Technology in Action

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Technology in ActionTechnology in Action

Technology in Focus:Technology in Focus:

History of the PCHistory of the PC

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Intel 8080 and the Altair 8800Intel 8080 and the Altair 8800

• The first microcomputerThe first microcomputer

• Sold as a kitSold as a kit

• Switches for inputSwitches for input

• Lights for outputLights for output

• Gates and Allen create a Gates and Allen create a compiler for Basiccompiler for Basic

• MITS receives 4,000 MITS receives 4,000 ordersorders

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Apple I and Apple IIApple I and Apple II

• Apple I built by Steve Apple I built by Steve Wozniak in 1976Wozniak in 1976

• Apple II developed by Apple II developed by Steve Jobs in 1977Steve Jobs in 1977

• Uses Motorola Uses Motorola processorprocessor

• First fully contained First fully contained microcomputermicrocomputer

• Highly successfulHighly successful

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Early CompetitorsEarly Competitors

• CommodoreCommodore

• TRS-80TRS-80

• OsborneOsborne

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IBM PCIBM PC• IBM enters small IBM enters small

computer market 1981computer market 1981• Uses open architectureUses open architecture• Purchases operating Purchases operating

system from Microsoftsystem from Microsoft

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Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code (BASIC)Instruction Code (BASIC)

• Revolutionized the software Revolutionized the software industryindustry

• Programming language that Programming language that beginners could easily learnbeginners could easily learn

• Key language of the PCKey language of the PC• Bill Gates and Paul Allen Bill Gates and Paul Allen

used BASIC to write the used BASIC to write the program for the Altairprogram for the Altair

• Led to the creation of Led to the creation of MicrosoftMicrosoft

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Advent of Operating SystemsAdvent of Operating Systems• Steve Wozniak invents floppy drive Steve Wozniak invents floppy drive • Disk Operating System (DOS): Operating Disk Operating System (DOS): Operating

system that controlled the first Applessystem that controlled the first Apples • Control Program for Microcomputers (CP/M): Control Program for Microcomputers (CP/M):

First operating system for Intel-based PCsFirst operating system for Intel-based PCs• MS-DOSMS-DOS

– Operating system for IBM PCsOperating system for IBM PCs– Based on an operating system called Quick and Based on an operating system called Quick and

Dirty Operating System (QDOS)Dirty Operating System (QDOS)– Created by Bill Gates and Paul AllenCreated by Bill Gates and Paul Allen– All PCs using the Intel chip used All PCs using the Intel chip used

MS-DOSMS-DOS

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Software Application ExplosionSoftware Application Explosion

• Electronic Electronic SpreadsheetsSpreadsheets– VisiCalcVisiCalc– Lotus 1-2-3 and Lotus 1-2-3 and

Microsoft ExcelMicrosoft Excel

• Word ProcessingWord Processing– WordStarWordStar– Word for MS-DOSWord for MS-DOS– Word PerfectWord Perfect

Bricklin and Frankston

VisiCalc screenshot

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Graphical User InterfaceGraphical User Interface

• Xerox Xerox – Palo Alto Palo Alto

Research CenterResearch Center– Alto: 1972Alto: 1972

• AppleApple– Lisa: 1983Lisa: 1983– Macintosh: 1984Macintosh: 1984

Xerox Alto

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The Internet BoomThe Internet Boom

• MosaicMosaic

• Netscape Netscape

• Internet ExplorerInternet Explorer

• Windows 95Windows 95

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Early Computer HistoryEarly Computer History• Pascalene 1624Pascalene 1624

– The first accurate mechanical The first accurate mechanical calculatorcalculator

– Created by Blaise PascalCreated by Blaise Pascal– Used to add, subtract, multiply, Used to add, subtract, multiply,

and divideand divide

• Jacquard Loom 1820Jacquard Loom 1820– Created by Joseph JacquardCreated by Joseph Jacquard– A machine that automated the A machine that automated the

weaving of complex patternsweaving of complex patterns– Used holes punched in cards to Used holes punched in cards to

automate the processautomate the process

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Early Computer HistoryEarly Computer History

• Hollerith Tabulating Machine 1890Hollerith Tabulating Machine 1890– Created by Herman HollerithCreated by Herman Hollerith– Used punch cards to tabulate Used punch cards to tabulate

census datacensus data– Hollerith started the Tabulating Machine Hollerith started the Tabulating Machine

Company, which later became IBMCompany, which later became IBM

• Analytical Engine 1834Analytical Engine 1834– Created by Charles BabbageCreated by Charles Babbage

• The father of computingThe father of computing– The first automatic calculatorThe first automatic calculator– Includes components similar to Includes components similar to

those found in today's computersthose found in today's computers

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Early Computer HistoryEarly Computer History• Z1 1936Z1 1936

– Created by Konrad ZuseCreated by Konrad Zuse– The Z1 is a mechanical The Z1 is a mechanical

calculatorcalculator– It included a control unit and It included a control unit and

memory functionsmemory functions• Atanasoff-Berry Computer Atanasoff-Berry Computer

19391939– Created by John Atanasoff Created by John Atanasoff

and Clifford Berryand Clifford Berry– The first electrically powered The first electrically powered

digital computerdigital computer– Used vacuum tubes to store Used vacuum tubes to store

datadata– The first computer to use the The first computer to use the

binary systembinary system

Atansoff-Berry ComputerAtansoff-Berry Computer

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Early Computer History Early Computer History

• Harvard Mark I 1944Harvard Mark I 1944– Created by Howard Aiken and Grace Created by Howard Aiken and Grace

HopperHopper– A computer used by the US Navy for A computer used by the US Navy for

ballistics calculationsballistics calculations– Hopper’s contribution to computing Hopper’s contribution to computing

waswas• Invention of the compilerInvention of the compiler• Coined the term “computer bug”Coined the term “computer bug”

• Turing Machine 1939Turing Machine 1939– Created by Alan TuringCreated by Alan Turing– A hypothetical model that defined a A hypothetical model that defined a

mechanical procedure or algorithmmechanical procedure or algorithm– Concept of an infinite tape that could Concept of an infinite tape that could

read, write, and erase was precursor read, write, and erase was precursor to today’s RAMto today’s RAM

11stst use of “computer bug” use of “computer bug”

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Early Computer HistoryEarly Computer History

• ENIAC 1944ENIAC 1944– Created by John W. Created by John W.

Mauchly and J. Presper Mauchly and J. Presper EckertEckert

– The first successful high-The first successful high-speed electronic digital speed electronic digital computercomputer

• UNIVAC 1951UNIVAC 1951– The first commercially The first commercially

successful electronic digital successful electronic digital computercomputer

– Used magnetic tapeUsed magnetic tape

ENIAC

UNIVAC

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Early Computer HistoryEarly Computer History• Transistors 1945Transistors 1945

– Invented at Bell LaboratoriesInvented at Bell Laboratories– Replaces vacuum tubesReplaces vacuum tubes

• Integrated circuits 1958Integrated circuits 1958– Invented by Jack Kilby of Texas Invented by Jack Kilby of Texas

InstrumentsInstruments– A small chip containing A small chip containing

thousands of transistorsthousands of transistors– Enabled computers to become Enabled computers to become

smaller and lightersmaller and lighter

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Early Computer HistoryEarly Computer History

• Microprocessor chip 1971Microprocessor chip 1971– Created by Intel CorporationCreated by Intel Corporation– A small chip containing millions of transistorsA small chip containing millions of transistors– It functions as the central processing unit (CPU)It functions as the central processing unit (CPU)

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Computer GenerationsComputer Generations

• First-generation computers (1946–1958)First-generation computers (1946–1958)– UNIVACUNIVAC– Use vacuum tubes to store dataUse vacuum tubes to store data

• Second-generation computers (1959–1964)Second-generation computers (1959–1964)– Use transistors to store dataUse transistors to store data

• Third-generation computers (1965–1970)Third-generation computers (1965–1970)– Use integrated circuitsUse integrated circuits

• Fourth-generation computers (1971–Today)Fourth-generation computers (1971–Today)– Use a microprocessor chipUse a microprocessor chip