Technology Transfer on Ectoparasite Control in Latin America: Challenges and Motivations FAO - WGPR Meeting, Campo Grande October, 2005 Efraín Benavides.

Technology Transfer on Technology Transfer on Ectoparasite Control in Latin Ectoparasite Control in Latin

America: Challenges and America: Challenges and MotivationsMotivations

FAOFAO--WGPR Meeting, Campo GrandeWGPR Meeting, Campo Grande

October, 2005October, 2005 Efraín Benavides O.Efraín Benavides O.

Programa de Salud AnimalPrograma de Salud AnimalCORPOICA-CEISACORPOICA-CEISA

Benavides (2005)Benavides (2005) 22

Present SituationPresent Situation

In spite of the advances in Science and In spite of the advances in Science and Technology in relation to the control of ticks, Technology in relation to the control of ticks, flies of veterinary importance and Tick Borne flies of veterinary importance and Tick Borne Diseases of livestock, it appears that methods Diseases of livestock, it appears that methods for a sustainable control of these parasitic for a sustainable control of these parasitic diseases, as well as for helminths of veterinary diseases, as well as for helminths of veterinary importance, have not been attained.importance, have not been attained.

Are our efforts well oriented?Are our efforts well oriented?


Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Integrated Pest Management (IPM) applied for Parasitic Control applied for Parasitic Control

IPMIPM concept was preliminary developed for concept was preliminary developed for control of pests in agricultural crops but has been control of pests in agricultural crops but has been adapted to the control of parasites of livestock. It adapted to the control of parasites of livestock. It implies the integration of implies the integration of various tools and various tools and strategies chemical and non chemicalstrategies chemical and non chemical,, to attain to attain a maximum efficacy in their combination, a maximum efficacy in their combination, maintaining parasites under maintaining parasites under a given theoretical a given theoretical threshold levelthreshold level, minimizing the use of chemicals, minimizing the use of chemicals


Esquemas MIP de Control ParasitarioEsquemas MIP de Control ParasitarioAcorde al Grupo de Trabajo en Resistencia Parasitaria Acorde al Grupo de Trabajo en Resistencia Parasitaria

FAOFAO““Combinación de diferentes medios de control parasitario, de manera que se reduzcan Combinación de diferentes medios de control parasitario, de manera que se reduzcan

efectivamente las poblaciones parasitarias y se minimice el desarrollo de efectivamente las poblaciones parasitarias y se minimice el desarrollo de resistencia parasitaria, aplicable a:resistencia parasitaria, aplicable a:

El control de una especie de parásitoEl control de una especie de parásito El control de dos o más especies de parásitos que coexisten en el huéspedEl control de dos o más especies de parásitos que coexisten en el huésped El control de una o más especies de parásitos, integrando aspectos socioeconómicos de El control de una o más especies de parásitos, integrando aspectos socioeconómicos de

las prácticas de manejo y las particularidades del sistema de producción.”las prácticas de manejo y las particularidades del sistema de producción.”


Objective of the presentationObjective of the presentation

To examine concepts related to IPM for To examine concepts related to IPM for parasitic control of livestock with emphasis in parasitic control of livestock with emphasis in Latin AmericaLatin America

To discuss what alternatives of control are To discuss what alternatives of control are already validated under our conditionsalready validated under our conditions

To suggest critical points that should be To suggest critical points that should be covered to improve the transfer of technology covered to improve the transfer of technology related to parasite controlrelated to parasite control


Reasons for the Proposal?Reasons for the Proposal? Parasitic Control based only in the use of Parasitic Control based only in the use of

chemicals is not sustainable in the medium chemicals is not sustainable in the medium or long term:or long term: Costs (product itself and for inefficacies Costs (product itself and for inefficacies

in their use)in their use) Development of ResistanceDevelopment of Resistance Pesticide Residues in milk or meat.Pesticide Residues in milk or meat.

Appropriate schemes for control in the Appropriate schemes for control in the tropics and the American geography must be tropics and the American geography must be developed developed


Cost and Efficacy of the Cost and Efficacy of the Chemical Control of ParasitesChemical Control of Parasites

Usually drugs are imported and then they imply Usually drugs are imported and then they imply currency emigration. Costs will depend of exchange currency emigration. Costs will depend of exchange raterate Generics advantages and disadvantagesGenerics advantages and disadvantages

Efficacy will depend of the objective for which, the Efficacy will depend of the objective for which, the product is applied. Do producers have clear that product is applied. Do producers have clear that objective? objective? ¿To “clean” the animals?¿To “clean” the animals? ¿To improve the performance of the herd? ¿To improve the performance of the herd?

¿To maintain parasites under an economic threshold level?¿To maintain parasites under an economic threshold level?


Non Efficient Use of Veterinary Non Efficient Use of Veterinary Antiparasitic DrugsAntiparasitic Drugs

Unnecessary applicationUnnecessary application (Economic criteria (Economic criteria vs.vs. cosmetic criteria) cosmetic criteria)

Deficient coverageDeficient coverage Inadequate volumeInadequate volume The compound does not reach critical sitesThe compound does not reach critical sites

Low or absent effect on PopulationLow or absent effect on Population Type of ParasiteType of Parasite Life Cycle of the parasite involvedLife Cycle of the parasite involved Groups of animals treatedGroups of animals treated Animal’s movements between paddocksAnimal’s movements between paddocks


Chaotic use of compounds Chaotic use of compounds


Tipo de Tratamiento Garrapaticida y Número de Tipo de Tratamiento Garrapaticida y Número de Baños Anuales en el Alto Magdalena (2001)Baños Anuales en el Alto Magdalena (2001)

Numero de Baños Garrapaticidas/año. Histograma de Frecuencias (%)

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

1 - 5 6 - 10 11 - 15 16 - 20 21 - 25 26 - 30 31 - 35 36 - 40 41 - 45 > 46

Tipo de Tratamiento Acaricida

73%

16%5% 2%2%2%

Bomba-espalda Bomba-fija Bomba-motorHisopo Trapo inmers-esp-moto


Deficiencies in the application of Deficiencies in the application of Acaricides using a back pipeAcaricides using a back pipe

OBSERVED PROBLEMOBSERVED PROBLEM Insufficient volume of Insufficient volume of

ProductProduct Untreated areas in the animalUntreated areas in the animal High number of applicationsHigh number of applications Non penetration of the Non penetration of the

compoundcompound

CORRECT BEHAVIOURCORRECT BEHAVIOUR To use 5 liters per Adult Animal To use 5 liters per Adult Animal

(1 lt/100kg)(1 lt/100kg) To restrain animals for the To restrain animals for the

treatmenttreatment Use an Strategic scheme or treat Use an Strategic scheme or treat

according to parasite levelaccording to parasite level Use appropriate equipment and Use appropriate equipment and

pressurepressure

El Control Sostenible y Racional de El Control Sostenible y Racional de Enfermedades Parasitarias del Ganado en Enfermedades Parasitarias del Ganado en Colombia, basado en esquemas de Manejo Colombia, basado en esquemas de Manejo

Integrado de Plagas (MIP): Utopía o Integrado de Plagas (MIP): Utopía o RealidadRealidad

(ENICIP, 2002)(ENICIP, 2002)

Efraín Benavides OrtizEfraín Benavides OrtizPrograma de Salud AnimalPrograma de Salud Animal

CORPOICACORPOICA


Actors and Relationships required in the Implementation Actors and Relationships required in the Implementation of a IPM scheme for Parasite Control of a IPM scheme for Parasite Control

Ganadero

Información Científica Políticos

Sistema Educativo

A.T. Particular Universidad Inst. Tecnológico

Paraveterinario

IndustriaFarmacéutica

Asociaciones de GanaderosAgroindustria

UMATAS

ICA

Instituciones de investigación: CORPOICA, Universidades...

Servicios de extensión

El Rol de la Ecología en el Diseño de Planes de El Rol de la Ecología en el Diseño de Planes de Control de la Garrapata del GanadoControl de la Garrapata del Ganado (ejemplo) (ejemplo)

ECOLOGIA

DETERMINACION DEL DAÑO CAUSADO

DISEÑO DE ESTRATEGIAS DE CONTROL

ENDECTOCIDAS

ACARICIDAS

ROTACION Y DESCANSO

DE PRADERAS

VACUNAS ANTIGARRAPATAS

GANADO RESISTENTE

Biocontroladores ??


How to rationally combine Tools and How to rationally combine Tools and Strategies under different scenario?Strategies under different scenario?

Unfortunately the message and ideas to Unfortunately the message and ideas to be transferred to the producer is far be transferred to the producer is far more complex to go to the drugstore more complex to go to the drugstore and buy a drugand buy a drug

There is no single solution for all the There is no single solution for all the field situationsfield situations

““If I do not understand the message, If I do not understand the message, better I do not adopt the method”better I do not adopt the method”

The new tools are generally more The new tools are generally more expensiveexpensive

Our vets generally are not formed to Our vets generally are not formed to digest the complex messagedigest the complex message

The farmer in the middle of the stormThe farmer in the middle of the storm


The Development of IPM The Development of IPM paradigm in Colombia (and Latin paradigm in Colombia (and Latin

America?)America?) In the researchIn the research In the academyIn the academy In the productive sector (producers and Industry)In the productive sector (producers and Industry)

Hypothesis: These three components, as well as Hypothesis: These three components, as well as related stakeholders (livestock production) interact related stakeholders (livestock production) interact appropriately and share information and methods to appropriately and share information and methods to ensure the deployment of IPM schemes for parasitic ensure the deployment of IPM schemes for parasitic controlcontrol


Research Situation on IPM Schemes for Research Situation on IPM Schemes for Parasite Control in ColombiaParasite Control in Colombia

Perspective of the Research Perspective of the Research Institutions CORPOICA, Institutions CORPOICA, othersothers

Sources of funds?Sources of funds? Research callsResearch calls Industry callsIndustry calls Specific necessitiesSpecific necessities

And the University?And the University?Efforts of local laboratoriesEfforts of local laboratoriesAnd the multinational And the multinational

Companies?Companies?

A lot of local, empiric, not A lot of local, empiric, not scientific experiences and scientific experiences and claimsclaims

Design of projects, lack of Design of projects, lack of experienceexperience

PRONATTA projectsPRONATTA projects CORPOICA’s agendaCORPOICA’s agenda Local labs agendaLocal labs agenda Money as driving forceMoney as driving force Demand and offertDemand and offert


Offer Offer vs vs DemandDemand Our OfferOur Offer

Methods and protocols for parasitological evaluationMethods and protocols for parasitological evaluation Resistance to acaricides, insecticides, anthelmintics Resistance to acaricides, insecticides, anthelmintics

(DEMAND?)(DEMAND?) Products and technological servicesProducts and technological services Know HowKnow How

DemandDemand Livestock producersLivestock producers Producer associationsProducer associations Pharmaceutical companiesPharmaceutical companies


Our ExperienceOur Experience

Animal Health Program, Veterinary Parasitology Animal Health Program, Veterinary Parasitology group (before Veterinary Epidemiology program)group (before Veterinary Epidemiology program)

Basic and applied research on Integrated Pest Basic and applied research on Integrated Pest Management for the control of endo and ecto Management for the control of endo and ecto parasites of major veterinary importance and parasites of major veterinary importance and studies on resistance to pesticidesstudies on resistance to pesticides

Experience on epidemiological assessments Experience on epidemiological assessments Participation as member of the Working Group Participation as member of the Working Group

on Parasite Resistance of FAOon Parasite Resistance of FAO


Cepas Multi - ResistentesCepas Multi - Resistentes Se ha caracterizado el Patrón de Resistencia para algunas Se ha caracterizado el Patrón de Resistencia para algunas

cepas en Colombia, algunas de las cuales se mantienen cepas en Colombia, algunas de las cuales se mantienen en el laboratorio: en el laboratorio: Cepa PasoanchoCepa Pasoancho Procedente del Valle del Cauca. Multi- Procedente del Valle del Cauca. Multi-

resistentes a OP, PS y Amitraz (Betancourt).resistentes a OP, PS y Amitraz (Betancourt). Cepa Bonanza:Cepa Bonanza: Aislada del Piedemonte Llanero. Resistente a Aislada del Piedemonte Llanero. Resistente a

OC, OP y PS (WARRC).OC, OP y PS (WARRC). Cepa Montecitos:Cepa Montecitos: Proviene de Santander. Multi-resistente a Proviene de Santander. Multi-resistente a

OP, PS y Amitraz . OP, PS y Amitraz . Cepa Palma de Vino:Cepa Palma de Vino: Procedente de Valledupar con Procedente de Valledupar con

resistencia a PS y OP, y con fuertes indicios de que es resistencia a PS y OP, y con fuertes indicios de que es resistente a Ivermectinas.resistente a Ivermectinas.


Ubicación Ubicación Geográfica de Geográfica de Cepas Cepas MultiMulti--ResistentesResistentes

Paso AnchoPaso AnchoBonanzaBonanzaMontecitosMontecitosPalma de VinoPalma de Vino


Cooperation ExamplesCooperation ExamplesNew ways to obtain financeNew ways to obtain finance

Agreement CORPOICA – LIMOR: Development Agreement CORPOICA – LIMOR: Development vaccine Anaplasma Babesiavaccine Anaplasma Babesia

Agreement CORPOICA –VECOL: Evaluation Agreement CORPOICA –VECOL: Evaluation mosquicidal ear tagsmosquicidal ear tags

Project Entomopathogenic Fungi. Ministry of Project Entomopathogenic Fungi. Ministry of Agriculture. Seeking financeAgriculture. Seeking finance

Agreement CORPOICA-INALMET: Evaluation Agreement CORPOICA-INALMET: Evaluation sticky traps for fliessticky traps for flies


AnabasanAnabasan®®

El proyecto cooperativo y la vacuna son un excelente ejemplo de la coooperación exitosa entre la Industria y CORPOICA


Eficacia de dos Formulaciones Eficacia de dos Formulaciones Experimentales de Orejeras Experimentales de Orejeras

MosquicidasMosquicidas

Benavides E.Benavides E.11; Calderón M.; Calderón M.22; García P.; García P.22; Ortiz D.; Ortiz D.22; Abuabara Y.; Abuabara Y.33; Vivas ; Vivas J.J.44; Pacheco D.; Pacheco D.33; Mora N. ; Mora N. 55; & Noguera M.; & Noguera M.55

1 DVM., MSc., PhD. Investigador Principal, Programa Nacional de Salud Animal. CORPOICA.1 DVM., MSc., PhD. Investigador Principal, Programa Nacional de Salud Animal. CORPOICA.

2 MV Investigador Principiante contratista; Bacterióloga Investigador Principiante y MV Investigador adjunto. Programa Nacional de Salud Animal. CORPOICA - C.I. CEISA.2 MV Investigador Principiante contratista; Bacterióloga Investigador Principiante y MV Investigador adjunto. Programa Nacional de Salud Animal. CORPOICA - C.I. CEISA.

3 MV Investigador adjunto y Biólogo, Programa Nacional de Salud Animal. CORPOICA - C.I. Turipaná Cereté.3 MV Investigador adjunto y Biólogo, Programa Nacional de Salud Animal. CORPOICA - C.I. Turipaná Cereté.

4 Médico Veterinario. Particular, Finca Las Violetas. Nemocón.4 Médico Veterinario. Particular, Finca Las Violetas. Nemocón.

5 Director Departamento de Investigación e Ingeniera Química MSc. Departamento de Investigación. Laboratorio VECOL de Colombia.5 Director Departamento de Investigación e Ingeniera Química MSc. Departamento de Investigación. Laboratorio VECOL de Colombia.


Materiales y Métodos Materiales y Métodos (1)(1)Sedes de trabajoSedes de trabajo

Trópico bajo. C.I. Turipaná (Cereté, Cordoba)

Trópico alto. Finca las Violetas (Nemocón)

4 grupos experimentales (20-25 animales, asignación en bloque)

3 grupos experimentales(16 animales, asignación aleatoria)


Materiales y Métodos Materiales y Métodos (3)(3)Recuentos de MoscasRecuentos de Moscas

Semanal Potrero 8-10 am con

binoculares(Steelman et al., 1993)

Mensual Corral

(Lysyk & Colwell, 1996)

Ubicación

21 Sem (TB)

18 Sem (TA)

Efecto de Hongos Entomopatógenos Efecto de Hongos Entomopatógenos sobre la Garrapata del Ganado sobre la Garrapata del Ganado

Boophilus microplus Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodida). (Acari: Ixodida). Mejoramiento de Modelos Mejoramiento de Modelos in vitro in vitro de de Evaluación del Efecto BiocontroladorEvaluación del Efecto Biocontrolador

Efraín Benavides OEfraín Benavides O., Karim Raymond., Karim Raymond, Fabiola , Fabiola RojasRojas, Alba Marina Cotes, Alba Marina Cotes, Laura Villamizar, Laura Villamizar, Vania , Vania

RonderosRonderos & Paola García & Paola García Programa Nacional de Investigación en Salud Animal, CORPOICA – CEISA. Programa Nacional de Investigación en Salud Animal, CORPOICA – CEISA.

Laboratorio de Control Biológico, Programa MIP. CORPOICA, TibaitatáLaboratorio de Control Biológico, Programa MIP. CORPOICA, Tibaitatá


General RemarksGeneral Remarks The use of entomopathogenic fungi on agricultural crops (coffee The use of entomopathogenic fungi on agricultural crops (coffee

borer) borer) This occur in natureThis occur in nature Theoretical possibility of their use on arthropods of veterinary Theoretical possibility of their use on arthropods of veterinary

importanceimportance Complex interaction host - pathogenComplex interaction host - pathogen ¿How to develop bioassays that detect deleterious effect on ticks and ¿How to develop bioassays that detect deleterious effect on ticks and

flies and their effect on populations?flies and their effect on populations? The merchandisers and the fait of producers The merchandisers and the fait of producers It is a more complex business that to grow the fungi on cocked rice It is a more complex business that to grow the fungi on cocked rice

and sell itand sell it Scheme for development of biocontrolers and the role of the Scheme for development of biocontrolers and the role of the

regulation agenciesregulation agencies


Uso de la trampa Piramidal para el Uso de la trampa Piramidal para el Control de La Mosca del Establo Control de La Mosca del Establo


Sticky traps for fly controlSticky traps for fly control


Present situation of Tick Vaccines Present situation of Tick Vaccines Two products licensed in ColombiaTwo products licensed in Colombia GavacGavac® and their experience® and their experience The phenomena of TickVac®, the The phenomena of TickVac®, the

Colombian “larval extract” vaccineColombian “larval extract” vaccine How about TickGard®?How about TickGard®? Research initiatives?Research initiatives?


And the Academy?And the Academy?

From my point of view, the parasitology cathedra From my point of view, the parasitology cathedra remains some how formolized; it means it is only remains some how formolized; it means it is only working on dead specimens (emphasis on taxonomy)working on dead specimens (emphasis on taxonomy)

Aspects of parasitic epidemiology, their population Aspects of parasitic epidemiology, their population dynamics, genetics of populations, that should dynamics, genetics of populations, that should characterize the education of the new professionals, characterize the education of the new professionals, are seldom considered with the required strengthare seldom considered with the required strength

How the research results diffuses to University?How the research results diffuses to University?


And the Productive Sector?And the Productive Sector?FarmersFarmers

Maybe the most dynamic stakeholderMaybe the most dynamic stakeholder Major commercial agreements to open frontiers (or to Major commercial agreements to open frontiers (or to

close them) will be a key factor to bring dynamism in close them) will be a key factor to bring dynamism in producer’s behavior, under the necessity of producer’s behavior, under the necessity of competitivity competitivity

Who is taking decisions at farm level? Land lords and Who is taking decisions at farm level? Land lords and cattlemen. To whom to transfer the knowledge?cattlemen. To whom to transfer the knowledge?

They always are asking for “practical”, “simple” They always are asking for “practical”, “simple” solutions. They do not exist anymoresolutions. They do not exist anymore


Productive Sector Productive Sector Pharma industryPharma industry

Multinationals Multinationals vs vs Local laboratoriesLocal laboratories The generics businessThe generics business Local associations INFARVET, APROVET, Local associations INFARVET, APROVET,

etc.etc. Could be the more dynamic sector in providing Could be the more dynamic sector in providing

adequate information to producersadequate information to producers CENAPA´s experience CENAPA´s experience


TLC, Mercosur, etcTLC, Mercosur, etc¿How they would affect parasite control?¿How they would affect parasite control?

Client oriented view, look for China Client oriented view, look for China Competitivity as a necessityCompetitivity as a necessity The problem of residues; Who and how to The problem of residues; Who and how to

measure them?measure them? Who is going to pay for these improvements Who is going to pay for these improvements

or barriersor barriers And by the end, what is the future of parasite And by the end, what is the future of parasite

control?control?


Buenas Practicas de ManejoBuenas Practicas de Manejo Good Management PracticesGood Management Practices It is any agreement in relation It is any agreement in relation

what do they mean in relation what do they mean in relation to sustainable parasitic to sustainable parasitic control?control?

Example: More than five Example: More than five treatments a year is not a GMPtreatments a year is not a GMP

A lot of work to do and in A lot of work to do and in small groups we do small groups we do

isolated efforts!isolated efforts!It is necessary to break barrier and start a clear join It is necessary to break barrier and start a clear join between university and research institutions to in between university and research institutions to in

conjunction with the productive sector search for native conjunction with the productive sector search for native and practical solutions to the parasitic control problemand practical solutions to the parasitic control problem


Red de Garrapatas y Red de Garrapatas y Enfermedades Transmitidas Enfermedades Transmitidas por Garrapatas para América por Garrapatas para América Latina y El CaribeLatina y El Caribe

Financed by FAO Animal Health Service Agreement CORPOICA-FAO, 1999 - 2005

Advisers: Carlos Eddi, DVM, PhD.Armando Nari, DVM, MSc.

Editors: Efraín Benavides O. & Melissa Garay Address: http://web.andinet.com/redectopar/

CORPORACION COLOMBIANA DE INVESTIGACION AGROPECUARIA -CORPOICA- Programa Salud Animal

Network on Ticks and Tick-borne Network on Ticks and Tick-borne diseases for Latin America and the diseases for Latin America and the

Caribbean. Caribbean.


http://web.andinet.com/redectopar/http://web.andinet.com/redectopar/


Thanks, Many thanksThanks, Many thanksGracias …Gracias …

ObrigadoObrigado Agradezco su amable atenciónAgradezco su amable atención ¿Questions?¿Questions?

Technology Transfer on Ectoparasite Control in Latin America: Challenges and Motivations FAO - WGPR Meeting, Campo Grande October, 2005 Efraín Benavides.

Documents

sustainable control

control parasitarioacorde

ectoparasite control

control of pests

control of ticks

alternatives of control

parasitic control of

parasitic control ipm