TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 1 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY { “STS” } WITH RESPECT TO THE BOOK - “ DOES TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY.

TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ?

COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 1

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY& SOCIETY { “STS” }

WITH RESPECT TO THE BOOK -

“ DOES TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? – THE DILEMMA OF

TECHNOLOGICAL DETERMINATION ”

BYMERRITT ROE SMITH & LEO MARX,

EDITORS

FRANK J. GADEK, PH.D.

“ “ STILL INITIAL DRAFT ONLY “ STILL INITIAL DRAFT ONLY “



1994 MIT, 280 PAGES ISBN 0-262-69167-1

IT IS MORE OF A PHILOSOPHYTYPE BOOK

COMPARED TO THE VERYFACTUAL BOOKS BY HEADRICK& OTHRS

SUCH AN APPROACH WAS MISSINGIN MY DECADES OF STS RESEARCH,SO I INCLUDED IT NOW



13 ESSAYS EXPLORE THIS CRUCIAL HISTORICALQUESTION

DOES SOCIETY’S TECHNOLOGY DETERMINE ITS –

POLITICAL, SOCIAL, ECONOMIC & CULTURALFORMS ?

BUT GENERALLY, TECHNOLOGIES ARE NOT AUTONOMOUS,BUT SOCIAL PRODUCTS, SUSCEPTIBLE TO DEMOCRATICCONTROLS

BUT TECHNOLOGY IS CERTAINLY “AN AGENT OF CHANGE”IN SOCIETY



TABLE OF CONTENTS

I HAVE INCLUDED CHAPTER NUMBERS, SINCE THEY DID NOT,FOLLOWED BY THE CHAPTER TITLE, FIRST PAGE NUMBER, AUTHOR [S]

THESE CAN GIVE YOU SOME OF THE “FLAVOR” OF THE BOOK

INTRODUCTION - IX - LEO MARX & MERRITT ROE SMITH

CHAPTER 1 – TECHNOLOGICAL DETERMINISM IN AMERICANCULTURE - 1 - MERRITT ROE SMITH

CHAPTER 2 – RECOURSE OF EMPIRE: LANDSCAPES OFPROGRESS IN TECHNOLOGICAL AMERICA – 37 –MICHAEL L. SMITH

CHAPTER 3 – DO MACHINES MAKE HISTORY ? – 53 – ROBERT L. HEILBRONER



CHAPTER 4 – TECHNOLOGICAL DETERMINISM REVISITED- 67 – ROBERT HEILBRONER

CHAPTER 5 – THREE FACES OF TECHNOLOGICALDETERMINISM – 79 – BRUCE BIMBER

CHAPTER 6 – TECHNOLOGICAL MEMENTUM – 101 –THOMAS P. HUGHES

CHAPTER 7 – RETRIEVING SOCIOTECHNICAL CHANGEFROM TECHNOLOGICAL DETERMINATION – 115 – THOMAS J. MISA

CHAPTER 8 – DETERMINISM AND INDETERMINACY IN THEHISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY – 143 – PHILIP SCRANTON

CHAPTER 9 -



THEY USE THE FOLLOWING QUOTE A LOT WITH RESPECT TO THE DEBATE ON DETERMINISM –

KARL MARX –

“THE HAND-MILL GIVES YOU SOCIETY WITHTHE FEUDAL LORD

THE STEAMMILL, SOCIETY WITH THE INDUSTRIAL CAPITALIST”

IT REMINDS US OF HOW OUR FAST-CHANGINGTECHNOLOGIES WILL ALTER OUR LIVES

[BACK COVER]



IN ONE WAY OR ANOTHER, SO MANY OF US HAVE“DIRECT FIRST HAND EXPERIENCE”WITH COMPUTERS

AND

HOW THEY HAVE SO DRAMATICALLYCHANGED OUR LIVES IN SO MANY WAYS

EVEN FOR THOSE WHO MAY NOT USE COMPUTERS !

[P#IX]



BUT IS TECHNOLOGY AN INDEPENDENTENTITY, A VIRTUAL AUTONOMOUS AGENTOF CHANGE ?

ARE THE SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF OURTECHNICAL INGENUITY FAR- REACHING,CUMULATIVE, MUTUALLY REINFORCING& IRREVERSIBLE ?

DO INVENTIONS TAKE ON “A LIFE OF THEIR OWN” ?

DO WHOLE NETWORKS OF SYSTEMS BECOMEINDISPENSIBLE FOR THE ECONOMY & BECOMEA PRECONDITION FOR REPRODUCTION OFTHE ENTIRE SOCIAL ORDER ?

IF YES, THIS CAN BE CONSIDERED A DETERMINISTIC VIEW[P#XI]



REDEFINED TECHNOLOGICAL DETERMINISM –HUMAN TENDENCY TO CREATE A KINDOF SOCIETY THAT INVESTS TECHNOLOGIESWITH ENOUGH POWER TO DRIVE HISTORY

HUMANITY’S CHOICE OF ITS FUTURE –

EXPRESSION OF FREEDOMOREXPRESSION OF NECESSITY

A DILEMMA

WHY THEY DECIDED TO PRESENT THESE ESSAYS –TO ELUCIDATE THESE ISSUES & DILEMMA

NOTE – TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION IS NOT JUSTA WESTERN ENDEAVOUR ANY LONGER,BUT IS GLOBAL

[P#XIV]



TWO EXTREME FORMS OF DETERMINISTIC VIEW –HARD & SOFT

HARD – TECHNOLOGY ITSELF LEADS TO INESCAPABLENECESSITYPERMIT FEW ALTERNATIVESBUT NOT AN ORGANIZED INSTITUTIONBUT SO FAR, TECHNOLOGY IS STILL CONTROLLED

BY HUMANS – WILL THIS CONTINUE?

SINGLE CAUSE FOR GENESIS OF PRESUMEDDETERMINATIVE POWER OF TECHOLOGICALINNOVATION

OPTIMIST – FUTURE IS OUTCOME OF MANYFREE CHOICES & REALIZATIONOF THE DREAM OF PROGRESS

PESSIMIST – PRODUCT OF NECESSITY’S IRONHAND & POINTS TO A TOTALITARIANNIGHTMARE

[P#XII]



NOTE – THE MOVIES 2001 & 2010 & THE NOVELS BYARTHUR C. CLARKE {SP} THEY ARE BASED ON –

EXPLORE THE AREAS OF COMPUTERS TAKING OVER & LIFEIN OUTER SPACE, MUCH DIFFERENT THANOUR KNOWN LIFE FORMS

AS THIS IS BEING WRITTEN BY ME, WEARE IN THE FIRST DAYS OF 2010 !

CERTAINLY COMPUTERS CONTINUE TO CONTROLMORE OF OUR LIVES ALL THE TIME

REPORTS OF “STRANGE HAPPENINGS”[EXTRATERRESTRIALS ?] ON OURPLANET HAVE CONTINUED



SOFT – HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY IS HISTORY OF HUMAN ACTIONS

HUMAN ACTORS INVOLVED

MANY CAUSES

WHY DID THEY DO IT & NOT OTHERS?WHY THEN & IN THAT PLACE?WHO BENEFITED / SUFFERED?

TECHNOLOGY LOCATED IN MORE VARIOUS, COMPLEX SOCIAL,ECONOMIC, POLITICAL &CULTURAL MATRIX - WHICHSEEMS MORE PLAUSIBLE

[P#XIII]



MY “PRESENT TAKE” ON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY [STS]

BASED ON MY PAST EXPERIENCES, EDUCATION, POSITIONS,RESEARCH, ETC.

IT MAY BE TOO SIMPLISTIC TO TRY TO CATEGORIZE “ALL” OF STSINTO JUST ONE OR A FEW SPECIFIC APPROACHES

THIS CAN BE SIMILAR TO SOME MISUNDERSTANDINGS ABOUTEVEN JUST THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD – IT IS JUST A BASICSTATIC DETAILED “ROADMAP” FOR MAKING DISCOVERIES ABOUT NATURE – THIS IS FAR FROM WHAT IS INVOLVED,BUT SOME MAY LOOK AT IT IN THIS VERY SIMPLISTICWAY

WITH THE GREAT DIVERSITY OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGICALDEVELOPMENTS & HOW THEY BECAME SUCCESSFUL, IT WOULD SEEM THAT ONE PARTICULAR “WAY” TO DO ALL THIS WOULD BE A VERY SUSPECT



STS HAS COMPONENTS OF ALL 3 AREAS - SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY COMPONENTS

IN SOME STS AREAS, ONE OR MORE OF THESE COMPONENTSMAY DOMINATE OR BE OF MINOR CONTRIBUTION

LIKE WITH THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD – THERE IS BOTH ART & SCIENCEINVOLVED, AS THERE IS WITH HUMANITIES & OTHER AREASOF KNOWLEDGE

THIS IS VERY SIMILAR TO MANY OTHER AREAS OF ENDEAVOUR

ULTIMATELY, THERE ARE MANY DIFFERENT & DIVERSE AREASOF KNOWLEDGE & EXPLORATION INVOLVED INHUMAN ENDEAVORS

SOME MAY BE OF MORE IMPORTANCE & USE THANOTHERS, DEPENDING ON THE SPECIFIC ENDEAVORINVOLVED.



DEPENDING ON THE SPECIFIC SCIENTIFIC AND / ORTECHNOLOGY, MANY DIFFERENT AREAS OF KNOWLEDGEMAY BE INVOLVED, WITH VARYING DEGREES OF IMPORTANCE

EACH SCIENTIFIC / TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT MAYOCCUR BY ITS OWN UNIQUE COMBINATION OF BOTHSCIENCE & ART, ALONG WITH SO MANY OTHER FACTORS –TIMING, LUCK, FUNDING, SOCIETAL CLIMATE / NEEDS /DEVELOPMENT AT THAT TIME, ETC.

INSPIRATION & PERSPIRATION

THERE IS NO ONE DETAILED ROADMAP TO FOLLOW FORSUCCESS IN ALL OF THE SO DIFFERENT AREAS OF EXPLORATION



A SPECIFIC EXAMPLE MIGHT BE OSBORNE’S “HYPERGROWTH” TO DESCRIBE THE EARLYDAYS OF PORTABLE, PERSONAL COMPUTERS[PPC’S]

SCIENCE / TECHNOLOGY OF COMPUTING WASPROGRESSING AT TREMENDOUS SPEEDS

CONSUMER DEMAND WAS MORE THAN ANYONEHAD IMAGINED

HOW TO TRY TO BEST MEET THESE CHALLENGES ?

NO ONE HAD EVER EXPERIENCED IT IN THE PAST

THERE WERE NO MODELS / GUIDELINES / ETC.

SOME OPTION WORKED & SOME DID NOT – NONE WORKEDFOR VERY LONG – THINGS WERE CONTINUALLY CHANGING SODRAMATICALLY & SO FAST



HOW DID ALL OF THIS COMPUTING START ?

THERE ARE MANY DIVERSE FACTORS –

TEENAGERS WORKING UNSUPERVISEDIN GARAGES & THEIR BEDROOMS

NEED OF SOCIETY TO BETTER MANAGETHEIR WORLD

BUSINESS NEEDING TO GET INTO NEWAREAS TO REMAIN PROFITABLE

DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRONICS

TIMING / LUCK / HARD WORK / PERSISTENCE

ENTREPRENURIAL & STRUCTURED OPTIONS

ETC.



ANY OF THESE FACTORS COULD BE MISSING,BUT THE PROGRESS OF COMPUTING WOULDJUST BE DELAYED, NOT STOPPED

OTHER FACTORS COULD INHIBIT OR FOSTERPROGRESS IN COMPUTING & THEY DID, BUTTHEY COULD NOT PREVENT IT



THERE ARE TANGIBLE & “HARD” FACTORS INVOLVED – IMPROVED MANUFACTURINGOF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS, SUCCESSFUL BUSINESSESWITH THE NEED TO PRODUCTIVELY INVEST THEIR GROWINGPROFITS, ETC.

BUT THERE WERE ALSO VERY INTANGIBLE& “SOFT” FACTORS – IDEALISM, CURIOSITY,OPPORTUNITY, ETC.

“NOBODY TOLD THEM IT COULD NOT BE DONE” – THE UNKNOWN TO BE EXPLORED

“SOMEBODY SAID IT COULD NOT BE DONE”- A CHALLENGE



ALAN KAY, OF EARLY COMPUTER FAME,HAD TWO VERY OPPOSITE QUOTESTHAT ARE APPROPRIATE IN MANY WAYS –

““TO PREDICT THE FUTURE – TO PREDICT THE FUTURE – PREVENT ITPREVENT IT””REGRESSIVE, REGRESSIVE, FEAR OF FUTURE,FEAR OF FUTURE,NOT WANTING TO CHANGE, ETC.NOT WANTING TO CHANGE, ETC.

““TO PREDICT THE FUTURE – TO PREDICT THE FUTURE – INVENT IT”INVENT IT”PROGRESSIVE, EMBRACE FUTURE,EMBRACE FUTURE,DESIRING CHANGE, ETC.DESIRING CHANGE, ETC.



THE FAMOUS QUOTE BY MANY –

““ONLY CHANGE IS CONSTANT !”ONLY CHANGE IS CONSTANT !”

IT WILL HAPPEN, NO MATTERWHO & WHAT IS DONE

IT IS JUST A MATTER OF TIME

SOONER OR LATER

BUT IT WILL HAPPEN

SO WHY NOT PREPARE FOR IT& “JUST DO IT ?”



SO OVERALL, TO TRY TO PREDICT / ANTICIPATESPECIFIC STS DEVELOPMENTS IS VERY DIFFICULT,PARTICULARLY BECAUSE THERE ARE SO MANYVARIABLES

HOWEVER, THE MORE YOU KNOW ABOUT STS & HOWIT OPERATES, YOU CAN BETTER MANAGE WHATEVERSTS DEVELOPS, ESPECIALLY IN YOUR OWN PERSONALLIFE

STS IS HERE & IT IS NOT GOING AWAYSO JUST DEAL WITH IT

DEVELOP MORE OF AN UNDERSTANDING OF STS & THEMANY ISSUES INVOLVED SO YOU CAN DEVISE ANAPPROPRIATE MANAGEMENT PLAN

GOOD LUCK – WE WILL ALL NEED IT !

WE HAVE SURVIVED SO FAR & HOPEFULLY THIS SUCCESSWILL CONTINUE



SCHEMATIC / DIAGRAM OF HOW THIS TOPICFITS INTO MY SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY &SOCIETY { “ STS “ } DECADES OF RESEARCH













SMALL & SHORT BOOK OF ONLY SMALL & SHORT BOOK OF ONLY 221 PAGES221 PAGES

BUT PACKED WITH VERY INSIGHTFUL DETAILSOF JUST HOW IMPERIALISTIC EMPIRES WERE FOSTERED BY NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN THE 1800’S

SUCCESS OF SUCH IMPERIALISM / COLONIALISMCREATED MANY SERIOUS ISSUES IN THE 1900’S,INCLUDING WORLD WARS.







AS WITH ALL MY PRESENTATIONS –

YOU SHOULD DO YOUR OWN RESEARCHON SUCH TOPICS

IT IS SO EASY TODAY WITH THE INTERNET

YOU CAN THEN FORM YOUR OWN OPINIONSESPECIALLY ABOUT VERY CONTROVERSIAL& LESS THAN CLEAR GLOBAL ISSUES – PAST & PRESENT

PLEASE SHARE YOUR RESEARCH RESULTSWITH THE REST OF US SO WE CAN ALL BENEFIT



I FEEL MY FUNCTION IS –

TO ALERT YOU TO VERY FASCINATING HISTORICAL EVENTS

TO STIMULATE YOU FOR FURTHER INVESTIGATION

HELP YOU DO YOUR OWN RESEARCHSO YOU CAN FORM YOUR OWN VIEWSON THESE EVENTS

POSSIBLY PRESENT CERTAIN ASPECTSIN NEW & DIFFERENT WAYS OF “THINKING”ABOUT SUCH “ STS “ [SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY& SOCIETY] DEVELOPMENTS FROM MYVERY UNIQUE & DIVERSE PERSPECTIVEBASED ON MY PAST EDUCATION, POSITIONS,TRAINING, EXPERIENCES, RESEARCH, ETC.



IN ANY EVENT –

BY NO MEANS AM I ANY KIND OF “EXPERT”

THERE ARE MANY VIEWS TO MANY EVENTSIN HISTORY

IT IS THE GREAT DIVERSITY OF INTERPRETATIONSOF THESE EVENTS BY HUMANITY THAT WE MAY GET TO A BETTER APPRECIATION OF THE “REAL” TRUTH OF SUCH COMPLEX MATTERS, WHATEVER THAT MAY BE

BY SHARING SUCH DIVERSE PERSPECTIVES, WE MAYGAIN A BETTER APPRECIATION OF “ STS “ IN GENERALSO WE CAN UNDERSTAND IT BETTER & MANAGE ITBETTER IN OUR EVERYDAY LIVES, FOR THE BENEFITOF ALL



SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY { STS }SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY { STS }

BUT CONTINUED SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGYDEVELOPMENTS PROVIDED NEW MEANSTO SUCCESSFULLY OVERCOME THESEINHIBITORS & TO DO IT ECONOMICALLY

THUS, AT LEAST SOME AREAS OF SOCIETYBENEFITED, BUT OTHER AREAS DID NOT



CONTINUED “INDUSTRIALIZATION” { INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION CONTINUES }OF EUROPEAN CONTRIES PROVIDED MUCH PROGRESS

BUT REQUIRED INCREASING –

AMOUNTS OF RAW MATERIALS

MANUFACTURE OF GOODS

MARKETS FOR GOODS PRODUCED

TRANSPOTATION TO MARKETS

SOPHISTICATED MANAGEMENT / FINANCES

MILITARY TO PROTECT INTERESTS

ETC.



BUT BUT SOCIETYSOCIETY BOTH BENEFITED & BOTH BENEFITED & SUFFERED IN MANY COMPLEX WAYS SUFFERED IN MANY COMPLEX WAYS –

MODERN DEVELOPMENTS IMPROVED CERTAINASPECTS

BUT MAY NOT HAVE BEEN APPROPRIATE AND / ORTIMELY FOR SOCIETIES / CULTURES OF CERTAIN REGIONS

IMPERIALISM / COLONIALISM -

JINGOISM – NATIONALISM / PATRIOTISM

RACISM

FASCINATION WITH MACHINERY OVER PEOPLE

ETC.



EACH OF THESE AREAS CAN BEEXPLORED IN GREAT DETAIL &

COMPLEXITY

MANY SOPHISTICATED INTERACTIONS / RELATIONSHIPS



THE SIMPLE, BASIC HUMAN THE SIMPLE, BASIC HUMAN –

SPIRITCULTUREBELIEFSLIFE STYLETRADITIONETC.

CAN RESIST MODERN INFLUENCE

IN THE LONG TERM !



IN ESSENCE,

TECHNOLOGICAL EVOLUTION

LIKE DARWINISM

BUT ‘SOCIETY” CERTAINLY HASHAD A BIG EFFECT ON SCIENCE& TECHNOLOGY

SO THERE IS HOPE THAT HUMANITY-SOCIETY – CAN ULTIMATELY CONTROL-& BETTER MANAGE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGYFOR THE OVERALL BETTERMENT OF MANKIND!



IN A GROSS SIMPLIFICATION –

SOCIETY / PEOPLE – “EVERYDAY LIFESTLES” DRAMATICALLY CHANGED BYPOWERFUL PHYSICAL EFFECTS OFTECHNOLOGY

SOCIETY / PEOPLE “VALUES / BELIEFS / CULTURE”NOT BASICALLY CHANGED BYPOWERFUL PHYSICAL EFFECTS OFTECHNOLOGY



SO DESPITE THE GREAT POWER OF TECHNOLOGYEXERCISED BY SO MANY FOR SO LONG -

HUMANS ARE STILL IN ULTIMATE CONTROL

BUT FOR HOW LONG ???

CAN THIS ALWAYS BE THE CASE ???

HOW CAN IT BE INSURED TO CONTINUE TO BE THE CASEIN THE FUTURE ?

WHAT CAN CAUSE IT TO NOT BE THE CASE IN THE FUTURE?



SOCIAL HISTORY OF TECHOLOGY TRIES TO UNDERSTAND THE CAUSES, DEVELOPMENTS& CONSEQUENCES OF TECHNOLOGY

CONTEXT MUST BE CONSIDERED, NOT JUST“PHYSICAL” TECHNOLOGIES

[P#4]

THIS IS WHAT “STS” IS ALL ABOUT !!!



SOCIETY

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY

ALL INTERCONNECTED IN MANY DIVERSE / COMPLEX

WAYS



SOME MULTIPLE & DEBATEABLE CAUSES OF NINTEENTH CENTURY IMPERIALISM –

POLITICSRIVALRIESNAVAL STRATEGYINSTABILITY OF IMPERIAL FRONTIERSDIVERT PUBLIC FROM DOMESTIC ISSUESGROUP PRESSURE ON DECISION MAKINGECONOMICSRAW MATERIAL NEEDSSECURE MARKETSINVESTMENTSETC.



BUT A COMMON UNDERLYING ELEMENT –

MOTIVATION OF IMPERIALISTS

IMPERIAL = REGAL, ROYAL, IMPOSING,MAJESTIC, GRAND, COLONIAL, ETC.

IMPERIALISM = MILITARY / POLITICALCONQUEST

[P#6]

WHY DID THEY WANT TO EXTEND THEIRINFLUENCE TO OTHERS

BUT COULD THEY DO THIS? DID THEYHAVE THE MEANS? WAS IT FEASIBLE?

[P#5]



NATURALLY, THERE ARE ALSO MANY OTHERFACTORS BESIDES JUST TECHNOLOGY THATLED TO THE PENETRATION & CONQUEST PENETRATION & CONQUEST OFTHESE NEW GLOBAL AREAS

EVENTS HAPPEN BECAUSE OF MANY FACTORSCOMING TO CLOSURE - E.G., TIMING, MATURATION,NEW SOCIETAL NEEDS, “TIPPING POINT,” MULTIPLIEREFFECTS, ETC.

BUT TECHNOLOGY / INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONHAS A CENTRAL ROLE[P#8]

HISTORY RESULTS FROM INTERACTION OFHUMAN DECISIONS

[P#9]



ME –

SOCIETY [PEOPLE / HUMANS - LIVING] MAKE IT HAPPEN

SCIENCE / TECHNOLOGY [NON-LIVING] PROVIDE THE MEANS THAT CAN BE CHOSEN / USED



MANY CAUSES FOR AN EVENT

ALWAYS DEBATABLE ON ORDEROF IMPORTANCE OF EACH

BUT CAUSES INVOLVE BOTH MOTIVES & MEANS

THEY ARE CONNECTED

NEED APPROPRIATE MOTIVES

ADEQUATE MEANS

IF NEITHER OR BOTH ARE NOT SUFFICIENT, EVENT NOT SUCCESSFUL

[P#9-10]



TWO FACTORS –

WHAT CAN BE DONE WILL BE DONE

WHERE THERE IS A WILL, THERE IS A WAY

ONE CAN INFLUENCE THE OTHERONE CAN INFLUENCE THE OTHER

FIND A USE FOR NEW TECHNOLOGY

FIND NEW TECHNOLOGY FOR A USE

EITHER CAN COME FIRSTORBOTH CAN HAPPEN ABOUT THE SAME TIME

{CHICKEN / EGG ISSUE}

[P#10]



BOTH MEANS & MOTIVESCAN CHANGE & INTERACTTO FAVOR AN EVENT REALISTICALLY HAPPENING

THAT MAY NOT HAVE BEEN POSSIBLEIN THE PAST



SO BASICALLY, THIS BOOK AIMS TO OPEN NEW VISTAS & PROVOKE FRESH THINKINGBY ADDING THE TECHNOLOGICALDIMENSION TO THE LIST OF FACTORSINVOLVED WITH IMPERIALISM

[P#12]



AND SO IT GOES !AND SO IT GOES !

WHAT IS NEXT ?WHAT IS NEXT ?

WHO KNOWS ?WHO KNOWS ?

BUT AS PASTEUR SAID –BUT AS PASTEUR SAID –

“ “ CHANCE FAVORS THE PREPARED MIND ! “CHANCE FAVORS THE PREPARED MIND ! “

OUR SO SUCCESSFUL & PRODUCTIVE OUR SO SUCCESSFUL & PRODUCTIVE CAREERS & LIVES HAVE PREPARED USCAREERS & LIVES HAVE PREPARED US

WELL FOR THE OUR NEXT PHASE IN LIFEWELL FOR THE OUR NEXT PHASE IN LIFE

LIFE IS RARELY DULL !LIFE IS RARELY DULL !

ALL THE BEST ALWAYS ! ALL THE BEST ALWAYS !



TO BE CONTINUED AS TO BE CONTINUED AS

INTEREST &INTEREST &

RESOURCES PERMITRESOURCES PERMIT

JUST LET ME KNOW !JUST LET ME KNOW !

TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY ? COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 01/04/2010 1 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY { “STS” } WITH RESPECT TO THE BOOK - “ DOES TECHNOLOGY DRIVE HISTORY.

Documents

history of technology

technology drive history

technology society

societys technology

hughes chapter

misa chapter

chapter title

chapter numbers