{d{ d{d{ _}d{d{ _{d{ d{d{ _}d{d{ _{d{ d{d{ _}_{m¢N¢Z c¥=_{N{ c¢m¢N¢Z _¾=_{N{ _{m¢N¢Z d{=_{N{ îm¢N¢Z a}d{m{zeî Q¼n¨ÆT{¨ i_{¨N{¨Z N{=Z³d{¨ d{m{zvm¢ ç=_{d{ p{m{p{¨¨ N{b}
p{¨=Q{w{ p{¨üÛû k{-V-zt-d{-k{-V-zt-d{-Q{-Q{ l{¨î: 9, 17 U I I-I U I-I I U-I I I-U I I-I U I-I I U-I I I-U U _}d{d{d{ _}d{d{d{ _}d{d{d{ _}d{d{d{ _}d{d{d{ _}d{d{d{ _}d}b¥=_{N¢Z _¾=_{N¢Z b¥=_{N¢Z d{=_{N¢Z b¥=_{N¢Z _¾=_{N¢Z _¾=_¾=@=b{p{¨¨d{ @zeâm{n ø¨=çd{b¢ C ze\{î d} p{¨d{zt¨ b¾çd{b¢ Cp¶¨
o|x{^¤ p{¬Ð_{ k{-d{-d{-d{-d{-k{-d{-d{-zt l{¨î: 16 U I I-I I I-I I I-I I I-I I I-U I I-I I I-I I I-I I U ze=zem{ zem{zem{ - zem{zem{ zem{zem{ - ze=zem{ zem{zem{ - zem{zem{ ze=q{=N{m{ p{¨¨m{zvm{ k{p{ zvm{ úp{ úp{ q{=N{m{ zvm{ zvm{ zem{p{¨ úp}
m{p{¨^N{ p{¬Ð_{ 9 d{-p{ l{¨î: 9, 17, 25 I I I-I I I-I I I-I I I-I I I-I I I-I I I-I I I-I I I-I U _{m¢N¢Z b¢m¢N¢Z _{m¢N¢Z b¢m¢N¢Z _{m¢N¢Z b¢m¢N¢Z _{m¢N¢Z a}p{¨_{p{¨¨n p{¨_{ni¨ _²öl{¨ð ÛzeVnN{¨ p{¨_{ Q{¨m{¨p{¦n¨ zt_{p{¨_{ p{¨p{m¶
nl{¨ÛQ}~v k{-V-zt-d{-k{-V-zt-d{-k{-l{¨ Ûf}zt l{¨î: 9, 18, 27 U I I-I U I-I I U-I I I-U I I-I U I-I I U-I I I-U I I-I U U
_}d{d{d{ _}d{d{d{ _}d{d{d{ _}d{d{d{ _}d{d{d{ _}d{d{d{ _}d{d{d{ _}d}b¥=_{N¢Z _¾=_{N¢Z b¥=_{N¢Z d{=_{N¢Z b¥=_{N¢Z _¾=_{N¢Z d{=_{N¢Z _¾=_¾=
nl{¨øk}î d{-zt-d{-d{-zt-d{-d{-zt-d{-d{-zt-Q{ Ûf}zt l{¨î: 10, 20, 30 I I I-I I U-I I I-I I I-I I U-I I I-I I I-I I U-I I I-I I I-I I U-U
_{d{d{ _{d{d} _{d{d{-_{d{d{ _{d{d} _{d{d{-_{d{d{ _{d{d} _{d{d{-_{d{d{ _{d{d} d}
U{=b{zt¨â (1 K*g 3)
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zv_+ B*t ’T{=b{ztªâ? ±v§p+ B*t B_+ Ûzgp²¨b+? (T¼=~gð=Q+ _¼ _²n¨Q{¨ n=Q{ªQ² K=o+Ú)
’T{=b{ztªâ p{¨l+¨ j² b²Û~tÆj²b+ @*t a² Kd² a{_+ b²~tQ+Ôâ a² #zt¨ÐT{¨m{o+µg_{¨m²*t K*g ’f½Û_+Ú’.
C*g u» ãp{_+ B*t ’f½Û_+Ú’?
h½Û_+Ú p{¨l+¨ j² b²Û~tÆj²b+ @*t a² ’p²¨¨òöB=Q+ ö_²m{_{¨m² ãøo² B_²âo+Ö N¥*eâp²¨¨ø=Q+’. (N{b{n¨_{ª, N{b{ö=T¶ u}~v_{Úp¶¨ N{ø_{ßp{¨¨).
\¾*tÔ’_+ ’Ûf»µt p²¨¨p²? U{d+’_+ B_+ p²¨¨òöH?
q{¨m² B_+ b¾*t. k{¨_+, T²Ðºm²=o+Ú d¼_+ @*t ÛQ{T²zg¦Þo+Ú, @µeÕö=ÞQ+Ú, p²¨p²¨¨m{Þj+Ú @=b+IѱtîT{Þo+Ú @*t ’f½Û_+Ú’ b¾*t @*t Hp²m¼Úd² N¼Ôp+â. C_+ B*t I*tÚ _¼ £go+ m{a²m+a{d+ _¼ HÞºx²Õd+.
zv_+ p{¨N²*t a¢*t b¢±gÖm²=T²? C*t B_+ ’T{=b{ztªâ?
’T{=b{ztªâ K=o+Ú b¶o+â øa+ a² #zt¨ÐT{¨m{o+ µg_{¨m²*t K*g f½Û_+Ú. Z¼ j² p²m+Ú±tÕç~gT+ B_+ Q²d²m{_²*t a² ’Ñm+ÚÙ’ K*g a² ’ö_²m{_{¨m¶ K=o+Ú. [Þµg±t BQ¼Ôm²a² _²m+Ù ’ãm¶ÚÙBd+ a¢*t T¼=_²Ðx+. #úÐÞT+Ú µtÕN¢=Q+, ’ãm¶ÚÙ s¿Òo+ j²T¼=~tb²m²b+ Bd+ ~gQ{¨m²*t K*g £tÕT²*t (Û±eç±to+Ú, q{Òj}n=N}m}*t) i¨_+ d¼_+ Bd+’T{=b{ztªâ.] ’T{=b{ztªâ s¿Òo+ d¼_+ j² ø¨zt¨=b²Ðm{ªâb+ @*t a² m²Û±e±t=_{îKd+K*g ’f½Û_+Ú’ @*t p{¨d+Ú ±eKÞ±e _²=b+ _¼ b¼ u». T{=b{zt¨â B*t K=o+Ú @ b²~gd{Þj²@±tÕÐT+ K*g p{¨d+Ú b²~gd{Þj² @=b+ B=b²~gd{Þj² @±tÕÐT+â K*g f½Û_+Ú.
*vÚ B*t ’Ñm+ÚÙ’ u» B=f»Ðm{=_+ h»m+ ’f½Û_+Ú’? \¾*t a{_+ Ûò=Q+ a² Bðïo+j¶D_+Ú _¼ ’ö_²m{_{¨m¶? U{d+’_+ a¢=Q+â Hx¢Ð*t øaÀ_+ ’Ñm+ÚÙ’ @=b+ Ð~tÞo+ j²j¶Dîzg¦o+? C ø*r ±eKÞ±e p{¨l+¨ d¼_+ @*tÁ a¢*t DHÐ~tKd+. Km+, a² p²m+Ú Hx¢Ðzt=T² K*g a²Dðp²m²â B_²âo+Ö B*t b{¨H _¼ a² ’Ñm¢ÚÙU+ p²¨¨îKd+ K*g a² Þzed²_+â @mÀ=b+ a²q{¨d+. k+Ú a² p²m+Ú Ñm¢ÚÙT+ m¼_{îKd+ @mÀ=b+ B_²âo+Ö @=b+ a² q{¨d+, a² IÑm+ B*tm²zt¨Ðö=Q+ Bd+ a² b¢Ð~t=ÐçKd+ K*g îp²¨ B=_¼ b{l+¨â, ðÐ*Râ @=b+ l¶¨m+â. C*g a¢*tÑm+ÚÙ Bd+ a² Dðp²m²â B*t @j²â=_+/b¢Ðzt¨m²×b+ h»m+ @d+Ú m¶u»d+, a² p¼ÞÒm+ p{¨l+¨ d¼_+p{¨N² @d+Ú ±t=±t. Ip²d+ zv§p{¨=*t, h»m+ a{_+ p{¨Ð_²m+ @Þo+ a² öø=Q+ j²B=Q+â b¼ N¥*e¹p²¨=¹_²ð=Q+ Ñm+ÚÙâ b{¨m¢=Q+ a² ¹b²o+Ú ö±g @*t p²Þo+ @*t a² ö±g ztÕd+ (ãøT+@m² ’òo¼Q¢T{o+ Ñm+ÚÙà). AzeÕm²=Þ_+Ú, Hp²Ñm¢Ú=Q+ Bd+ a² Dðp²m²â B*t Ñm¢ÚÙT+,HBa²m+ Bd+ m²T¼Q¢Ô@Þj² Km+ DÛd²T¼Q¢Ô@Þj² p{¨d²Ôm+. U¼ø¨=Q+ _¼ ’ö_²m{_{¨m¶,Hp²d+ ’Ûf»µt B*t Ñm¢ÚÙT+ Bd+ @d+ B=ø~tÞj² p{¨d²Ôm+ b{¨H _¼ ÛQ{p{¨Ùm+, øaÀ_+
Page 29
ãøT+ @ ±t=_²=T² j²T¼p²¨*t @ zvzg@ÒmÀ*t T¼Þo²ÐçKd+ K*g p¼Òm+â, ãøT+ b¾*tÔ’_+p{¨N² @d+Ú ±t=±t. ±v§p²p²m+, a¢*t ’Ñm+ÚÙ’ j²B=Q+ p²m+Ú H±tâ=ïo+ (±t=±t-p{¨N¢=Q+Km¢H=_²b+) B*t d²p²m+ T¼=~tb²m²b+ @*t @ ’Ñm+ÚÙ’ @_+ @Þo+. Ûh»iÞj+Ú, ’T{=b{ztªâp{¨l+¨ j² b²Û~tÆj²b+ @*t @ m²T¼Q¢Ô@Þj² ’Ñm+ÚÙ’ a{_+ B*t @Ûîi¨_²b+ _¼’ö_²m{_{¨m¶.
Cd+ H±tâ=T², Kd² T{d+ ztl+¨ Kd² b¾*tÔ’_+ öN² @ ’Ñm+ÚÙ’ Bd+ zeÐm¢T{¨nm+, @=b+ B_+ B*tD=ø±t _¼ ztl+¨ a{_+ Ñm+ÚÙ B*t Dd²ÔT²ztâm+Ú.
zv§p{¨=*t ±em²ÆBp² B=h»m{ÙîKd+ ÛaÀ*R a² ~gp² ’±t=±tq+ (ø~tKd+, µvm¢=Q+,±tÙÞo+, _{бt @=b+ _ÀT+), ãøT+ @m² @~tâø¨n_²b+ j+Ú Ûºj²d+ DÐöp{¨_²o+Ú. C_+ B*tKбgd+ ¹±tb+ a{_+ ’ztm¶ß=Ûb¢l{¨|^}p+¨ d{l{¨d{p+¨ Ûzec}d{p+¨’ (Hl²¨/ø~tKd+ B*t a²j²Ð*t K*g @Þo+ a² ±t=±t*t.) ±v§p²p²m+, a²m² B*t d¼a¢=Q+ Bd+ a² ’ö_²m{_{¨m¶ _¼Þµe±t a² ~gÚâT{o+ ’Hl¶¨. ý_²m{_{¨m² B*t zg¦=b{p²¨=_{Þo+Ú ±em²ÆBp²b+ j+Úöбtð=Q+ Km+ m¶b¢=Q+, ãp²m² a² ’IF @=b+ zt¨j²âDH=Þ_+Ú a² ’ø¨=\+ Þzel+¨ÛçîT{o+ m¼o²*t Bd+ D=b²Ðm{â=b¢=Q+/@Û±eÕèî=Q+ B_+. Ûh»iÞj+Ú, b{¨H _¼Bd²ø_{Þj² ~t_{ªîK=*t Bd+ a² zeÐ*t, ãp²m² m²ç_{îKd+ p{*t H±tâ=ïo+ j²TÀ±tK*g a² nT+Á K*g Û~e=î=Q+ @=b+ T¼~eÚ=Q+ zgçöîH*t, B_+ p{*t p²¨¨m² H±tâ=ïo+ _¼p{¨N² ’ö_²m{_{¨m¶ p²¨¨m² @µeÕö=Q+ j+Ú ’~gÚâT{o+ p¶¨=q+. q¼, @*t @ p{¨Ð_²m+ K*gÛ±eöø¨d{m+Ú @#_{ÐçKd+, a² #~tN¢=ÞQ+Ú Ñm¢ÚÙT+ zeÐ_²m+Ôâ a{_+ Jb+ a²’ö_²m{_{¨m¶ @m² Kбgd+ p²m+Ú zt¨T²Æzt¨âÖo+ Bd+ T{îÆ=Q+ a² Im+â K*g a² T¼p²¨¨Ùd+ze¦ÞòT+. A*t a² ’Ñm¢ÚÙT+ ö_²m{_{¨m¶ u¿=b+â öN² p{¨¨~tT+, B_+ T{d+ Ûb{Q+ a²@Ð_²=îKd+ K*g Hp²d+ a² Dð=_²m²Ð±tb+ Km+ a² b¢~t=_²m²Ð±tb+ @o¼â @_+ îp²¨*t @=b+p{¨N²*t B_+ o¼=Q+ nÐ~t=Q+ Bd+ a² ø¨=b+â _{ª. ±v§p²p²m+, @ Û_{¨o+Ú ±t=~tÞj²,Bd{¨B~tîp², @Ð_²=îp², b²b¢T{_²b+ @=b+ Ûf»ò=Q+ u¿o+ @nßl+¨â ÛQ{*tÕâ a²p²¨ztâQ² HEÞo+Ú Ûh»p+¨ @ d¼d+/o²*tâ Ñm¢ÚÙT+ @=b+ @ p²¨¨m² Ñm¢ÚÙT+ ö_²m{_{¨m² Bd+a² ztp²¨ p{¨d²Ôm+. h½Û_+Ú, KòßMÞ*tÚ, j²B=Q+ p{¨¨T+ p²¨¨m² a{d+ p²¨m² T{=b{zt¨â, @*t@ p{¨Ð_²m+ K*g zgÐT+, øa+ @Þo+ B_+â ø~tÞj+Ú Þh»ø=Q+ Þº±gm+ Kбgd+ Ðztl²¨b+@j¼p¶Ûf»µtBd+ B_+â @µeÕö=Q+ d{_{¨m². (_¼ j²T¼=îd{¨Hb+)
Ba+ m²Q{Òm+â,Ûzgk{N{m+ Bztâp{ÉVn
U{=b{zt¨â (2 K*g 3)
±v§p+ B*t ’T{=b{ztªâ Ûzgp²¨b+ (Bd+ _²n¨Q{¨)? ±v§p+ p{¨d+Ú _²ÚÕ*t B_+ B*t?
’T{=b{ztªâ B*t Ûzgp²¨b+ i±tb+ Kd+ a² d{¨=j²m+ K*g ’@x{m}q+ (ÞÞztÚÞj²*t) Bd+IT+ @=b+ Hp²m+Ú öd² (f}b{) K*g @ f½p+¨. A*t a² ztp²¨ öd²*t @m² m²µe_²b+
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(Ap{¬Ð_{), a²±t @m² T{Þo²b+ ’p{¬Ð_}q+. C*g @Þo+ a² öd²*t Bd+ @ f½p+¨ h»Þo¼p+a² ztp²¨ ’_²ÚÕ*t K*g @x{m}q+, B_+ B*t T{Þo²b+ @ ’ztp{¨ p{¬Ð_}. [²m² @m² 26_²ÚÕ*t K*g ’T{=b{ztªâ.
k²h»m² Q¼B=Q+ B=_¼ a² b¶îo+â K*g a²p+¨, ãp{_+ B*t @d+ ’@x{m}?
[²m² @m² _¼ß ±tzem{_² ’_²n¨Q{ª HDBp{o²=_+â h»m+ I=ÞQ¢*r p¼Òm+â ’o²Ð_²F @=b+’ÞÞztÚÞj¶. [² ~gÐm+â Kd² B*t ’p{Ïm{p{¨© (o²Ð_²m+). [¢*t B*t a² i~tT+ ’o²Ð_²FK*g a² n=Q{ªQ² (_²n¨Q{¨) Bd+ a² @nÖj²_+â, ±v=T², a² d{p²¨ ’p{Ïm{ztp{¨|p{¨|Ôl{¨p{¨©. [²±t @m² 56 Bd+ _²n¨Q{¨. ±v§p²p²m+, a² HDBp{o²=_+ h»m+ ’ÞÞztÚÞj¶ Bd+ _²n¨Q{¨ B*t ’@x{m{p{¨©. ’ÞÞq{ÚÞj¶ B*t Kбgd+ b²~gd²b+ @*t a²’Dð_+ K*g Ûf»dÀ=èîKd+ @_+ @ #±t_+Æ’ øa+ @ T¼Þo²ÐçKd+ K*g o²Ð_²m+â(p{Ïm}*t) Bd+ B_+. ±v§p²p²m+, a²m² B*t @ ÛçîT{o+ i¨_+ ÛzeÐçT{o+ b¢±gÖm²=T² Bd+’I=ÞQ¢*r’ @=b+ ’_²n¨Q{ª ±vm². Cd+ I=ÞQ¢*r @_+ o¶Ð*t Kd+ DB_² @ ±gp+ KT{Æ~tK=*t,@ ÞÞztÚÞj² p{¨l+¨ j² @ ’p¼Ím+ (B.H., Kd² ÞÞztÚÞj² p¼Òm+â, h»m+ HQ+., ±ed+, Q{¨d+,zg¦d+, zgd+, òÞo+, N¢Þo+, N¢T+Á, çT+Á, b{¨T+Á, ~eT+Á H_+Æ.) ±v=T², ±t=±t-p{¨N¢=Q+. k{¨_+ T²Ðºm²=o+Ú d¼_+ a{_+ Kбgd+, @d+ ’@x{m{p{¨© (ÞÞztÚÞj²) T{d+ j²’±t=±t-p{¨N¢=Q+’ (p¼Òm+) Bd+ _²n¨Q{¨. Z¼ p+¨Ú N¼ÔÞp²Ãb², ’Ûû, #£t, o¶!, f½!,m}!,è!’ @=b+ @ ±gp+ Ka²m+â p{¨l+¨ j² a² K=o+Ú p²m+Ú ±gp+ Hx²ÆÐ~eK=*t f»~tâÞj².Ao¼â, Bd+ _²n¨Q{¨ , Hp²m+Ú p{Ïm{p{¨¨ (o²Ð_²m+) B*t @d+ @x{m{p{¨¨ (ÞÞztÚÞj²), i¨_+Hp²m+Ú @x{m{p{¨¨ T{d+’_+ j² @ p{Ïm{p{¨¨. Km+ HQ+. ’@, A’ @m² j¼a+ p{m}Ô*t @=b+a²m²j+Ú @x{m}*t @o¼â. ±vm¶*t, Bd+ @ p¼Òm+ öN² ’ztßzeÔp{¨©, ’u}ß B*t @d+@x{m{p{¨¨ (ÞÞztÚÞj²), i¨_+ d¼_+ @ p{Ïm{p{¨¨ (o²Ð_²m+) @*t B_+ zv*t _¼ß ’p{Ïm}q+(zt @=b+ p{) Bd+ B_+. [²±t ’@x{m}q+ (ÞÞztÚÞj²*t) @m² b¢øb²b+ B=_¼’nzR¨p{« @=b+ ’Q{¨m{¨p{« i±tb+ Kd+ a² îp²¨ ±em¢Kb+ K*g Ûf»dÀ=èîKd+. ([²u»Æ±e K*g a² b¢zt¨Æ~tâKd+ K*g ’nzR¨p{« @=b+ ’Q{¨m{¨p{« b¢Ð~tÐçKd+ B*t j²l²¨¨=b+ a¢*t@Ðm¢ÞT².) [²±t ’@x{m}q+ (ztÚÞnÞj²*t, ãøT+ p²m+Ú Kбgd+ b¼d+’_+ p{¨N²T¼=Þ±e_² ±t=±t Bd+ _²n¨Q{¨) @m² a² zg¦=b{p²¨=_{o+ @±tÕÐT+â Bd+ b²~tQ¢Ô=Q+ a²’T{=b{ztªâ.
±v§p+ p{¨d+Ú _²ÚÕ*t K*g ’T{=b{ztªâ @m² a²m²?
(T{=b{zt¨â K*g ’W|_{¨n¨ @=b+ DzeW|_{¨nª K*g _²n¨Q{¨ ö_²m{_{¨m² B*t j²l²¨¨=b+ a²u»Æ±e K*g a¢*t @Ðm¢ÞT². T{=b{zt¨â K*g ’p{¬Ð_}q+ B*t K=o+Ú _ÀT²b+ Df»d+ ±vm².)
[²m² @m² 26 _²ÚÕ*t K*g T{=b{zt¨â. I@T+ ’T{=b{ztªâ B*t m²T¼Q¢ÔHb+ j+Ú a²d{¨=j²m+ K*g ’@x{m}q+ Û±e±t=_+ Bd+ IT+ öd² K*g a² f½p+¨. A*t @d+ ’@x{m} T{d+j² HBa²m+ @ ’nzR¨p{« Km+ @ ’Q{¨m{¨p{«, a² d{¨=j²m+ K*g p{m¥îK=*t f»~tâÞj² Bd+IT+ _²ÚÕ K*g ’T{=b{ztªâ h»Þo¼p+â @ ’òd{m+Ú Ð±tÚâp+¨’. [² d{p²¨*t /d{¨=j²m+â K*g’T{=b{ztªâ @=b+ a² d{¨=j²m+â K*g ’ztp{¨ p{¬Ð_}q+ a{_+ T{d+ j² Q²d²m{_²b+ Bd+ IT+
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p{m¢H_+Ú @m² @*t h»Þo¼p+â.
of chandassu Name K*g @x{m}*t of sama vRttas per each line possible
_______________________________________________________________
1 ukta 1 2
2 atyukta 2 4
3 madhya 3 8
4 pratisTha 4 16
5 suprstisTha 5 32
6 gaayatri 6 64
7 ushTikku 7 128
8 anusThuppu 8 256
9 bRhati 9 512
10 paMkti 10 1,024
11 trishTuppu 11 2,048
12 jagati 12 4,096
13 atijagati 13 8,192
14 Sakvari 14 16,384
15 atiSakvari 15 32,768
16 ashTi 16 65,536
17 atyashTi 17 131,072
18 dhRti 18 262,144
19 atidhRti 19 524,288
20 kRti 20 1,048,576
21 prakRti 21 2,097,152
22 aakRti 22 4,194,304
23 vikRti 23 8,388,608
24 sukRti 24 16,777,216
25 abhikRti 25 33,554,432
26 utkRti 26 67,108,864
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Total K*g ztp{¨ p{¬Ð_}*t Bd+ 26 T{=b{zt¨â*t B*t 134,217,726
qÀm²Æ h»m+ a² T{Ðm+: ’zt¨nx{^ u}m{p{¨© j+Ú ’ö=Q{p{¨Q{¨=Z îp{¨ÙN{ø.q{¨f»Õ±tÞb+Ú @ T¼=_²=f»m{m+Ú K*g ’_²d}ö m}p{¨N{¬Ïzr, u» j²o¼=Q+â _¼ 1550*t Km+u».
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[² @p{¨B=Q+ f»B=_+ B*t, B=~tÕ_² K*g a² f»~tâÞj² Q²d²m{îKd+ K*g ø¨ÞöK=*t K*g’p{¬Ð_}q+ Bd+ 26 T{=b{zt¨â*t, a² T{=b}*v N{Ðm}*t b¢b+ d¼_+ b²~tQ{Ô_² p²¨¨m²a{d+ 200 p{¬Ð_}*t. [² m¶u»d+ B*t @d¼Úd¶*t Q{¨H*tâ. ^¼_+ a{_+ @Þo+ a²T¼=òd{îK=*t @x{m}*t øÞo+ Q²d²m{_² @ ±tÕç~gT+ Ñm+ÚÙ a{_+ zt¨B_+â @p¶¨ð=Q{¨Öo+ b¢u»Õ~tîKd+ K*g a² ’n=Q{ªQ¶ _¼ h»m+Ù a² ’ö_²m{_{¨m¶. [¢*tÛ_{¨o+Ú m²DBm²*t @ Q²ðD*t _¼ b²~tQ{Ô_² ãøT+ K*g a²±t h»m+Ùâ Km+ zeÐ_²m+Ôâ øÞo+zt¨B_+ a{_+ zeÐm¢T{¨nm+ ’n=Q{ªQ¶ (_²n¨Q{¨). C_+ m²DBm²*t o¼_+â K*g a¼mÀ*RN¼ÔÞp²Ãb² K*g a² n=Q{ªQ² @=b+ p{¨¨T+ p²¨¨m² a{d+ a{_+. L*g TÀm²â. B_+ B*t d¼_+N¼Ôp+Ô, ±v§p+ @=b+ ãp+Ú @ ÛîÞ±e_+ @x{m{ Dð_+ B*t T¼=~tb²m²b+ _¼ ±t_+ @ ’Q{^} _¼b²~tQ+Ô a² ±tDH=T² K*g @ T¼±td+ ’p{¬Ð_}.
C=~tÕ_² K*g 200 Û±eÛ~tÆj²b+ ’p{¬Ð_}q+, d¼_+ p²¨¨m² a{d+ 45-50 p²m² m²Q{¨nÞm+ÚD±tb+ Bd+ a² p{m¢M*t ’N}p}Úq+ Kp²m+ 1000 l¶¨m+â K*g _²n¨Q{¨ ö_²m{_{¨m².(_¼ j²T¼=îd{¨Hb+)
Ba+ m²Q{Òm+â,Ûzgk{N{m+ Bztâp{ÉVn
T{=b{zt¨â (3 K*g 3)
ýÐ*t K*g ztp{¨ p{¬Ð_}q+
of aksharaas Names of vRttaas gaNaas yati
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8 vidyunmaala ma-ma-ga-ga 5
bhadrakamu ra-sa-va ....
10 maNi rangamu ra-sa-sa-ga 6
11 indra vraja ta-ta-ja-ga-ga 8
upEndra vraja ja-ta-ja-ga-ga 8
rathOdhatamu ra-na-ra-va 7
svaagatamu ra-na-bha-ga-ga 7
tOvakamu bha-bha-bha-ga-ga 7
12 bhujanga prayaatamu 4 ya 8
indra vaMSamu ta-ta-ja-ra 8
vamSastamu ja-ta-ja-ra 8
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sragviNi 4 ra 7
druta vilambitamu na-bha-bha-ra 7
tOTakamu 4 sa 9
tOdakamu na-ja-ja-ya 8
14 vana mayUramu bha-ja-sa-na-ga-ga 9
vasanta tilaka ta-bha-ja-ja-ga-ga 8
madana -------do---------- 9
15 maalini na-na-ma-ya-ya 9
sarasaamkamu sa-ja-sa-sa-ya 10
sugandhi 7 ha-ga 9
16 panca caamaramu ja-ra-ja-ra-ja-ga 10
17 SikhriNi ya-ma-na-sa-bha-va 13
pRdhvi ja-sa-ja-sa-ya-va 9/12
mandaakraanta ma-bha-na-ta-ta-ga-ga 11
18 matta kOkila ra-sa-ja-ja-bha-ra 11
tarali bha-sa-na-ja-na-ra 11
19 SaardUlamu ma-sa-ja-sa-ta-ta-ga 13
taralamu na-bha-ra-sa-ja-ja-ga 12
mEgha visphUrjitam ya-ma-na-sa-ra-ra-ga 13
candrakaLa ra-sa-sa-ta-ja-ja-ga 11
20 mattEbhamu sa-bha-ra-na-ma-ya-va 14
utpalamaala bha-ra-na-bha-bha-ra-va 10
amburuhamu bha-bha-bha-bha-ra-sa-va 13
21 campaka maala na-ja-bha-ja-ja-ja-ra 11
sragdhara ma-ra-bha-na-ya-ya-ya 8,15
22 mahaa sragdhara sa-ta-ta-na-sa-ra-ra-ga 9,16
maanini 7 bha-ga 7, 13, 19
taraLamu 7 na-ga 13
23 kaviraaja viraajitam na-6 ja-va 8, 14, 20
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24 kraUnca pada bha-ma-sa-bha-na-na-na-ya 11, 19
25 saadhvi bha-na-ja-na-sa-na-na-bha-ga8, 15, 22
26 prabhu 3 na-5 ja-va 9, 15, 21
malayajamu na-ja-na-sa-na-na-bha-na-va 8, 15, 22
mangaLa mahaaSree bha-ja-sa-na-bha-ja-sa-na-ga-ga 9, 17
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In addition to the above 45, there are 5 more frequently used vRttaas.
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27 laakshaNee vRtta bha-na-na-na-na-bha-na-na-sa 16
29 ramaNaka vRtta 9 na-va 9,17,25
30 layagraahi bha-ja-sa-na-bha-ja-sa-na-bha-ya
praasa yati at 9,18,27
34 layavibhaati na-sa-na-na-sa-na-na-sa-na-na-sa-ga
praasa yati at 10,20,30
danDakamu sa-na-ha- n(ta)--------ga or
n(ta)--------------------ga
All of it is considered as one ’paada’
without praasa and yati
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Merits and demerits of ’vRtta chandassu’:
While compilation of tremendous ’poetic’literature is the major merit, the
usage of ’vyardha padaas’ to suit ’chandassu’ (filler words) is the major
demerit. While ’chandO haters’ try to ’overplay’ this aspect, ’chandO
lovers’ overlook this. Keeping this unresolvable issue aside, one got to
accept that amazing skills of composing ’poetry’ were evident on quite a
few occasions in the telugu literature, where unparallel talents were
brought into existance to express human feelings comprising of ’nava
rasaas’.
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While ’chandO haters’ think that ’gaNa’ oriented ’vRtta’ chandassu is a
hurdle, the ’chandO lovers’ feel that as a ’cherishable challenge’. While
creating rythm in the literature is the major function of ’chandassu’, a
maatraa chandassu, that is not bound by any ’sequences of gaNaas’ can also
be rythmic, which is also chandassu. However, it is unfortunate that both
the’chandO haters’ and ’chandO lovers’ totally ignore this aspect very
often.
By all means, ’chandassu’ should aid and enhance the beauty of the
’language’ and ’literature’ as an undercurrent. Poetry (not chandassu)
should reflect the brilliance and elegance of the poet, but not his/her
labour in creating poetry. Afterall, poetry is for ’appealing’, so it
shouldn’t created in an ’appaling’ manner.
With regards,
Prabhakar Vissavajjhala