Tectonica Web

7/24/2019 Tectonica Web

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Tectonicus


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.

, .


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( , )

( )

.( )

-

.

(= " ).

,


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200


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The Tectonic Plates


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-


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PTt Path of metamorphic rocks

P

T

t1

t2

t3

t4

t0 t5

Burial

Exhum

ation


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, ,


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,
http://nhb-arcims.si.edu/ThisDynamicPlanet/index.htmlhttp://nhb-arcims.si.edu/ThisDynamicPlanet/index.htmlhttp://nhb-arcims.si.edu/ThisDynamicPlanet/index.html


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:


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:

.


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( ( , , '


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The Wieliczka salt mine , near Krakow, Poland


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: ,


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,

"4


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Total intensity magnetic anomaly mapDerived from a compilation of aeromagnetic and marine magnetic data


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EarthsMagnetic Field

Dipolar

Geocentric,Approximately aligns withthe rotation axis

Dynamic

Secular Variation andReversals


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Polarity Reversals

NS

,

Reversals are random,there is no clear

preference neither tonorth nor to south

0.78


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tanInc. = 2tan

Inc


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Earths Magnetic Field is Recorded in Rocks

ThermalMagnetizationMagnetic particlesalign with the directionof the geomagneticfield while thetemperature is higherthan the CurieTemperature. When

the magma cools downthe magnetization islocked in the rock.


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DepositionalMagnetizationMagnetic particlesalign with the direction

of the geomagneticfield as they settledown through thewater. The field

direction is recorded inthe sediment.

Earths Magnetic Field is Recorded in Rocks


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-

1963MorleyVineMatthews hypothesis

( ).

.


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-

1963MorleyVineMatthews hypothesis

( ).

.


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:

JOIDES Resolution:1985-2003 more than 1,800holes at some 670 sites

Alvin: 4,400 dives to depthsreaching 4,500 m


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" "


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" "


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:

?


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" "


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,

150 100 50 5


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10 Ma


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40 Ma


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80 Ma


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200Ma


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Present

200"


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- " - -200

TETHYS


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( (

Click


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,


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. =

( ) . .

.


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. =

. ( (

. .


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.

.


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.

( )

=( ( X X.

X :


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" "

-


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animation
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wkc4lbhhSRshttp://www.dandanowski.com/portfolio/index.php?show=isostasyhttp://www.dandanowski.com/portfolio/index.php?show=isostasyhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wkc4lbhhSRs


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?
http://www.dandanowski.com/portfolio/index.php?show=isostasyhttp://www.dandanowski.com/portfolio/index.php?show=isostasy


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?

TheTectonicPlates


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The Tectonic Plates


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Continent-Continent

Ocean-Ocean

Ocean-Continent


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. , .

.


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. , .

.


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. , .

.

" "


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, .


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, .

-


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.( ( + (

).

+

Solidusandgeothermalgradients


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Solidus and geothermal gradients

TwoModelsofIsostasy


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Two Models of Isostasy


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- 35"

-2.7"

-

5-7"

-3.3"


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Apparent Polar

Wander PathNorth America

Europe


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Red Sea evolution


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Passive continental margin

Afar Triangle - new crust


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Afar Triangle - new crust


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Passive vs Active margins

-

CO2


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.CO2

Heat flow measurementsF til th t jit fth t f


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For practical reasons, the vast majority of the measurements are fromcontinental areas.

Map from www!"eatflow!und!edu#
http://www.heatflow.und.edu/index2.htmlhttp://www.heatflow.und.edu/index2.html


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Black Smokers


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T"ree mec"anisms for "eat transferconduction$ convection and radiation!

%eat transfer in t"e &art"


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'ot" conductionand convectionare important!

(n t"e lit"osp"ere$ t"e temperature gradient iscontrolled mainl) *) conduction!

Convection in t"e lit"osp"ere does pla) a role in+olcanism and emplacement of magmatic *odies!Mid-ocean ridges in t"e form of ")drot"ermal oceancirculation!

% fl i " fl i d i i f "%eat transfer "eat flu,


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%eat flu,is t"e flow per unit area and per unit time of "eat!(t is directl) proportional to t"e temperature gradient!

ne dimensional.ourier/s 0aw

w"ere - "eat flu,$ in 23m-4k - coefficient of t"ermal conductivit)$ in 23m-16-1 7large k

means good t"ermal conductor8$T - temperature$) is a spatial coordinate$3 - 3att$ 9oule per second!

:uestion w") t"e minus sign;

q= kdTdy

,

%eat is flowing from t"e "ot to cold!%eat will alwa)s flow int"e direction of t"e ma,imum c"ange in temperature$ or t"e"ig"est temperature gradient

Conduction


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q= kdT

dy ,

Power depends on area A, thicknessx,temperature diferenceT and conductiit! o"

materia#

Conductiit! is a propert!o" the materia#


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Q~t-1/2

Q t

- Airy

h(t)


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depth~t-1/2

, "

'


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.

.

. -


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Ages of Hawii Emperor Sea Mounts


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See also

http://earth.leeds.ac.uk/dynamicearth/plates_move/hotspots/index.htm

Ages of Hawii Emperor Sea Mounts
http://earth.leeds.ac.uk/dynamicearth/plates_move/hotspots/index.htmhttp://earth.leeds.ac.uk/dynamicearth/plates_move/hotspots/index.htmhttp://earth.leeds.ac.uk/dynamicearth/plates_move/hotspots/index.htmhttp://earth.leeds.ac.uk/dynamicearth/plates_move/hotspots/index.htm


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Hawaii


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Hot-Spots


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:


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Vab+Vbc+Vca=0

a

bc?

Vca

VbcVab

:


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?:


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: ,

:

:

:

:

:


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:

San Andreas Fault, California


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*

* * -


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*

*

* -

105"


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-

20

-

20

105

"

105"

1179"


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60

'


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(GPS)


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30 20,000," " - ,12- 30'

GPS


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GPS

,


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GPS

.

.


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., . , . . , .

. . ,

, . -

.

. .


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!!!

http://www.learninggeoscience.net/free/00040/index.htm

http://wwnorton.com/college/geo

/earth4/animations.aspx
http://www.learninggeoscience.net/free/00040/index.htmhttp://wwnorton.com/college/geo/earth4/animations.aspxhttp://wwnorton.com/college/geo/earth4/animations.aspxhttp://wwnorton.com/college/geo/earth4/animations.aspxhttp://wwnorton.com/college/geo/earth4/animations.aspxhttp://wwnorton.com/college/geo/earth4/animations.aspxhttp://wwnorton.com/college/geo/earth4/animations.aspxhttp://www.learninggeoscience.net/free/00040/index.htm

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