Teknik Produksi dan Penyiaran Program Radio Kelompok Teknologi Informasi dan komunikasi Penyusun : Ahadiat,S.STDadang Abdurrakhman,S.Pd Drs.Liliek Julianto.

Teknik Produksi dan Penyiaran Program Radio Kelompok Teknologi Informasi dan komunikasi

Penyusun : Ahadiat,S.ST Dadang Abdurrakhman,S.Pd Drs.Liliek Julianto Taufan Adhiwiranto, S.sos

Agus Nuryaman

APPLYING BASIC OF ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

APPLYING BASIC OF ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

APPLYING ELECTRICITY THEORY

Information and Communication TechnologyHal.: 3 Structure of the Atom

STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM

N NN

NN NN

N



•

Atom is the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element

Atom contains proton, neutron, and electron

All the materials we know, including solids, liquids and gases, contain two basic particles of electric charge: the electron and the proton.

Information and Communication TechnologyHal.: 5


The electron is the smallest particle of electric charge having the characteristic called negative polarity.

The proton is the smallest particle of electric charge having the characteristic called positive polarity.

Neutron have no net charge.

Menerapkan Teori Dasar Kelistrikan



N

NNNN

NNN

OrbitNeutron

NucleusProton

Electron



Electrons are distributed in orbital rings around the nucleus.

The distribution of electrons determines the atom’s electrical stability.

The electrons in the orbital ring farthest from the nucleus are especially important.



If electrons in the outermost ring escape from the atom they become free electrons.

Free electrons can move from one atom to the next and are the basis of electric current.




When electrons in the outermost ring of an atom can move easily from one atom to the next in a material, the material is called a conductor.

• Examples of conductors include: – silver– copper– aluminum



When electrons in the outermost ring of an atom do not move about easily, but instead stay in their orbits, the material is called an insulator.

• Examples of insulators include: » glass» plastic» rubber



Semiconductors are materials that are neither good conductors nor good insulators.

• Examples of semiconductors include:– carbon– silicon.– germanium

Information and Communication TechnologyHal.: 12 Electric Charge

ELECTRIC CHARGE

Most common applications of electricity require the charge of billions of electrons or protons.

1 coulomb (C) is equal to the quantity (Q) of 6.25 × 1018 electrons or protons.

The symbol for electric charge is Q or q, for quantity.


ELECTRIC CHARGE

Negative and Positive Polarities Charges of the same polarity tend to repel each other. Charges of opposite polarity tend to attract each

other. Electrons tend to move toward protons because

electrons have a much smaller mass than protons.


ELECTRIC CHARGE

An electric charge can have either negative or positive polarity. An object with more electrons than protons has a net negative charge (-Q) whereas an object with more protons than electrons has a net positive charge (+Q).

An object with an equal number of electrons and protons is considered electrically neutral (Q = 0C)



ELECTRIC CHARGE

Physical Force between Electric charge


ELECTRIC CHARGE

Charge of an Electron The charge of a single electron, or Qe, is 0.16

× 10−18 C. It is expressed

• −Qe = 0.16 × 10−18 C

• (−Qe indicates the charge is negative.)

The charge of a single proton, QP, is also equal to 0.16 × 10−18 C .

However, its polarity is positive instead of negative.

Information and Communication TechnologyHal.: 17 The Volt Unit of Potential Difference

THE VOLT UNIT OF POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE

Potential refers to the possibility of doing work.

Any charge has the potential to do the work of moving another charge, either by attraction or repulsion.

Two unlike charges have a difference of potential.

Potential difference is often abbreviated PD. The volt is the unit of potential difference. Potential difference is also called voltage.

Information and Communication TechnologyHal.: 18 The Volt Unit of Potential Difference

THE VOLT UNIT OF POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE

The volt is a measure of the amount of work or energy needed to move an electric charge.

The metric unit of work or energy is the joule (J). One joule = 0.7376 ft·lbs.

The potential difference (or voltage) between two points equals 1 volt when 1 J of energy is expended in moving 1 C of charge between those two points.

• 1 V = 1 J / 1 C

9 joules

coulomb

9 joules

coulomb

9 joules

coulomb

Information and Communication TechnologyHal.: 19 Electric Current

ELECTRIC CURRENT

When the potential difference between two charges causes a third charge to move, the charge in motion is an electric current.

Current is a continuous flow of electric charges such as electrons.


ELECTRIC CURRENT

Potential difference across two ends of wire conductor causes drift of free electrons throughout the wire to produce electric current.

PENGHANTAR

CURRENT FLOW ELECTRON FLOW


ELECTRIC CURRENT

The amount of current is dependent on the amount of voltage applied.

The greater the amount of applied voltage, the greater the number of free electrons that can be made to move, producing more charge in motion, and therefore a larger value of current.

Current can be defined as the rate of flow of electric charge. The unit of measure for electric current is the ampere (A).

1 A = 6.25 × 1018 electrons (1C) flowing past a given point each second, or 1A= 1C/s.

The letter symbol for current is I or i, for intensity.

Information and Communication TechnologyHal.: 22 Resistance

RESISTANCE

Resistance is the opposition to the flow of current.

A component manufactured to have a specific value of resistance is called a resistor.

• Conductors, like copper or silver, have very low resistance.

• Insulators, like glass and rubber, have very high resistance.

The unit of resistance is the ohm (Ω). The symbol for resistance is R.

Information and Communication TechnologyHal.: 23 Resistance

RESISTANCE

Resistor and Schematic Symbols

Information and Communication TechnologyHal.: 24 Types of Resistor

TYPES OF RESISTOR

Types of Resistors Wire-wound resistors Carbon-composition resistors Film-type resistors

• Carbon film• Metal film

Surface-mount resistors (chip resistors) Fusible resistors Thermistors


TYPES OF RESISTOR

Wire Wound Resistor Special resistance wire

is wrapped around an insulating core, typically porcelain, cement, or pressed paper.

These resistors are typically used for high-current applications with low resistance and appreciable power.


TYPES OF RESISTOR

Carbon Composition Resistors

Made of carbon or graphite mixed with a powdered insulating material.

Metal caps with tinned copper wire (called axial leads) are joined to the ends of the carbon resistance element. They are used for soldering the connections into a circuit.

Becoming obsolete because of the development of carbon-film resistors.


TYPES OF RESISTOR

Carbon Film Resistors Compared to carbon

composition resistors, carbon-film resistors have tighter tolerances, are less sensitive to temperature changes and aging, and generate less noise.


TYPES OF RESISTOR

Metal Film Resistors Metal film resistors

have very tight tolerances, are less sensitive to temperature changes and aging, and generate less noise.


TYPES OF RESISTOR

Surface-Mount Resistors (also called chip resistors)

These resistors are:• Temperature-stable and

rugged• Their end electrodes are

soldered directly to a circuit board.

• Much smaller than conventional resistors with axial leads.


TYPES OF RESISTOR

Fusible Resistors:

Fusible resistors are wire-wound resistors made to burn open easily when the power rating is exceeded. They serve a dual function as both a fuse and a resistor.


TYPES OF RESISTOR

Thermistors: Thermistors are temperature-

sensitive resistors whose resistance value changes with changes in operating temperature.

Used in electronic circuits where temperature measurement, control, and compensation are desired.

Information and Communication TechnologyHal.: 32 Resistor Color Coding

RESISTOR COLOR CODING

Carbon resistors are small, so their R value in ohms is marked using a color-coding system.

Colors represent numerical values.

Coding is standardized by the Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA).



Resistor Color Code

0 Black1 Brown2 Red3 Orange4 Yellow

5 Green6 Blue7 Violet8 Gray9 White

Color Code



Resistors under 10 Ω: The multiplier band is either gold or silver.

• For gold, multiply by 0.1. • For silver, multiply by 0.01.



Applying the Color Code The amount by

which the actual R can differ from the color-coded value is its tolerance. Tolerance is usually stated in percentages.

00 is the nominal value.4 7

Violet = 7

Red = 2

Gold = 5%

5% of 4700 = 235

4700 + 235 = 4935

4700 - 235 = 4465

The actual value can range from 4465 to 4935 .

00 is the nominal value.4 700 is the nominal value.4 00 is the nominal value.00 is the nominal value.4 7

Violet = 7

Red = 2

Gold = 5%

5% of 4700 = 235

4700 + 235 = 4935

4700 - 235 = 4465

Violet = 7

Red = 2

Gold = 5%

5% of 4700 = 235

4700 + 235 = 4935

4700 - 235 = 4465

The actual value can range from 4465 to 4935 .

Yellow = 4



What is the nominal value and permissible ohmic range for each resistor shown?

1 k (950 to 1050 )

390 (370.5 to 409.5 )

22 k (20.9 to 23.1 k)

1 M (950 k to 1.05 M)



Five-Band Color Code Precision resistors often use a

five-band code to obtain more accurate R values.

The first three stripes indicate the first 3 digits in the R value.

The fourth stripe is the multiplier.

The tolerance is given by the fifth stripe.

• Brown = 1%• Red = 2%• Green = 0.5%• Blue = 0.25%• Violet = 0.1%.



Zero-Ohm Resistor Has zero ohms of resistance. Used for connecting two

points on a printed-circuit board.

Body has a single black band around it.

Wattage ratings are typically 1/8- or 1/4-watt.

Information and Communication TechnologyHal.: 39 Variable Resistor

VARIABLE RESISTOR

A variable resistor is a resistor whose resistance value can be changed.


VARIABLE RESISTOR

Rheostats and potentiometers are variable resistances used to vary the amount of current or voltage in a circuit.

Rheostats:• Two terminals.• Connected in series with the load and the voltage source.• Varies the current.


VARIABLE RESISTOR

Potentiometers:• Three terminals.

• Ends connected across the voltage source.

• Third variable arm taps off part of the voltage.


VARIABLE RESISTOR

Wiping contact

Fixed contact

Rheostats are two-terminal devices.

Wiper arm

Wiping contact

Fixed contact

Rheostats are two-terminal devices.

Wiper arm


VARIABLE RESISTOR

Using a Rheostat to Control Current Flow The rheostat must have a wattage rating high enough for the

maximum I when R is minimum.


VARIABLE RESISTOR

Potentiometers Potentiometers are three-

terminal devices. The applied V is input to the

two end terminals of the potentiometer.

The variable V is output between the variable arm and an end terminal.

Information and Communication TechnologyHal.: 45 OHM’S LAW

OHM’S LAW

There are three forms of Ohm’s Law:

• V = IR • I = V/R • R = V/I

where: • I = Current • V = Voltage • R = Resistance

V

I R


OHM’S LAW

The three forms of Ohm’s law can be used to define the practical units of current, voltage, and resistance:

• 1 ampere = 1 volt / 1 ohm• 1 volt = 1 ampere × 1 ohm • 1 ohm = 1 volt / 1 ampere


OHM’S LAW

?

20 V 4 I = 20 V4

= 5 A

1 A

? 12 V = 1A × 12 = 12 V

3 A

6 V ? R = 6 V3 A

= 2

Applying Ohm’s Law V

I R

Information and Communication TechnologyHal.: 48 Electric Power

ELECTRIC POWER

The basic unit of power is the watt (W).• Multiple units of power are:

– Kilowatt (KW): 1000 Watts or 103 W

– Megawatt (MW): 1 Million Watts or 106 W

• Submultiple units of power are:– milliwatt (mW):

1-thousandth of a watt or 10-3 W– microwatt (μW):

1-millionth of a watt or 10-6 W


ELECTRIC POWER

Work and energy are basically the same, with identical units.

Power is different. It is the time rate of doing work.

• Power = work / time.• Work = power × time.


ELECTRIC POWER

Practical Units of Power and Work: The rate at which work is done (power) equals

the product of voltage and current. This is derived as follows:

First, recall that:

1 volt =1 coulomb

1 joule 1 coulomb

1 second1 ampere =and


ELECTRIC POWER

Power = Volts × Amps, orP = V × I

Power (1 watt) =1 joule

1 coulomb× 1 coulomb

1 second1 joule

1 second=


ELECTRIC POWER

There are three basic power formulas, but each can be in three forms for nine combinations.

V

PI

I

PV

VIP

V

PI

I

PV

VIP

R

PI

I

PR

RIP

2

2

PRV

P

VR

R

VP

2

2


ELECTRIC POWER

Applying Power Formulas:

20 V 4

5 A P = VI = 20 × 5 = 100 W

P = I2R = 25 × 4 = 100 W

P = V2

R= 400

4= 100 W

Information and Communication TechnologyHal.: 54 Menerapkan Teori Dasar Kelistrikan

CAPACITANCE

Battery

Capacitor

Unit = Farad

Pico Farad - pF = 10-12FMicro Farad - uF = 10-6F

A capacitor is used to store charge for a short amount of time


CAPACITANCE


CAPACITOR CHARGING


CAPACITOR DISCHARGE


INDUCTANCE


INDUCTANCE

Teknik Produksi dan Penyiaran Program Radio Kelompok Teknologi Informasi dan komunikasi Penyusun : Ahadiat,S.STDadang Abdurrakhman,S.Pd Drs.Liliek Julianto.

Documents

atom atom

atom structure

atom electrons

element atom

atom semiconductors

communication technology

atom n n n n n n n n

germanium slide