Teenage pregnancy in london; the experience of young mothers- Pizus

Teenage pregnancy inLondon: the

experience of youngmothers

ContentsTask 1: Research Proposal......................................11.1 Introduction..............................................11.2 Background of the Study...................................11.3 Research Problem..........................................21.4 Overview of the Resources:................................21.5 Aims and Objectives of the Study..........................31.6 Limitations...............................................41.7 Ethical Considerations....................................5

Task 2: Literature Review......................................52.1 Introduction..............................................52.2 Statistical Review........................................62.3 Contributing Factors......................................62.4 Theoretical Reviews.......................................8

Task 3: Research Methodology...................................93.1 Introduction..............................................93.2 Research Design...........................................93.3 Research Participants.....................................93.4 Data Collection Process..................................10

Task 4: Research Analysis and Discussion......................11

4.1 Introduction.............................................114.2 Interpretation of Data...................................11

Task 5 Conclusion and Recommendation..........................165.1 Introduction.............................................165.2 Recommendations..........................................165.3 Conclusion...............................................17

Reference:....................................................17

Task 1: Research Proposal1.1 IntroductionIn today’s world, teenage pregnancy has become a serious problem

in the whole world as well as in London. Even though teenage

pregnancy rates happen to be decreasing since the earlier 1990’s,

Teenage pregnancy continues to be a significant issue within

today’s culture and it is the interpersonal issue which impacts

the whole neighborhood. There are lots of methods to avoid

adolescent pregnancy, numerous choices to create and several

problems to manage. The study is mainly about to look at the

actual primary reasons for this issue, the result this issue is

wearing the culture and also the person plus some of the feasible

methods for battling this issue in London.

1.2 Background of the StudyAmong the most difficult and many tragic encounters for any

teenage woman has been

Confronted with a positive test result and never understanding

who to turn to, or even exactly how she'll assistance her unborn

child. There are lots of teens all around the London dealing with

teenage pregnancy. Statistics on teenage pregnancy display that

it is a typical issue within culture. “One within 10 ladies

between the ages of 14 to 16 tends to be confronted with

pregnancy” (Birthright). Because many people don't view it within

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their daily life, very few individuals recognize exactly how

considerable the problem of teenage pregnancy really is.

According to Teen help, “34% of teenagers have at least one

pregnancy before they turn 20. Not only is teenage pregnancy an

issue to society, it may also impact the future of the unborn

child as well. Teen help reviews, “the daughter of teen mothers

tend to be twenty two percent more likely than their peers to

become teen mothers” (Teen Help). Culture disapproves of teenage

pregnancy for a number of interpersonal, financial, as well as

spiritual reasons. But instead of judging and loosing respect for

these teenagers, culture ought to provide assistance by way of

organizations, treatment centers, as well as much more training.

Here in the context of UK territories, the effects of teenage

pregnancy in London with the experience of young mothers are

discussed.

1.3 Research Problem The Government of a country is always concerned about the serious

effects of teenage pregnancy of a country. But the main problem

of this research is to find out the effects that affect the whole

neighborhood under the context of UK. For the purpose of

analyzing, the problems generated and implemented in this study

are needed to be addressed first. After that the effects should

be analyzed whether it is positive or negative are required to be

found out.

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The research study is based on the following question: What are

the socioeconomic and psychological influences that teenage pregnancy has on

its family life with the experience of young mothers in UK?

1.4 Overview of the Resources:For focusing to get detailed information there are several

resources are used in this study in order to analyze the

influences of teenage pregnancy that has on family life. The

detail of these resources is stated below:

Teenagers:

They are the ones that included in this case. They may be

assisted with the educational content material of the research.

They might recognize the actual unwanted effects associated with

Teenage pregnancy as well as exactly how it might change their

own existence.

Society:

Society might reduce the actual portion associated with solitary

parenthood among the neighborhood. It might navigate members of

the family how teenage pregnancy can impact the household

especially the actual teenagers.

Sources of Contraceptive materials:

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They might anticipate a rise sought after because of the

understanding of the teenagers upon conceiving a child while very

young.

Local Government:

They may be in a position to put into action as well as help

tasks in regards to the rates of teenage pregnancy concern. They

may be in a position to realize the actual much deeper reason for

these particular inflating rates of early pregnancy.

Community Members:

They might develop powerful connections towards teenage pregnancy

as well as they may be a far more effective part of the main

neighborhood when it comes to cooperating within the connections.

Parents:

They might anticipate a much better long term along with an

intensifying along with a much more useful as well as deserving

assistance for their son's as well as daughters.

Non-Government Organization:

They might much more strengthen their own objectives about this

field as well as conform a competent objective upon delivery

associated to suggestions that this particular research

concentrates. They may be much more adequate when it comes to

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task preparing as well as information evaluation associated with

interpersonal elements associated with teenage pregnancy.

Others:

They would get a broader knowledge on how the teenage pregnancy

works in the society.

1.5 Aims and Objectives of the Study

Aims of the study:

The aim of the study is to determine the rate of teen age

students that is engaged in teenage pregnancy as well as to

identify the effects of teenage pregnancy that has on family

life. This study was an extensive comprehensive review of

literature and documents that pertained to adolescent pregnancy.

For that purpose, different resources related with teenage

pregnancy have been selected and investigated here.

Objectives of the Study:

The objectives of this study are –

To determine the socioeconomic and psychological effects of

teenage pregnancy with the experience of young mothers has

on it family life.

To enhance the people awareness on number of students

indulged in teenage pregnancy in London.

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To increase the awareness and knowledge on increasing number

of teenage pregnancy cases.

To allow them to soak up as well as reveal the results and

difficulties connected within teenage pregnancy.

To help prevent from indulging from this early pregnancy.

1.6 LimitationsAlthough the research is performed to discover the very best

positive as well as helpful outcome as well as suggestion, there

are several limitations that proved as hinders when it comes to

the study. A number of this kind of restrictions are stated

below-

Just teenage mothers that go to treatment centers throughout

the data-collection stage of the research are going to be

contacted in order to take part in the research. This

particular quantity in order to comfort sample, that is not

really arbitrary and for that reason can't declare to

signify the population of teenage moms.

As, involvement is actually non-reflex with no individual is

going to be coerced by any means in any way to take part.

This particular imposes an additional restriction about the

generalizability from the investigation outcomes, since it

can't be thought how the teenage mothers that take part in

the research have the exact same understanding, behavior as

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well as awareness concerning contraceptives as people who

decrease to take part.

Availability of current documentation, pertaining to the

topic.

The participants are going to be requested to accomplish

questionnaires implying how the obtainable information tend

to be documented solutions to particular products within the

set of questions. Numerous non-responses to particular

products may give up the actual validity and/or

dependability from the investigation outcomes.

Interview sessions with the young mothers are not always

effective and same as their feeling, attitudes and

perceptions are not always same.

The restricted time period as well as availability of

resources is some other complicated challenges while

completing the report.

1.7 Ethical ConsiderationsThe research is also focused on the ethical considerations of the

selected resources. While doing this particular study, these

types of ethical considerations are examined and experienced with

care. So, the following study has provided identical as well as

appropriate significance to concerns like ethical considerations

and executed the study by following those.

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Task 2: Literature Review

2.1 IntroductionReviewing literatures is one of the most significant as well as

considerable areas of elements of research. It assists to

evaluate the past executed research on the very subject or any

subjects linked to the research. Teenage pregnancy has now become

a serious problem in London. In this section, some theoretical

reviews are done related to the topic of ‘Teenage pregnancy in

London; with the experience of young mothers’. The intention of this

particular section of the research is to provide an overview of

suitable literature that concentrates on queries associated with

teenage pregnancy. The Introduction to this research provided an

overview of the scope of the issue, its effects as well as

results, and a conceptual framework in which it was stated that

peer stress to begin sexual activity along with reduced self-

esteem might actually be important in positioning some young

girls at risk for pregnancy during teenage years.

2.2 Statistical ReviewThe two effects were maternity rate, a proxy regarding pregnancy

rate, as well as pregnancy consequence. Each outcome were

assessed at the level of compact region in UK as well as were

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reviewed for each of three age ranges, 13-15, 16-17, and 18-19

years, based on the maternal age at pregnancy. Pregnancy rates in

16-17 as well as 18-19 year olds were depicted as the proportion

of viewed to predicted pregnancies, so that they can standardize

for relationship status. The anticipated number of pregnancies

was extracted through the use of national rates in married and

unmarried teenagers to local married and unmarried populations,

after that including the outcomes to acquire a total. The

expected number of pregnancies in 14-16 year olds in every region

was derived from the whole national rate. Pregnancy outcome was

stated as the ratio of conceptions resulting in a maternity;

results categorized as miscarriage and other were omitted. This

ratio was measured individually for married and unmarried

teenagers in each age group. I considered marital status to be a

significant sign of the cultural background of young women in UK,

even though in some cases pregnancy would have preceded marriage.

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2.3 Contributing Factors The troubles of early childbearing on deprived teenagers tend tobe indisputable. Attempting to untangle the factors which

contribute to teenage pregnancy from its effects, nevertheless,

leads to a "which came first, the chicken or the egg?" dilemma.

Academic disappointment, poverty, lack of employment and low

self-esteem tend to be thought as unfavorable effects of early

childbearing. These types of situations also contribute to the

possibilities of teenage pregnancy. For instance, current

research suggests that the majority of teenage mothers have

already dropped out of school before they get pregnant. On the

other hand, teenagers still enrolled in school when they give

birth are as likely to graduate student as their friends. It is

not distinct the way properly the teenagers with the most

challenges would have fared in the future even without early

parenthood

Following are some of the contributing factors of teenage

pregnancy:

Lack of Parental Guidance:The majority of people avert their children from discussing about

sex. In some instances, they provide false information relating

to sex and dissuade their children to be involved in any kind of

informative discussion about sex. In some cases, teenage mothers

are not properly knowledgeable about sex before getting pregnant

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and therefore this leads to lack of communication between the

parents and the children.

Teenagers Sexual Behavior:Among the teenagers, peer stress is a significant aspect that

stimulates the teenage boys and girls to indulge in sexual

actions. Early dating, as early as 14 years of age, is another

factor which results in teenage pregnancy.

Improper knowledge about safe sex:The majority of teenagers are unaware of risk-free sex. They

possibly don't have any access to the traditional ways of

avoiding pregnancy. And the major reason behind is that they are

either too uncomfortable or even worry to find information about

it.

Exploitation by Older Men:This is another important factor which contributes to pregnancy

among the teenagers. Those girls who date more aged men are more

inclined to get pregnant before they acquire womanhood. Rape,

sexual exploitations etc. also occurs that leads to undesirable

pregnancy among teenage girls.

Socio Economic Factors:

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Teenage girls who belong to the poor families are more likely to

get pregnant. Researchers have realized that even in the

developed nations including UK teenage pregnancy happens most

often among the deprived sections.

2.4 Theoretical ReviewsThe theories guiding this research study are targeted at

decreasing unhealthy sexual practices of teen girls who are

pregnant or possess a child. Several interventions have been made

to encourage safer premarital conduct amongst young girls.

Nevertheless, comparatively few have confirmed effective, to some

extent because of the insufficient development of theoretically

centered plans and framework (Wright, Abraham, & Scott, 1998).An

understanding of the roots as well as control of improper sexual

conduct can be derived from basic social science study. Unless

this is applied to the style of behavior-change plans, the latter

are improbable to target the most crucial determinants of young

people's conduct and are, consequently, unlikely to work (Wright

et al., 1998).According to Wright et al.,(1998), it is essential

which plans whose objective is to prevent teenage pregnancy

comply with the following:

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Strengthen the standard of young people's relationships,

specifically in terms of minimizing anxiousness and

regretted sexual behaviors.

Reduce the incidence of unsafe sex.

Reduce the rate of unwanted pregnancies.

The theoretical basis of this research was deliberately eclectic,

merging social psychological cognitive models along with

sociological interpretations, since this researcher was not

focused on evolving a specific concept, but with discovering that

are most useful in promoting sexual health. First, the social

effects on sexual conducts are viewed, followed by the way in

which these lead to specific perceptions and philosophy. It is

necessary that educators develop a theoretical knowledge of

sexual interaction as well as the social contexts of sexual

behavior among teenage girls.

Task 3: Research Methodology

3.1 IntroductionResearch methodology signifies the entire process by following

which the research would be completed. A research methodology may

include study designs, data collection procedure, models and

approaches etc. In this research, the research methodology

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consists of two significant part namely research design and

research data collection process (Bull and McFarlane, 2011).

3.2 Research DesignResearch design is the method according to which the research

will be executed. For this study, an effective research design

has been chosen as well as implemented. Since the research is

mainly theoretical, both the primary and secondary data resources

are utilized in the study. Following the literature review, the

desired data of this research study are generally gathered in a

methodized technique. Data from primary sources are accumulated

from the questionnaire and interview techniques. On the other

hand, secondary data are obtained from different websites of the

institutes, library, newspaper, published journals etc. Primarily

two types of methods will be employed for accumulating the

primary data which are:

Questionnaire

Interview

3.3 Research ParticipantsThe participants of this study are the female teen age students

that are engaged in teenage pregnancy in UK. This research is

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executed in London where the research centers to extract the

statistical data of teenage pregnancy.

3.4 Data Collection Process

Questionnaire:Questionnaires are often a rational as well as comfortable choice

regarding gathering information from the common people. They are

basically difficult to style. Due to the frequent use in all

adjustments in the modern world, the rate of reaction is nearly

always going to be challenging unless officials have strategies

of generating publics complete them and hand them in at that

moment. For this particular research several scales and methods

are going to be utilized:

Using the ‘Likert Scale’:

The traditional method to survey on a likert scale is to include

the values of every question and create a rating for each

respondent. This rating is then used to indicate an exact

characteristic. For this exact research, scale 1 to 5 symbolizing

different levels like strongly agree, agree, strongly disagree

etc. are being applied here.

The Method of ‘Checklist’:

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The checklist method is an interactively centered technique that

requires raters to observe the react and report qualitative

decisions concerning these routines. In this particular approach,

a summary of influences and effects of teenage pregnancy as well

as their impacts are given, conducts is formulated. For this

research the most identical choices are predetermined to fulfill

the answers.

Interviews:Interviews enable face to face conversation with human issues. If

one is planning to work with interviews he needs to select

whether to record the interview, take simple and specific notes,

believe in memory or compose in the solutions. For this

particular research, numerous methods like this approach are

utilized in order to accumulate even more accurate qualitative

information which can be used for problems fixing or making

answers or suggestions.

Task 4: Research Analysis andDiscussion4.1 IntroductionIn this section, the findings from data collection process will

be reported. It will also explore the meaning of the findings and

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its implications. The particular chapters will likely then carry

on to be able to current the particular conclusions by means of

the key designs, which may have come about coming from the

analysis. There will have an endeavor to be able to construction

the particular display with the designs in accordance with the

way they will come about. This section shows the findings from

interviews executed with Twenty six participants.

4.2 Interpretation of DataIn this study the findings of this research will be displayed in

different tables like age of participants, distribution of

respondents according to the situation of their pregnancy,

distribution of participants if their pregnancy is planned etc.

which are stated below-

Table 1- Age of participants

Age of Participants NumbersAge 14 2Age 15 3Age 16 7Age 17 7Age 18 3Age 19 4Total 26

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As the table above displays, entire, each age group from 16-20

years was manifested in the sample.

Table 2- Distribution of Respondents according to the Situation

of their Pregnancy

Situation of Pregnancy Total scoreFine 20Good 0

Not Well 6Bad 0

Total 26

As demonstrated in the Table 2, there are 26 participants all-in-

all, about the scenario of the respondent's pregnancy. There are

20 participants who are fine, there are 0 participants good. 6

answerers are not well. And 0 are in bad condition. The

tabulation ensures that the majority of the Participants are in a

fine condition.

Table 3- Distribution of Participants based on their Pregnancy if

it is planned

Pregnancy if Planned Total score

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Yes 1No 25

Total 26

Table 3 discloses that 1 out of 20 participants had pregnancy

plan. And 25 of them don't possess the plan for being pregnant.

The information signifies that most of the participants have no

plan to be pregnant yet. This implies that most of the

respondents did not plan their pregnancy.

Table 4- Distribution of Participants according on aborting the

baby

Aborting the baby Total scoreYes 1No 25

Total 26

Table 4 discloses that there are 26 participants all-

in-all, about the respondent’s plan in aborting the child.

Only 1 answerer planned for aborting the child and there are

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19 had no plan in aborting the baby. This implies that most

of the participants did not abort the child.

Table 5- Knowledge of family planning

Knowledge of Family Planning Total ScoreYes 0NO 26

Total 26

According to the Table 5, out of 26 participants,

there are 0 respondents possess understanding of family

planning, 26 don’t have an idea about family planning. This

ensures that almost all of the participants did not know

about the Family Planning Approach.

Table 6- Knowledge of place where you can find free condoms

Knowledge of place where you

can find free condoms

Total score

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Yes 0No 26

Total 26

Table 6 shows that out of 26 respondents, there are 0

participants who have knowledge where they can find free

condoms. And 26 participants have no knowledge about where

to found free condoms. This implies that majority of

participants were not informed about the circulating free

condoms.

Table 7- Distribution of how to stand for the baby’s financial

needs

Plan for Financing the baby Total scoreI would depend on my parents 6I will finish my studies and

give the responsibilities to

the father

20

I will find a job 0Total 26

Table 7 discloses that 6 out of 26 participants depend

on their parents in financing the child. 20 of the

participants will complete first their studies. And none of

them will find a job. The information signifies that most of

the participants have plans to be finish first their21 | P a g e

studies. This demonstrates that the majority of the

participants stated that they’d rather finish their studies

and leave the baby’s financial needs to his father.

Table 8- Can manage your current situation

Can manage your current

situation

Total score

Yes 25No 1

Total 26

According to the Table 8, out of 26 respondents, there

are 25 respondents can manage their current situation. And 1

cannot manage the situation. This shows that the majority of

the respondents said yes that they could manage their

current situation.

Table 9- Distribution of Respondents According on continuing

their Educational Life

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Continue your Educational

Life

Total score

Yes 26No 0

Total 26

As shown in the Table 9, there are 26 participants

all-in-all, concerning the respondent’s intends to carry on

their educational life. All of the participants carry on and

are presently carrying on with their educational life. This

signifies that most of the participants will still go on

their education.

Table 10- Respect from others

Respect from others Total scoreYes 25No 1

Total 26

Table 10 reveals that 25 out of 26 respondents still

have their reputation. And only 1 of the respondents did not

gain any respect from others. This shows that the majority

of the respondents still gain their respect from others.

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Task 5 Conclusion and Recommendation

5.1 IntroductionThis final section evaluates the aim of the research as well as

summarizes the information reported in the Review of Literature.

A review of the findings along with a summary is drawn

considering the outcomes present in the review of literature. The

researcher will consider with educational recommendations for the

area of teenagers sexuality. These types of recommendations will

be used to update the present human development as well as

development curriculum in London.

5.2 RecommendationsThe outcomes of this particular comprehensive overview of

literature has led the researcher to the following

recommendations for teenage pregnancy in London along with the

experience of young mothers

Every male and female has the right to decide what he/she

will need in his / her life. Just be sure that it is

possible to stand all the effects in their every activity.

Teenage pregnancy is not a simple issue. We should have the

knowledge concerning this and be conscious that it has

unsafe effects on a teenager’s life

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Include information regarding the socioeconomic influence

that teenage pregnancy has on the neighborhood, state and

nationwide level.

Include a segment upon child mistreatment, preventative

conducts and, pressure management when handling children in

tough conditions

Formulate a summary of questions to consider when a student

realizes that they are pregnant. Provide the students with a

report on factors to consider prior to making a decision.

Focus on the roles and duties that every family member has

to each other during the time that an teenagers family

member is expecting

Discuss the difference between cultural norms and teen

pregnancy.

5.3 ConclusionThe rate of teenage pregnancy in London is now very much

alarming. It has been observed that the rate of teenage pregnancy

is increasing due to curiosity and peer pressure. Now most

females are sexually active at the age of 14-16. Teenagers are

engaged in this activity due to lack of awareness and the

outcomes they are about to face. In this study, at first, the

research proposal and aims are stated here. After that a number

of review of related content are assessed. The methodology and

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data collection process are also mentioned in the research. The

entire evaluation and interpretation are given in detail.

Finally, some recommendations are proposed in order to enhance

the entire circumstance and impact of teenage pregnancy in UK.

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